Cymbopogon Citratus Research Articles

Evaluation of acute plant toxicity, antioxidant activity, molecular docking and bioactive compounds of lemongrass oil isolated from Omani cultivar.

Evaluation of acute plant toxicity, antioxidant activity, molecular docking and bioactive compounds of lemongrass oil isolated from Omani cultivar.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) infusions exhibit neuroprotective properties: Evidence from in vitro and in silico studies

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) infusions exhibit neuroprotective properties: Evidence from in vitro and in silico studies

Multi-spectral sensor fusion methodology for the quality assessment of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil

Multi-spectral sensor fusion methodology for the quality assessment of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil

Traditional Ways of Caring for Historical Manuscripts in Lombok (Indonesia)

Abstract This article discusses traditional ways of caring for historical palm leaf manuscripts (takepan) made from palm leaves (lontar) in the Lombok region, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Data were collected using interview and documentation methods. Ethnographic thematic analysis was chosen to describe the cultural characteristics of communities which foster a long tradition of caring for manuscripts. For this purpose, manuscript owners use a wide variety of local materials, including komak (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet), kara (Canthium coromandelicum), or urang aring (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.) leaves, charcoal from coconut fiber, oil from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), and candlenuts (Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd.), and used engine oil. Methods of caring for manuscripts using various natural materials have been practiced for a long time, demonstrating the ongoing appreciation for and relevance of takepan manuscripts.

Comparative Study of Chrysopogon nitrigana (Vetiver Grass) and Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon Grass) for Heavy Metal Removal from Industrial Effluent

The introduction of foreign materials such as the heavy metals into the environment is attributed to the major reason of environmental adulteration, a major hazard to life and the total ecosystem. Plants have shown great potency in the biosorption of these toxic elements from the environment. Two terrestrial plants; Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and Chrysopogon nitrigana (vetiver grass) have been used in the present study for the uptake of four heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper and chromium) from a heavy metal containing effluent. Two treatments were employed which include; 50% (TRT 1) and 25% (TRT 2), the effluent concentrations used in the hydroponic system to culture the plants for the heavy metal bioaccumulation. Cymbopogon citratus significantly (P<0.05) reduced the concentrations of the four heavy metals in the range of 38% - 99% and Chrysopogon nitrigana 12% - 98% for both treatments respectively. Slight growth rate was observed for both plants few weeks after exposure to the effluent after which, no notable growth was observed further. The data obtained from this study revealed that both plants have the capacity to take up heavy metals from polluted effluents however, Cymbopogn citratus (lemon grass) was more efficient in the uptake of all the four studied heavy metals when compared to its counterpart, Chrysopogon nitrigana (vetiver grass).

Mitigating Heart Rot or Black Heart Deterioration of Pomegranates Caused by Storage Fungi by use of Essential Oils

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is very important and nutritious fruit crop. India is leading producer and exporter of pomegranate. In India Maharashtra is leading producer of pomegranate. Due to its nutritional and export value its demand is increasing. As the moisture content is very high in freshly harvested fruits about 20% fruits are damaged during transport and storage by fungi. It is observed that inside of the fruit are becoming black and aril are decaying. This disease is known as heart rot or black heart. This rot is due to certain fungi such as Alternaria alternata Keissler, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Botrytis cinerea Pers, Penicillium glabrum Wehmer and Pilidiella granati. The infection in pomegranates takes place when flowers are opened and anther dehiscence is going to start. The conidia of Alternaria travel together with pollen grains during pollination. The fungus enters the fruit through the tunnel in style into the interior of the fruit. From tunnels they enter into the locules of the fruits and deteriorate the aril of seeds converting them into black colours. Any strategy to control the black heart disease of pomegranate after harvesting the fruits will not be successful as the pathogen enters the host during flowering stage. Therefore spraying at flowering stage will surely be more beneficial approach. The most effective fungicides against heart rot or black heart of pomegranates are Inspire super, Switch, Inspire XT and Pristine. These fungicides are toxic to environment as well as human being. Therefore the purpose of our study is to search for harmless fungicides of plant origin which can be sprayed at the time of anthesis. Several essential oils isolated from higher plants are reported to have antifungal properties. Two essential oils isolated from lemon grass and eucalyptus were selected for antifungal testing against the four major fungi responsible for heart rot in pomegranate such as Alternaria alternata Keissler, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Botrytis cinerea Pers and Penicillium glabrum Wehmer. MIC and MCC of Cymbopogon citratus EO was 4.5µl ml-1 and 5.0 µl ml-1, while MIC and MCC of Eucalyptus citriodora EO was 3.0 µl ml-1 and 3.0 µl ml-1 all the four test fungi. Oil combination test in 1:1 ratio was quite more effective controlling these fungi

