Cylindrical Water Tank Research Articles

Water-tank metabarrier for seismic Rayleigh wave attenuation.

An innovative concept of metabarrier is presented for seismic Rayleigh wave attenuation, which consists of a periodic array of cylindrical water tanks acting as resonant units above the soil surface. A pertinent theoretical framework is developed and implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics. The framework treats the dynamics of the water tank by a well-established three-dimensional linear, pressure-based model for fluid-structure interaction under earthquake excitation, accounting for the flexibility of the tank wall; furthermore, the soil is idealized as a homogeneous and isotropic medium. Floquet-Bloch dispersion analysis of the unit cell demonstrates the presence of relevant band gaps in the low-frequency range below 20 Hz and in the higher frequency range as well. The dispersion analysis is validated by comparison with the frequency-domain analysis of a soil domain with a finite array of water tanks. The band gaps are of interest to attenuate seismic Rayleigh waves and, more generally, Rayleigh waves caused by other ground vibration sources such as road or railway traffic. The water-tank resonant units are readily tunable by varying the water level, which allows changing opening frequencies/widths of the wave attenuation zones. This is a remarkable advantage over alternative seismic metamaterials that, in general, are not designed to be tunable.This article is part of the theme issue 'Current developments in elastic and acoustic metamaterials science (Part 2)'.

Water Cherenkov muon veto for the COSINUS experiment: design and simulation optimization

COSINUS is a dark matter (DM) direct search experiment that uses sodium iodide (NaI) crystals as cryogenic calorimeters. Thanks to the low nuclear recoil energy threshold and event-by-event discrimination capability, COSINUS will address the long-standing DM claim made by the DAMA/LIBRA collaboration. The experiment is currently under construction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy, and employs a large cylindrical water tank as a passive shield to meet the required background rate. However, muon-induced neutrons can mimic a DM signal therefore requiring an active veto system, which is achieved by instrumenting the water tank with an array of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). This study optimizes the number, arrangement, and trigger conditions of the PMTs as well as the size of an optically invisible region. The objective was to maximize the muon veto efficiency while minimizing the accidental trigger rate due to the ambient and instrumental background. The final configuration predicts a veto efficiency of 99.63 ± 0.16% and 44.4 ± 5.6% in the tagging of muon events and showers of secondary particles, respectively. The active veto will reduce the cosmogenic neutron background rate to 0.11 ± 0.02 cts·\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\cdot $$\\end{document}kg-1·\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{-1}\\cdot $$\\end{document}year-1,\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{-1},$$\\end{document} corresponding to less than one background event in the region of interest for the whole COSINUS-1π\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pi $$\\end{document} exposure of 1000 kg·\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\cdot $$\\end{document}days.

Volumetric Flow Field inside a Gas Stirred Cylindrical Water Tank

Ladle metallurgy serves as a crucial component of the steelmaking industry, where it plays a pivotal role in manipulating the molten steel to exercise precise control over its composition and properties. Turbulence in ladle metallurgy influences various important aspects of the steelmaking process, including mixing and distribution of additives, alongside the transport and removal of inclusions within the ladle. Consequently, gaining a clear understanding of the stirred flow field holds the potential of optimizing ladle design, improving control strategies, and enhancing the overall efficiency and steel quality. In this project, an advanced Particle-Tracking-Velocimetry system known as “Shake-the-Box” is implemented on a cylindrical water ladle model while compressed air injections through two circular plugs positioned at the bottom of the model are employed to actively stir the flow. To mitigate the particle images distortion caused by the cylindrical plexi-glass walls, the method of refractive matching is utilized with an outer polygon tank filled with a sodium iodide solution. The volumetric flow measurement is achieved on a 6 × 6 × 2 cm domain between the two plugs inside the cylindrical container while the flow rate of gas injection is set from 0.1 to 0.4 L per minute. The volumetric flow field result suggests double gas injection at low flow rate (0.1 L per minute) produce the least disturbed flow while highly disturbed and turbulent flow can be created at higher flow rate of gas injection.

Peering into a Simplified Digestor for Households: Performance, Cost and Carbon-Neutral Niche

In this study, a black-shading cylindrical water tank made of high-density polyethylene was locally manufactured as a household digestor for treating cow manure in Bangladesh. Effluent slurry instead of water was reused for manure dilution under manure-to-slurry ratios of 1:2 and 1:1, to assess this small prototype’s production efficiency and feasibility. The specific biogas production at both ratios matched well, by 0.12 m3/kg VS and 0.14 m3/kg VS, respectively, while the former slurry dilution operation outperformed in daily and accumulative biogas production by 16% and 57%, correspondingly, referring to 0.49 Nm3/d on average and 8.55 Nm3 in total, potentially meeting a 2 h household cooking energy requirement. From a nationwide viewpoint, slurry dilution was proven to be a great initiative to conserve water amounting to 50,286,751 m3 for 114,810 households of 6 person-equivalents annually, while cutting chemical costs by USD 32,720,684/yr and trimming annual greenhouse gas emission by 1.8 million tons of CO2e. This study revealed that a small prototype digestor could be an alternative energy source for cost-effective and eco-friendly household applications.

Experimental study on characteristics of liquid dynamics in a cylindrical water tank under harmonic excitation

AbstractAs the offshore engineering industry continued to develop, issues such as damage to storage structures due to liquid shaking became increasingly prevalent. This paper explored the dynamic response of liquid within a rigid cylindrical water tank subjected to harmonic excitation through vibration table tests, analyses, and numerical simulations. Using the Laplace equation and the Bessel function of the first kind, the analytical formula of liquid dynamic response was derived. A numerical model was established by ANSYS software to verify the accuracy of the analytical solution. At the same time, the response characteristics of hydrodynamic pressure and liquid level wave height were studied by vibration table tests. In this experiment, a rigid cylindrical water tank with varying depths of liquid was subjected to harmonic excitations utilizing a vibration table. In most cases, the experimental results agreed well with the analytical formula. However, under conditions of relatively severe liquid sloshing, there was a discrepancy in peak values between the experiment and the analytical formula. The experimental data indicated that both the hydrodynamic pressure and liquid level wave height increase with an increase in harmonic excitation frequency and amplitude.

Automatic Sintex Cleaning with IoT and Image Processing

Water storage tanks that are positioned on roof tops or in high elevators can be cleaned and disinfected automatically through this technique. Compared to conventional cleaning techniques, automatic overhead tank cleaning has a number of benefits. It ensures a higher level of disinfection, which is essential for the upkeep and safety of people who consume water from the tank. It is quicker and more efficient. Another method of cleaning tanks without the use of labour-intensive physical labour is overhead tank cleaning. The main benefits of autonomous overhead tank cleaning are better water quality, increased productivity, lower labour costs, and increased worker safety. The procedure normally includes draining the tank, cleaning the internal surfaces, and getting rid of any debris or sediments that may have built up inside. Cleaning water tanks is crucial since the cleanliness of a water tank greatly affects the quality of the water. The development of a mechanical method for cleaning cylindrical water tanks is the goal of this research. The mechanical system consists of a motor, brush-equipped mechanisms, gear rods, and shafts. The shafts and brushes mounted on the c-type mechanisms rotate as a result of the power from the electric supply, beginning to scrub the water tanks inside walls.

Design and Development of Overhead Water Tank Cleaning Machine

Abstract: To design a overhead water tank cleaning machine which will be able to remove sand and mud (SEDIMENTS) from the bottom of the tank without fully emptying the tank. While cleaning overhead tank, we have to remove all water from the tank and one has to enter the tank and clean it manually. Generally, it has been observed that mud and sand particles are settled down to the bottom of the tank. It is difficult to clean the tank in a week due to which the taps and pipes gets damaged. Emptying the tank all the time is a waste of water and time. We have an idea to clean the tank when it is partially filled. In our project we are saving time and no need to enter into the tank, it will be cleaned weekly or whenever needed. Aim of this project is to develop a mechanical system for cleaning domestic cylindrical water tank. The mechanical system uses PVC pipe arrangement for stand and water suction arrangement. A box attached to the suction motor with help of PVC pipe arrangement. Initially, after starting the suction motor it sucks the clean water at the same moments put off the motor and placed the pipe with box attached to bottom there is vacuum created and due capillary action bottom sediments with muddy water getting suck. In this way, the box is moved total bottom area of tank by using some arrangement and to clean the tank. The purpose of this project is to reduce the human efforts and to avoid the chemical influence on health of person entering the tank for cleaning.