Evaluation of Aromatic Oils as Natural Antifungal Agents Against Plant Pathogens: An In vitro and Pot Condition Study

The essential oil of aromatic plants is often possessing antimicrobial features which have an important role in the defense of the plants. Aromatic oil have consist monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their oxygenated derivatives, such as alcohol, ketones, acids, phenols, ethers, esters, etc. Different aromatic plants oil viz; Eucalyptus, Basil, lemon grass, Palma Rosa, clove, Citronella, Orange, Neem and, Mint Oil, have been evaluated because it is safe alternative to chemicals and have a limitless ability to synthesize secondary metabolites (eg. phenols, flavones, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins) which operate as the plant’s defense mechanism against pathogenic microorganisms. These oils have the ability to delay or inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi including Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia spp. Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp. etc. Highest per cent mycelia growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi was recorded in Citrus sinensis at 264 hours after inoculation. Mycilium growth of Pythium aphanidermatum was not recorded @ 2.0 percent concentration of aromatic oils viz; Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon citratus, Syzigum aromaticum, Mentha piperita, and Azadirachta indica + Mentha piperita and Eucalyptus globulus (00 mm) after 264 hours. The lowest mycelial growth was found in Cymbopogon martini +Cymbopogon citratus 19.75mm.and highest growth observed in control 45.00mm after 264 hours inoculation. In Rhizoctonia solanai maximum percent growth inhibition was found in Syzigum aromaticum 93.84% at 264 hours after inoculation as compare to control. In pot condition, minimum percent mortality of Asparagus racemosus disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi was found in Azadirachta indica +Mentha piperita 17.49%, followed by Cymbopogon nardus 22.49% and Syzigum aromaticum 25.90% at 150 day after transplanting.

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils from Lavandula dentata L., Cymbopogon citratus DC. Stapf., and Salvia officinalis L. against Rhizoctonia solani in Potato Tubers

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils from Lavandula dentata L., Cymbopogon citratus DC. Stapf., and Salvia officinalis L. against Rhizoctonia solani in Potato Tubers

MANAGEMENT OF ARMYWORM (SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA) INFESTATION ON MAIZE PLANT UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTS IN OWERRI, IMO STATE

Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) infestation on maize is a widespread and persistent problem which can be effectively controlled through natural or organic approaches. This study investigated Azadirachta indica and Cymbopogon citratus leaf aqueous extracts to control Spodoptera frugiperdainfestation on maize through laboratory and screen house experiments. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to determine A. indica's compounds and abundance. In both contact and feeding bioassays, increasing doses of A. indica and C. citratus extracts resulted in a linear increase in S. frugiperda mortality and antifeedant effects. A. indica and C. citratus extracts at 10% w/v increased S. frugiperda mortality best. Chlorifylos had the greatest mortality rate (98.70%), followed by Azadrachtha indica (70.56%) and Cymbopogon citratus (65.60%), while acetone extract had the lowest mortality rate (2.21%). The highest antifeedant activity was observed in A. indica (76.10%), followed by Cymbopogon citratus (55.63), acetone (7.25%), and water (5.73%). A linear increase in the antifeedant activity was observed as the concentration of the extracts increased. High foliar damage was observed in (untreated, water and water plus 0.1% soap with mean leaf damage scores of 5.48, 5.37, and 4.17, respectively. Chlorpyrifos (1.24%) was the most effective in reducing foliar damage. There was no significant difference in the severity of foliar damage on maize plants that received A. indica (3.40) and C. citratus (3.23) A total of 43 compounds were identified in the A. indica extract. These results show the pesticidal activities of A. indica and C. citratus for the sustainable management of S. frugiperda infestations.

Comparative Evaluation of Takhrai (Cymbopogon citratus) Leaf Extracts with Commercial Antioxidants for Oxidative Stress Mitigation in Ruminants Under Heat Stress.