Seismic risk assessment of on-ground concrete cylindrical water tanks

Seismic risk assessment of on-ground concrete cylindrical water tanks

Effect of Diode-Based Transmission Detector Measurement on Dose Perturbation during Delivery of 6MV Photon

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> Delivery dose quality assurance (QA) during treatment planning execution is the most direct and effective way to ensure that the prescribed dose is delivered accurately and the patient is irradiated safely. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the stability and sensitivity of the diode-based transmission detector (TD) installed on the beam path during radiotherapy, and analyze the effect of TD on the photon beam fluence and dose distribution. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> The beam fluence with and without TD was measured for 6MV on a linear accelerator. The point doses at different depths (0.0cm∼15.0cm), different dose values (100MU∼500MU), different dose rates (100MU/min∼600MU/min) and different irradiation fields (3cm × 3cm∼20cm × 20cm) were measured by cylindrical three-dimensional water tank, and the transmission factors (TF) were calculated and analyzed. The percentage depth dose (PDD) and beam profile under different parameters were collected to analyze the effect of TD on ray quality and dose distribution. The effect of different irradiation fields on the γ passing rate was evaluated by a planar dosimeter. <h3>Results</h3> The diode-based TD has the high stability of 0.1% (1SD) and excellent position monitoring performance (≤0.2mm). The TF varies with the depth, dose, dose rate and irradiation fields. When the depth is 0cm, the TF has maximum value of 99.55%. For the depth of 0cm∼5cm, the TF increases with the increase of dose and dose rate (<i>R</i>=0.91, 0.75). For the depth of 5cm, the TF is least affected by dose and dose rate (1SD: 0.01%, 0.07%), and decreased with the increase of irradiation fields, 98.94% for 3cm × 3cm. When the depth is >5cm, it decreases with the dose increasing (<i>R</i>=−0.88∼−0.26), and increases with the dose rate increasing (<i>R</i>=0.78). The average TF under all the above conditions is 98.46%, that is, beam attenuation is 1.54%. The movement of the position of maximum dose depth is 0.124cm for 5cm × 5cm and 0.250cm for 3cm × 3cm to the surface of the water (0cm), otherwise ≤0.003cm. TD increases dose in build-up region, 1.49% for fields of 20cm × 20cm. TD effects ray quality (≤0.0028), beam symmetry and flatness (≤0.68%). The γ passing rate does not change under the commonly used indexes of 3%/3mm and 2%/2mm. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The diode-based TD has high stability and excellent monitoring performance. Although it has little effect on ray quality, beam symmetry, flatness and γ passing rate, it will cause beam attenuation and increase surface dose.

Design and Development of Automatic Water Tank Cleaner

This system aims to design and develop a prototype of an automatic system for cleaning domestic cylindrical water tanks. The proposed system includes a simple mechanism with centrifugal force. Household water tanks are supposed to provide safe water for cleaning, gardening, cooking, and drinking. The majority of the time water coming into the tank comes with dust and dirt particles. Over time, sludge or sediment may build up, contaminate water and cause illnesses in humans like diarrhea, cholera, amebiasis, typhoid, and gastroenteritis. Tank cleaning is necessary since the mud, dust, and dirt entering through water may settle at the bottom of the tank, leading to the formation of algae, and salt deposits that disturb the quality of water and hamper the flow of water through a pipe. It has been observed that the methods to clean water tanks are manual and a person needs to enter the tank to clean it. The water has to be drained out before handed, hence it is a tough and time taking task due to which cleaning of tanks gets postponed. If the tank is overhead, then it creates more problems for cleaning the tank. The benefits of this system are reduced human effort and time, avoiding exposure to chemicals that influence the health of a person entering the water tank for cleaning and reduced wastage of water.

Development of a manual egusi (Citrulus Vulgaris) washing machine

Egusi is an important oil seed plant used in the food industry. However, the washing of egusi seeds after harvest has been a major challenge to the egusi farmers in Nigeria. The washing of egusi seeds after harvest is locally done by the use of basket containing unwashed egusi seeds submerged inside water and washed with hand to remove the slime and dirt which is labour intensive and time consuming. A manual egusi (Citrulus Vulgaris) washing machine was developed to help egusi farmers in washing of egusi seeds after manual pod cracking and seeds scooping. The average length, width, thickness and sphericity of 100 egusi seeds were first determined to be 15 mm, 8.8 mm, 2.06 mm and 0.43 mm and used in the machine design. The machine was designed and fabricated using available materials and it consist of five major components which are; cylindrical drum, perforated drum, roller, water tank and frame with a capacity of 32.14kg/batch. The machine was evaluated to have 75.3% washing efficiency, 0.08% percentage loss, and 0.0% damaged egusi respectively.