This investigation presents a rigorous comparative evaluation of methanolic and hexanoic extracts from Takhrai (Cymbopogon citratus) leaves against commercial antioxidants for mitigating oxidative stress in heat-stressed ruminants. Phytochemical profiling revealed significantly higher concentrations of bioactive compounds in methanolic extracts, particularly ascorbic acid (2.12 ± 0.08 mg/g), sinapic acid (0.71 ± 0.03 mg/g), and apigenin (0.38 ± 0.02 mg/g). Methanolic extracts demonstrated exceptional antioxidant activities (DPPH IC50 = 36.62 ± 0.65 μg/mL), superior erythrocyte protection (hemoglobin oxidation IC50 = 12.06 ± 0.29 μg/mL), and robust Nrf2 pathway activation (HO-1 induction = 3.42 ± 0.17-fold). Metabolomic analyses revealed preservation of glutathione metabolism and attenuation of lipid peroxidation product accumulation. Immunomodulatory assessment demonstrated significant reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α reduced by 54.3 ± 4.8%) and enhancement of anti-inflammatory mediators following LPS challenge. While storage stability presented limitations at ambient conditions (52.4 ± 3.7% activity retention after 6 months), refrigeration substantially improved preservation (92.3 ± 2.8%). Comprehensive effectiveness ranking across twelve parameters positioned methanolic extracts (mean score 1.7) comparable to vitamin E (1.6) and superior to other interventions. Collectively, these findings establish methanolic Takhrai extracts as promising sustainable alternatives to commercial antioxidants, with particular relevance for ruminant production in tropical regions.

Anti-inflammatory response to Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf extract in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease stage 3: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Context: Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf extract (CCE), known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has shown potential in modulating inflammatory pathways, which may help mitigate the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3. Aims: To evaluate the effects of CCE on inflammatory markers and renal function in CKD stage 3 patients. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 64 CKD stage 3 patients. The leaves of the plant were used to prepare an aqueous extract, which was standardized to ensure consistent quality and concentration of active constituents. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 900 mg of CCE daily or a placebo for 90 days. Key inflammatory markers like high sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and renal function indicators like estimated glomerular filtration rate based on creatinine-cystatin C (eGFRcr-cys), urine protein 24 hours (UP 24-h), urinary angiotensinogen (UAGT), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) were measured at baseline and the end of the study. Results: CCE administration resulted in significant reductions in hs-CRP, IL-6, iNOS, TGF-β1, UAGT, UP 24-h, MAP, and PP (p<0.05), with notable improvements in LMR between the CCE and placebo groups (p<0.05). No significant changes were observed in eGFRcr-cys, ultrasonography intrarenal resistive index, and NLR. Conclusions: CCE significantly reduced inflammatory markers in CKD stage 3 patients without adversely affecting renal function, suggesting its potential as a valuable anti-inflammatory supplement for this patient population.

A straightforward process for conversion of de-oiled lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) waste into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural

A straightforward process for conversion of de-oiled lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) waste into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural

Ameliorating Effect of Aqueous Extract of Cymbopogon citratus on Carbon Tetrachloride– Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Albino Rats

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the ameliorating effect of aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus after carbon tetrachloride–induced liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Methodology: Healthy wistar albino rats weighing 140 – 200 assigned into grouped into six groups of five rats per group. Group one served as the control. Groups two to six were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 0.3% CCl4 (per body weight) in 1:1 olive oil. Animals in group two were sacrificed 24 hours after CCl4 injection while animals in groups three to six were treated with 240, 480 and 720mg/kg of C. citratus extract daily respectively for 28 days. Biochemical markers such as Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum albumin (SA), total protein (TP) and liver malondialdehyde (liver MDA) were measured. Hematological parameters including Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), white blood cell (WBC) count and Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were evaluated. Results: CCl4-induced liver injury resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in serum ALP, ALT, AST and liver MDA with a significant (p<0.05) decrease in SA, TP, PCV, Hb, WBC and MCV. Treatment with 240, 480 and 720mg/kg of C. citratus extract for twenty eight days after CCl4 – induced liver damage resulted in a dose dependent significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum ALP, ALT, AST and liver MDA with a dose dependent significant (p<0.05) increase in SA, TP, PCV, Hb, WBC and MCV. Treatment with 720mg/kg of C. citratus extract for twenty eight days resulted in ALT, ALP, SA, Liver MDA, Hb, WBC, MCV and Liver MDA levels which were not significantly (p<0.05) different from control. The result of this study revealed that C. citratus extract at high dose was able to restore both biochemical and hematological parameters in treated groups. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of C. citratus demonstrated the ability to ameliorate CCl4 – induced liver damage in Wistar rats as evident by its ability to restore hepatocyte membrane integrity, hepatic synthetic function, impede lipid peroxidation, reduce cholestasis and the immunosuppressive effect of CCl4. This is suggestive of the ability of the extract to to restore liver health after hepatocellular and cholestatic injury, making it a potential dietary intervention for liver damage.

Larvicidal Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Artemisia annua, Cymbopogon citratus and Mentha piperita Against Anopheles and Culex Mosquito Larvae

Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest insects in the world as they serve as important vectors of diseases including yellow fever, malaria, West Nile virus fever, lymphatic filariasis, etc., causing millions of deaths globally. The urgent need for novel and effective insecticides that are affordable and target-specific is highlighted by the problem of insecticide resistance and its consequences on non-target organisms. Plants possess many bioactive compounds, making them suitable alternatives as mosquito control agents. This study investigated the larvicidal activity of Artemesia annua, Cymbopogon citratus and Mentha piperita extracts against Anopheles and Culex larvae. Plant leaf extracts were evaluated for insecticidal properties against 4th instar mosquito larvae using standardized WHO protocol and the mortality was recorded after 24-, 48- and 72-hours post-exposure time. Anopheles larvae were highly susceptible to extracts of Mentha piperita (LC50 5.901mg/ml and LC90 16.501mg/ml) followed by Cymbopogon citratus (LC50 7.605mg/ml and LC90 24.471mg/ml) with least mortality in Artemesia annua (LC50 10.201mg/ml and LC90 46.501mg/ml). Similarly, the highest mortality for Culex larvae was observed from treatments with M. piperita (LC50 7.851mg/ml and LC90 28.642mg/mL) followed by C. citratus (LC50 10.550mg/ml and LC90 44.381mg/ml) and A. annua extract (LC50 12.396mg/ml and LC90 54.981mg/ml) after 24-hour post-exposure. Also, larval mortality differed significantly (p<0.05) across the concentrations used. These results suggest that ethanolic leaf extracts of the plants used possess significant larvicidal activity and might be considered a natural source for larvicide production.

Pengendalian nyamuk Aedes aegypti dengan spray serai alami di Desa Gemawang

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) remains a major public health issue in Indonesia, particularly in areas like Gemawang Village, Temanggung Regency. Chemical insecticides commonly used for mosquito control pose health and environmental risks, necessitating safer alternatives. This study aimed to empower the local community with knowledge and skills to produce a natural mosquito repellent spray using lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), which contains citronella and geraniol known for their mosquito-repelling properties. Through a three-month community engagement program, residents participated in educational sessions, practical demonstrations, and were provided with materials to create the spray using lemongrass and 70% ethanol. A total of 100 participants showed a 30% increase in knowledge based on pre-test and post-test results. Additionally, 80% of participants reported regular use of the spray, and 70% observed a decrease in mosquito presence. While participants found the method practical and materials accessible, some noted reduced spray effectiveness over time, indicating a need for improved formulation. This community-based approach not only promoted an eco-friendly alternative to chemical insecticides but also enhanced local capacity for disease prevention. The findings suggest that such participatory programs can contribute significantly to sustainable dengue vector control in endemic areas.

Blends of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) improve the growth performance and economics of production of broiler chickens

An experiment was conducted to assess the proximate and phytochemical analyses of blend of lemon grass and bitter leaf compared to lemon grass and bitter leaf alone on growth performance and economics of production of production of broiler chickens. 200 g each of lemon grass and bitter leaf and 200g each of lemon grass and bitter leaf to make the blend (100g each) in a 50 litre gallon. The aqueous extracts of these phytogenic plants were fed to broiler chickens for eight (8) weeks. Three hundred-day-old chicks (300) were randomly allotted to four treatments, replicated five (5) times (fifteen birds per replicate) in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Birds on treatment one (1) were fed antibiotics as control. Results showed that proximate compositions were all affected (P<0.05) by blend of lemon grass and bitter leaf while all the phytochemicals were statistically similar (P>0.05). The performance parameters affected were daily weight gain (55.35-68.58g), feed conversion ratio (1.59-1.97), total feed cost (N1605.39- N 1819.71) and total feed cost/gain N/kg (N 523.70- N 628.76) (p<0.05). It was concluded that blends of lemon grass and bitter leaf improved growth parameters of broiler chickens compared to antibiotics, lemon grass and bitter leaf, it was recommended to poultry farmers to use the blend of lemon grass and bitter leaf as a source of phyto-additives for improve performance than antibiotics, bitter leaf and lemon grass alone.

Anticancer Potential of Cymbopogon citratus L. Essential Oil: In Vitro and In Silico Insights into Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cytotoxicity in Cancer Cells.