Vibration response and acoustic radiation of a thin floating plate

Remote sensing may be used to detect and locate acoustic sources on a thin floating plate as well as predict the geometry and material of the structure based on recordings of vibratory and acoustic waves. Remote detection and localization of impacts on a thin floating structure is desirable. For a transient excited thin floating structure, the coupling of the vibration waves in the structure and the acoustic waves radiating from it into the air above and water below can introduce complexity not encountered with traditional source identification techniques. To study this problem, repeatable axisymmetric transient impact experiments are conducted in a 1.2-m diameter cylindrical water tank by dropping a stainless-steel ball bearing onto a 6.4-mm-thick aluminum plate suspended at the air-water interface. Accelerometers and laser Doppler vibrometry are used to record the vibration of the plate. Acoustic radiation is recorded in the air above the plate and in the water below it using linear arrays of 6 microphones and hydrophones, respectively. Wave speeds in the plate ranging between 430 m/s and 1550 m/s are considered. Results are compared to a combined acoustic-structure finite element model. [Sponsored by NAVSEA through the NEEC.]

Optimum Design of Cylindrical Walls Using Ensemble Learning Methods

The optimum cost of the structure design is one of the major goals of structural engineers. The availability of large datasets with preoptimized structural configurations can facilitate the process of optimum design significantly. The current study uses a dataset of 7744 optimum design configurations for a cylindrical water tank. Each of them was obtained by using the harmony search algorithm. The database used contains unique combinations of height, radius, total cost, material unit cost, and corresponding wall thickness that minimize the total cost. It was used to create ensemble learning models such as Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), and Categorical Gradient Boosting (CatBoost). Generated machine learning models were able to predict the optimum wall thickness corresponding to new data with high accuracy. Using SHapely Additive exPlanations (SHAP), the height of a cylindrical wall was found to have the greatest impact on the optimum wall thickness followed by radius and the ratio of concrete unit cost to steel unit cost.

Approaches for estimating mixing time in a water storage tank

AbstractThe mixing performance of a water storage tank is important to ensure good drinking water quality in a distribution system. A tracer study is a commonly used approach for mixing performance evaluation but has limitations, such as limited sampling points and inability to be applied to the full scale at design stage. In practice, mixing time is usually estimated by the tracer curve measured by a probe sensor in a physical tracer study. However, the probe tracer concentration curve can be affected by many factors in the tracer release approach (e.g., instantaneous pouring or quill injecting), such as pouring volume, vertical penetration, and injecting time, making the estimated mixing time inaccurate. Coefficient of variation (CoV) decay curve is an alternative for determining mixing time. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were developed to study mixing in a cylindrical water tank. Mixing times were estimated from both probe tracer curve and CoV decay curve. Results show that the mixing time estimated from a probe tracer curve only represents local mixing, while that estimated from a CoV decay curve is a more appropriate index for global mixing, suggesting that the CoV decay curve should be used for mixing performance analysis in a water tank.

Accuracy and Efficiency of Symmetrized Implicit Midpoint Rule for Solving the Water Tank System Problems

The accuracy and efficiency of water tank system problems can be determined by comparing the Symmetrized Implicit Midpoint Rule (IMR) with the IMR. Static and dynamic analyses are part of a mathematical model that uses energy conservation to generate a nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equation. Static analysis provides optimal working points, while dynamic analysis outputs an overview of the system behaviour. The procedure mentioned is tested on two water tank designs, namely, cylindrical and rectangular tanks with two different parameters. The Symmetrized IMR is used in this study. Results show that the two-step active Symmetrized IMR applied on the proposed mathematical model is precise and efficient and can be used for the design of appropriate controls. The cylindrical water tank model takes the fastest time in emptying the water tank. The approach of the various water tank models shows an increase in accuracy and efficiency in the range of parameters used for practical model applications. The results of the numerical method show that the two-step Symmetrized IMR provides more precise stability, accuracy and efficiency for the fixed step size measurements compared with other numerical methods.

The Behavior of Elevated Water Tanks under Impact Loading

Because of the crucial role of elevated water tanks and their various uses, it is necessary to evaluate their structural behavior under threats to improve the durability performance of such tanks without putting them in jeopardy. In the present research, three open cylindrical concrete water tanks were modeled under an impact load (aerial blast) with the weight of 100 kg TNT explosive charge. The tanks were modeled in 3 forms: slender, middle, and broad (Aspect ratio = 1.28,1 and 0.85). Each tank contained various levels of water (non-water, half water, and full water) to estimate their structural behavior under blast loading. Moreover, the CEL (Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian) approach was used to simulate water structure interaction in finite element program. For a comprehensive analysis of the structural behavior of water tanks, LRB (Lead rubber bearing) isolator device was also used to observe the effect of isolator under blast loading on elevated water tanks in all models. The results of this study show that the water level leads to stiffness of the structures that cause better performance under blast loading and also the intersection of the shaft and concrete column would be the critical section of this structure under blast loading. It is also concluded that Stress and Strain decrease as the water tanks level increase and stiffen (up to 33 %). Also, it is noticeable that the existence of the isolator has deteriorated the results because of the decreases in the structure’s stiffness and the increase of the displacements.

Numerical analysis of the heat pump water heater with immersed helically coiled tubes

With the aim of increasing the accuracy of the numerical results and reduce the computational time of simulation, our work focuses on the study of a heat pump water heater with immersed helically coiled tubes. The effects of the storage tank dimension and the copper coil pitch on the heating process were investigated by considering the evolution of temperature and velocity field of the waterside at the axial centerline of cylindrical water tank. The effects of varying the time step on the evolution of the average water temperature and velocities during the heating process are analyzed using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package. The results showed that the effects of time step size on the results and clearly led to less accuracy. The validation of the numerical solutions was performed by comparing the simulated average water temperature with the results reported from the literature [1,2].It was found that the simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.

Evaluation of the Hydrodynamic Pressure Effect of Cylindrical Liquid Storage Tank on The Granular Soil Behavior Under Seismic Excitation

Many liquid storage tanks around the world have been affected by earthquakes, and the seismic analysis of such tanks is much more complicated due to the Fluid-Structure Interaction. Besides, when the soil properties are taken into the consideration, the analysis with the Fluid-Soil-Structure Interaction becomes very complicated. In this paper, a series of shaking table tests are conducted on a model of the cylindrical water tank rested on dry granular soil and the equivalent load is considered to study the effect of hydrodynamic pressure generated in the storage water tank on the soil behavior. An experimental investigation of (1:100) scale model has been carried out on a shake table that was manufactured with specific mechanical parts and flexible laminar shear box. The preparation of the test included three cases in different relative densities (medium, dense, medium-dense). Three earthquake histories (Kobe, El-Centro and Ali Al-Gharbi) were implemented to study a wide range of the acceleration. The results showed that the acceleration at the bottom-depth of the soil column is slightly higher than at the mid-depth, while at the top portion of the soil column, the acceleration comparatively becomes less than that at the mid-depth. The settlement due to hydrodynamic pressure in the storage base tank is significantly reduced compared with results of nonhydrodynamic pressure in all cases of the acceleration history. In addition, the lateral stress at the surface gives higher than the stress at a depth equal to the diameter of the base tank.

Effect of Hydrodynamic Pressure on Saturated Sand Supporting Liquid Storage Tank During the Earthquake

This paper aims to illuminate the influence of hydrodynamic pressure generated in a water storage tank on the behavior of saturated sand that its support. Experimental tests were performed on two cylindrical water tank models using a fabricated shaking table which consists of a flexible laminar shear box. The first model is a water storage tank partially full of water, and the second one is a tank model with an equivalent load of water pressure to simulate the water storage tank without hydrodynamic pressure. Three earthquake histories (Kobe, El-Centro, and Ali Al Gharbi) were implemented on models to study a varied range of acceleration. It was found that the settlement and lateral displacement directions in the water storage tank were significantly increased compared to the equivalent load resulted in the second model in all cases of the acceleration histories. Also, it was monitored the pore water pressure during the testing period, and it was noticed that the excess pore pressures were affected by the hydrodynamic pressure and increased compared to the results recorded at the condition of no hydrodynamic pressure.

Blast-induced ground motion effect on dynamic response of a cylindrical vertical water tank with piled raft foundation

This paper studies to estimate the dynamic behavior of a demineralized water tank with a piled raft foundation system considering soil-pile-structure-fluid interaction to shock-ground motion. A three-dimensional finite element model of a coupled system is constituted in ANSYS software. Interaction between pile and soil is represented with the frictional contact element. The frictionless contact elements are utilized to model between the water and tank shell to allow for displacement of the free surface adjacent to the tank wall. Shell elements are used for the tank body and its vault. The dynamic analyses of the tank including soil-pile-structure-fluid interaction are presented by using shock response spectra. Ground shock acceleration time histories, generated by using a developed computer program based on Fortran programming language, produce shock response spectra. The effects of the different charge weights and distances from the charge center are examined in the analyses. Also, the effect of the water fill level in the tank and the number of piles is also investigated. The results of the research are presented with the directional displacements and equivalent stresses. It seen from the analyses that the dynamic responses of the tank increase with the charge weight, while decreasing with the charge center distance. Moreover, the water fill level and the number of piles extremely affect the displacement and stress values of the coupled interaction system.