This study aims to assess the potential anticancer activity of lemongrass essential oil (LEO) using in vitro and in silico methods. The steam hydrodistillation of the aerial parts yielded 3.2% (wt) LEO. The GC-MS analysis of the LEO revealed the presence of α-citral (37.44%), β-citral (36.06%), linalool acetate (9.82%), and d-limonene (7.05%) as major components, accompanied by several other minor compounds. The antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH assay, revealed that LEO exhibits an IC50 value of 92.30 μg/mL. The cytotoxic effect of LEO, as well as LEO solubilized with Tween-20 (LEO-Tw) and PEG-400 (LEO-PEG), against a series of cancer cell lines (A375, RPMI-7951, MCF-7, and HT-29) was assessed using the Alamar Blue assay; the results revealed a high cytotoxic effect against all cell lines used in this study. Moreover, neither one of the tested concentrations of LEO, LEO-PG, or LEO-TW significantly affected the viability of healthy HaCaT cells, thus showing promising selectivity characteristics. Furthermore, LEO, LEO-PG, and LEO-TW increased ROS production and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in all cancer cell lines. Moreover, LEO treatment decreased all mitochondrial respiratory rates, thus suggesting its ability to induce impairment of mitochondrial function. Molecular docking studies revealed that LEO anticancer activity, among other mechanisms, could be attributed to PDK1 and PI3Kα, where the major contributors are among the minor components of the essential oil. The highest active theoretical inhibitor against both proteins was β-caryophyllene oxide.

Impact of Essential Oils Composition and Exposure Methods on Fungal Growth and Morphology: Insights for Postharvest Management

ABSTRACTPostharvest fungal diseases caused by Colletotrichum, Rhizopus, and Penicillium are major concerns, driving the search for sustainable antimicrobial alternatives to enhance food shelf life. This study examines the chemical composition of essential oils (EO) from Origanum vulgare, Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon martinii, Mentha piperita, and Mentha spicata, evaluating their in vitro effectiveness against Colletotrichum sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, and Penicillium expansum. Different EO concentrations were tested via volatile exposure and direct contact to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each fungus. The results indicate that there is no universal strategy for prevention and control, as the effectiveness of EO depends directly on the fungal species. Colletotrichum sp. and R. stolonifer were more susceptible to volatiles from O. vulgare (200 μL/L_air) and M. piperita (180 μL/L_air), respectively, whereas P. expansum was more sensitive to direct contact with O. vulgare (250 μL/L_medium). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that O. vulgare, rich in phenolic terpenes, and C. citratus, rich in aldehydic monoterpenes, induced hyphal breakage and twisting at varying intensities in these three common postharvest fungi. The results highlight the potential of EO via volatile exposure and direct contact as a promising alternative for postharvest fungal control.

Tailoring La2O3 Nanomaterials Through Doping and Coating for Improved Photocatalytic Degradation, Catalytic Reduction, and Other Biological Applications

AbstractThis research introduces a novel green synthesis approach for fabricating multifunctional lanthanum oxide nanoparticles (La2O3), including undoped, Cd‐doped (Cd‐La2O3), and Ag‐coated (La2O3‐Ag) variants, using Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were systematically characterized using advanced analytical techniques. UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) revealed bandgap energies of 4.35, 3.25, and 3.75 eV for La2O3, Cd‐La2O3, and La2O3‐Ag nanoparticles, respectively, enabling enhanced optical and photocatalytic properties. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed their crystalline nature with an average crystallite size of 18–22 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images showcased distinct rod and spherical shape structures ranging from 20–50 nm. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDAX) verified the high purity and elemental composition. The nanoparticles demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic efficiency, achieving 92.43% degradation of methylene blue under UV light and 89.68% conversion of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) to 4‐aminophenol (4‐AP). Additionally, nanoparticles demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity against the Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, outperforming ampicillin. The inhibition zones exceeded 18 ± 2 mm by disc diffusion assay. Antioxidant assays revealed superior free radical scavenging (ROS) ability compared to ascorbic acid, reducing DPPH radicals by 70 ± 5% at 1000 µg/mL. Hemolytic analysis indicated minimal cytotoxicity at higher concentrations, underscoring their biocompatibility. This study highlights the novelty and multifunctionality of La2O3 nanoparticles, demonstrating their potential for advanced environmental remediation and biomedical applications.

Smart Packaging Based on Pectin and Anthocyanin from Purple Sweet Potato Extract (Ipomoea batatas L) with the Addition of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil

Smart Packaging Based on Pectin and Anthocyanin from Purple Sweet Potato Extract (Ipomoea batatas L) with the Addition of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil