Paraffin Wax Research Articles

Effects of cassava wax bath as a new therapeutic approach on patients with plantar fasciitis: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a new therapeutic approach (cassava wax bath: CWB) compared with usual care (paraffin wax bath: PWB) in patients with plantar fasciitis (PF). Forty patients with PF were recruited into the study (CWB group, n = 20, PWB group, n = 20). Patients in the CWB group received cassava wax bath and patients in the PWB group received usual care (PWB). The primary outcome was pain intensity (PI). The secondary outcomes were the pressure pain threshold (PPT), pain frequency (PFr), foot and ankle ability measure (FAAM), and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ADROM). All outcomes were assessed before and after the five-week intervention, one month, and three months after the intervention period. After the intervention, statistically significant improvement was found in all outcomes after the intervention period and during the one month and three months follow-up study in both groups (P < 0.05). For all outcomes, no between-group differences were seen at any post-assessment time-point, except for PFr (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that CWB was significantly superior to PWB in reducing PFr. For the other outcomes, CWB and PWB were both equally effective in reducing PI and increasing PPT, FAAM, and ADROM in patients with PF. Therefore, CWB might be considered as a novel useful therapeutic option for PF patients.Trial registration: Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR) (Identification number: TCTR20220128002), First posted date: 28/01/2022.

Influence of variable gravity on the phase change material for enclosed vertical channels with helical fins

This study numerically investigates the influence of variable gravity on the melting behaviour of a phase change material (PCM- paraffin wax RT27) contained within an enclosed vertical channel under different gravity conditions, specifically those found on the Earth, the Moon, and under the microgravity environments. Furthermore, the impacts of incorporating various number of helical fins within the PCM unit under different gravitational conditions are assessed for the first time. The findings indicate that the melting efficiency of PCM is considerably affected by the reduced gravity conditions, due to changes in the natural convection, velocity, and temperature; the melting time is twice as long under the moon-gravity conditions and sixfold longer under the microgravity conditions compared to the earth-gravity. It is also observed that reduced efficiency can be remedied by the insertion of fins into the PCM unit. The breakdown of the natural convection vortices with different number and orientation of fins expedites the melting process for all gravity conditions thus leading to improved performance in melting and energy storage.

Assessing tissue differentiation capabilities in X-ray imaging through cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) photon counting detectors.

In recent years, the use of photon-counting detection technology has resulted in significant X-ray imaging research. This advanced technology holds considerable promise for enhancing Computed Tomography (CT) scanners, offering a potential solution to the limitations inherent in traditional CT detectors. The ongoing studies are dedicated to assessing the effectiveness and sensitivity of semiconductor detector materials in photon counting detectors, particularly in their ability to detect soft tissue contrasts. This study aimed to characterize the performance of the Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) photon counting detector in identifying various tissues with a focus on assessing its sensitivity in distinguishing tissue types in X-ray imaging. An optimal frame rate per second (FPS) of the CZT detector was evaluated by setting the X-ray tube voltage and current at 25 keV and 35 keV and 0.5 mA, 1.0 mA respectively. By keeping the optimum FPS fixed, the detector energy thresholds were set in small steps from 15 keV to 35 keV and the tube currents were set for X-ray tubes in ranges of 0.1 mA–1.0 mA to evaluate the relationship between voltage and current of the X-ray source and counts per second (CPS). The specimens, including fat, liver, muscles, paraffin wax, and contrast media were placed on a stair-step chamber constructed from Plexi-glass, spanning six distinct thickness levels. We investigated X-ray transmission across these tissue samples at varying thicknesses, exploring five energy thresholds: 21 keV, 25 keV, 29 keV, 31 keV, and 45 keV to evaluate their impact on the CPS. This study found that a frame rate of 12 frames per second optimally aligns with the spectral response of the X-ray source. Furthermore, a linear correlation is present between the CPS and the X-ray tube current. The transmission of X-rays through a sample depends on its thickness, a phenomenon observed across different energy thresholds in this study. The detectors exhibit high sensitivity and linearity, ensuring accurate and reliable measurements in diverse imaging scenarios, making them invaluable tools for precise data acquisition in both research and clinical applications.

A novel stereotyped phase change material with a low leakage rate for new energy storage building applications

Phase change materials (PCM) have been widely studied in the field of building energy storage. However, industrial grade high latent heat phase change paraffin (PW) has the problem of high melting point and easy leakage, and at the same time, it is necessary to absorb municipal solid waste on a large scale and reduce the damage of waste cellular concrete (WCC) to the urban ecological environment. Using binary paraffin wax (BP) prepared by hot fusion of solid paraffin (SP) and liquid paraffin (LP) as composite phase change materials, polypropylene (PP) and porous material WCC as support materials, a new WCC/PP/BP stereotyped phase change material (FCPCM) with low leakage rate and good stability was prepared by melt blending method and vacuum adsorption method, to meet the energy storage needs of buildings. The chemical compatibility, thermal performance and morphological stability of the prepared FCPCM were tested, and the heat storage/release performance test experiments were carried out to explore the thermal performance of the prepared energy storage concrete. The results show that the Encapsulated WCC/PP/BP has no new substance and good chemical compatibility. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mercury injection instrument (MIP) show that WCC has good adsorption properties for PP/BP. The melting phase change temperature increases by 14.08%, the latent heat of phase change decreases by 42.94%, and the initial phase change thermal properties are still maintained after several phases of phase change. It can maintain a stable form at 150℃. The 24 h leakage rate remained below 1%, which was nearly 44% lower than that of FCPCM with PP as the support material. Thermogravimetric curve (TGA) shows that the thermal stability of encapsulated FCPCM increases by 25.59%. In addition, the thermal performance test of energy storage concrete shows that compared with traditional concrete, energy storage concrete has greater heat storage density and stronger temperature control ability, which can effectively realize building energy saving.

Experimental investigation of wax deposition on multiple steel alloys

Paraffin wax deposition is a flow assurance issue that occurs frequently in subsea crude oil and gas condensate flowlines and pipelines. While some mitigation techniques involve coatings, most wax deposition in the oil and gas industry occurs on bare pipe walls made of various steel alloys. Previously, there has not been any investigation into the possibility of differences in the wax deposition that could be attributed to the different types of steel alloys, and this study set out to fill that gap. A cold finger apparatus with interchangeable fingers was used to generate deposits. Deposits were created from waxy model oils across several bulk oil temperatures and rotational speeds. To cover a wide array of materials, six different steels were tested: A2, A36, 1018, 4130, 304, and 316. These materials range from low-carbon steels to high-chrome content stainless steels. Each cold finger's surface was finished with the same process to create a roughness of 4.6 ± 0.5 mm. Deposit mass, thickness, and composition all showed non-negligible differences between deposits formed on the steels investigated: masses varied by 5–15%, thicknesses varied by 30% or more, and deposit compositions were noticeably skewed. Alloy composition, contact angle, roughness, and thermal conductivity were discussed as possible indicators of the effects an alloy would have on wax deposition. These findings facilitate the comparison and interpretation of the results from wax research literature using different steel alloys as well as the design of laboratory wax testing that more closely resembles field conditions.

Expression of Concern for article entitled “Investigation of the use of extended surfaces in paraffin wax phase change material in thermal management of a cylindrical lithium-ion battery: Applicable in the aerospace industry”

Expression of Concern for article entitled “Investigation of the use of extended surfaces in paraffin wax phase change material in thermal management of a cylindrical lithium-ion battery: Applicable in the aerospace industry”

Experimental Study on Paraffin Wax and Soya Wax Supported by High-Density Polyethylene and Loaded with Nano-Additives for Thermal Energy Storage

Thermal energy storage technology has evolved as one of the prominent methods of storing thermal energy when it is available and utilized as per the requirements. In recent years, thermal energy storage has found a variety of applications for thermal management, such as buildings, batteries, electronics, cold storage, textiles, and solar thermal systems. Phase Change Material (PCM) has taken the lead among all other thermal energy storage materials because of various merits such as high energy density, ease of use, low cost, low volume change, environmental friendliness, easy availability, and chemical stability. However, limitations such as poor thermal conductivity and leakage during phase transformation limit their applicability. In this study, Shape Stabilized Composite PCM (SSCPCM) was developed to overcome these drawbacks. Paraffin wax and soya wax were used as PCMs and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide were used as nano-additives. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is used as a supporting matrix. Leakage test suggest maximum loading of 40 wt% and 35 wt% of paraffin wax and soya wax in HDPE without any leakage at elevated temperature. The prepared SSCPCM shows substantially better thermal energy storage capacity along with improved thermal conductivity. A maximum rise of 260.8% in thermal conductivity was observed in paraffin wax supported by HDPE and loaded with 3 wt% of multi-walled carbon nanotube nanoparticles. The heating and cooling performance suggests an improvement in the heating and cooling rate by adding nano-additives. The prepared SSCPCM are also thermally stable at elevated temperatures up to 150 °C.

Oxidation Modification of Paraffin Wax and Preparation of Water-Repellent Finish Emulsion

Oxidation Modification of Paraffin Wax and Preparation of Water-Repellent Finish Emulsion

Analysis of melting behavior of layered different phase change materials for a cylinder insert into a channel

Phase change materials (PCMs) have diverse fields of application due to higher thermal inertia. The present study explores the melting behavior in dual-layered different PCMs in a cylindrical lithium-ion battery module placed in a long channel under the hot air stream. The main cylinder is packed with paraffin wax and covered PCM is chosen as calcium chloridehexahydrate (CaCl2-6H2O). The material between two PCMs is considered highly conductive and impermeable. The involved mathematical equations in two-dimensional forms are numerically simulated the applying the finite volume technique. The primary important parameters of melting behavior are the difference in temperature and inlet air velocity. The analysis is carried out for the effective parameters such as the inlet air temperature (Thot = 100 °C and 120 °C) and air velocity (սair = 2.5 and 5.0 m/s). The results revealed that an increase in air velocity reduces the highest and average temperature of the PCM. The changes in melting time of PCMs decline with time. Higher inlet air temperature also causes fast melting of the PCMs over time. The analysis revealed that the application of PCMs is undue when there is no phase change process. The analysis also revealed that an increment in the inlet air velocity causes a decrease in the average temperature. For the same air inlet temperature (Thot) higher air velocity leads to a slower rate of the melting process Therefore, melting time is less by ∼ 30 % (for the inner layer) and 32 % (for the outer layer) with decreasing air velocity. The findings of this study will help the designer to improve the battery thermal management system by modulating the temperature.

Training-free demonstration of a 5.4 T Nb3Sn Canted–Cosine–Theta accelerator dipole impregnated with paraffin wax

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is pursuing stress-managed Nb3Sn Canted–Cosine–Theta (CCT) magnet technology for high field accelerator magnets. Although promising results have been reported, improvements in the training performance are desired. This work describes the fabrication and testing campaigns of two subscale Nb3Sn CCT magnets; a baseline impregnated with National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Mix-61 and a magnet impregnated with paraffin wax. The paraffin magnet reached the short sample limit of the conductor, to within the measurement uncertainty, with no training quenches inside the magnet. In contrast, the baseline magnet reached 80% of the short sample limit after approximately 20 quenches and exhibits some loss of memory after thermal cycles. Inter-layer flexible quench antennas combined with voltage tap data show that all quenches appear identical and originate from a region corresponding to the location of peak field in the cable. Although this success should be replicated at higher fields, these first test results demonstrate the potential for training free Nb3Sn accelerator magnets operating near the short-sample limit.

Reducing Kapitza resistance of graphene–paraffin interfaces by alkyl functionalisation

Paraffin waxes are a promising material for heat storage. Improvement of the thermal conductivity can be obtained by adding graphene nanofillers, but interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) forms a problem. Reduction of ITR by functionalisation of the graphene was previously shown possible in the liquid state. For application in heat storage, the thermal properties in solid state are equally important. In the present study, the most optimal reduction of ITR in the solid state was shown for octyl functional groups; in both molten and solid samples, a striking reduction by 95% as compared to pristine graphene was achieved.

Performance improvement of building-integrated photovoltaic panels using a composite phase change material-carbon foam heat sink: An experimental study

Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) panels are important for enhancing building self-power generation, promoting sustainable energy practices, and reducing dependence on the grid. Nevertheless, the efficiency and output power of these panels are negatively affected by the temperature increase caused by incident solar radiation. Thus, the present study introduces an innovative paraffin/carbon foam composite phase change material for efficient thermal management of building-integrated photovoltaic panels. Through indoor and outdoor experimental tests, the study evaluated and compared the performance of the proposed system. This system integrates a PV panel with an RT-55 phase change material and carbon foam structure (BIPV-PCM-CF) and was compared to three other cases, including a naturally cooled free PV panel, a building wall integrated PV panel to simulate conventional building-integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV), and a PV panel integrated with only RT-55 paraffin wax as the phase change material (BIPV-PCM). The study found that integrating the PV cell into building walls (BIVP) increased its temperature by 9.61 °C and decreased generated power and efficiency by 5.11 % and 10.95 %, respectively, compared to the free PV panel. On the other hand, the BIPV-PCM panel reduced module temperature by 18.1 °C but could not solidify the needed amount of PCM during the nighttime. The BIPV-PCM-CF panel, which incorporated carbon foam with PCM, outperformed the other systems, producing a cooling performance of 22.94 °C and increasing electricity generation and system efficiency by an average of 12.64 % and 27.35 %, respectively, compared to the free PV panel. These findings highlight effective strategies to promote sustainable energy practices, improve the electric performance of BIPV panels, and reduce dependence on non-renewable energy sources in buildings.

Numerical investigation of the effect of an air layer on the melting process of phase change materials

Designing more effective thermal energy storage devices can result from understanding how air layers impact the melting process. The total efficiency of these systems can be improved by optimizing the melting process of the phase change materials (PCMs), which are utilised to store and release thermal energy. The current study utilises an analysis to evaluate how an air layer would affect melting of the PCM. The enthalpy-porosity combination based ANSYS/FLUENT 16 software is specifically used to accomplish this study, considering the paraffin wax (RT42) as the PCM. The study reveal that the presence of an air layer would impact the dissolution process. This result is assured an increase of melting time of PCM by 125% as a result to having an air layer of 5 cm thickness compared to a cell without an air layer. Furthermore, an increase of the layer thickness beyond 5 cm has a progressive effect on the melting time of PCM. One important component that affects the melting process is the existence of an air layer above the cell. Greater heat transfer resistance from thicker air layers prolongs the time needed to finish melting. The efficient heat transmission of PCM is shown to be reduced when there is an air layer above the cell. The melting process gradually slows down as the air layer thickness rises, which reflects the decreased heat transmission. These results highlight how crucial it is to take the environment into account while creating PCM-filled energy storage cells.

Multiscale Porous Architecture Consisting of Graphene Aerogels and Metastructures Enabling Robust Thermal and Mechanical Functionalities of Phase Change Materials

AbstractPassive thermal energy storage systems using phase change materials (PCMs) are promising for resolving temporal‐spatial overheating issues from small‐ to large‐scale platforms, yet their poor shape stability due to solid–liquid transition incurs PCM leakage and weak resistance against mechanical disturbance, limiting practical applications. While foam‐stable templates for PCMs have shown complement, they reveal massive leakage and collapse of liquefied PCMs under external loads or impacts. Herein, a multiscale porous architecture consisting of graphene aerogels (GAs) and meta structures enabling robust thermal‐mechanical functionalities of PCMs (3D‐MPGA) toward sustainable phase change thermal energy storage composites is reported. 3D‐printed mechanical metamaterials employing octet‐truss cells provide supportive strength and directionally‐assisted leakage reduction, while GAs serve as porous templates with surface‐interfacial contacts, thereby fixing paraffin wax as PCM inside their nano/micropores. The 3D‐MPGA shows intrinsic thermal characteristics of bulk PCMs, and improved thermal‐mechanical‐chemical stability, confirmed by long‐term heating‐cooling cycle tests over 10 h. Moreover, it exhibits highly reinforced strength (200–5000%) within a low density across ambient and melting temperatures, and maintains original shapes in the liquefied PCMs without severe leakage, against external loads. This work inspires rational strategies for advancing robust thermal‐mechanical functionalities for PCM‐based thermal energy storage systems.

Response to the design conditions of a tube-bundle thermal energy storage unit with paraffin-copper foam composite as a storage medium

Owing to its potential to limit the issues of intermittency and instability in solar energy by means of phase-change materials (PCMs), latent heat thermal energy storage (LHS) has met increasing attention and been widely employed in thermal-based systems. Most PCMs, however, inherently exhibit poor heat conductance leading to modest rate of charging. To master this drawback, highly conductive metal foams are utilized to upgrade the bulk heat conductance of a PCM resulting in an enhanced rate of heat transport; hence, accelerating the melting process. This enhancement way is employed to promote the response of a tube-bundle thermal energy storage unit configured of staggered tubes filled with high-porosity copper foam embedded in paraffin wax as a storage medium. To charge the thermal energy storage (TES) unit proposed, a relatively hot stream of water is allowed to flow across the bundled tubes through the voids in-between. To check how feasible the proposed design is, the tubes enclosing the TES medium and the water flow in the shell surrounding have been simulated by ANSYS Fluent CFD code. A variety of design factors has been examined to explore their influence on the charging performance attained including structural properties of the metal foam employed along with the configuration of the tube-bundle considered. The foam structural characteristics inspected are the porosity ∅∈(0.89∼0.97) and pore density ω∈(5∼80)PPI, while various tube-bundle configurations have been tested in terms of the packing density N∈(15∼65)TubesLines/meterwidth as well as the shape of PCM tubes used b/a∈(0.25∼1). Results indicate that for a certain tube-bundle configuration, the best response is acquired when denser foam with lower porosity is used, while the best performance can only be achieved with higher porosity due to the better TES capacity offered. For certain foam structural properties of (∅=0.93&ω=80PPI), it has been observed that increasing the packing density can save up to 56 % of the time taken for charging completion with up to 200 % increase in storage capacity leading to up to 48 % improvement in the system overall performance. It has also been found that using paraffin embedded with copper foam as a TES medium accelerates the melting process considerably and saves more than half the time taken to charge the corresponding TES unit based on pure paraffin. It is also worth mentioning that the currently suggested LHS unit is not only of simple configuration, but practically efficient as well, with outstanding gross performance OP∈(104∼105). Through a proper manipulation of design conditions, it has been found that the charging response can be notably improved leading to substantial promotion in the overall performance realized.

Improving phase change heat transfer in an enclosure partially filled by uniform and anisotropic metal foam layers

Anisotropic metal foams exhibit exceptional potential for improving the efficiency of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) units by enhancing heat transfer and thermal energy storage rates. This study explores the largely uncharted area of thermal behavior of anisotropic metal foams in varied configurations and enclosure designs. The research focuses on an LHTES unit with a specific channel configuration, constructed using copper and containing three layers of copper metal foam, one of which is anisotropic and infused with paraffin wax. The finite element method was utilized to manage the complexities emerging from phase change, and the anisotropic angle varied from 0 to 90° in three different placements of the AMFL: top, middle, or bottom of the enclosure. The ideal design was achieved with an AMFL in the middle with a 0°angle, resulting in a 3.7 % reduction in melting time and approximately a 2.3 % reduction in solidification time. However, AMFL designs at the middle placement with a 75° anisotropic angle were less effective, hampering the melting and solidification processes, thus potentially extending charging and discharging times. The study concludes that the placement and angle of the AMFL layer are vital for the heat transfer capabilities of phase change materials. AMFL at the middle with a 0° angle optimally leverages temperature gradients, enhancing heat transfer compared to other investigated cases. An AMFL in the middle with a 0° angle exhibits approximately 7.1 % and 6.3 % improvements for melting fractions of 0.9 and 0.95, respectively, underscoring its potential for efficient thermal energy storage.

Eutectic phase change composites with MXene nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal absorption and conversion capacity

Phase change composite materials with uniform nanomaterial dispersion are potential solutions for improving thermophysical properties and enhancing latent heat capacity applicable in thermal management. In this study, various transitional carbide-based MXene samples were synthesised via acid etching to augment the heat transfer capacity and efficiency of the solar thermal energy storage (TES). These samples were then uniformly dispersed in a eutectic mixture (1:1) of paraffin wax (PW) and polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), resulting in the formation of a MePCM composite. The controllable porous structure and hydrogen interactions with the external layer of MXene and long-chain PCM benefitted in the well impregnation of PCM and compatibility impregnated into the composite. An exceptionally higher mass fraction of 1 wt % Ti3C2Tx MXene-based phase change composite unveiled a higher phase change enthalpy of 138.66 J/g in the melting phase and 139.54 J/g in the solidification phase with 89.82 % energy storage efficiency. In contrast to pure eutectic PCM (0.2593 W/mK), the thermal conductivity of MePCM composite is relatively higher and provides a thermal conductivity of 0.9209 W/mK for Ti3C2Tx MXene-based composite. The enhancement of thermal conductivity is ascribed to the increased heat conduction pathway facilitated by the MXene arrangement. The utilisation of spatially constrained eutectic phase change material (PCM) assembly resulted in the development of MePCM, which exhibited enhanced thermal conductivity, chemical and physical stability, and thermal consistency across 500 melting-solidification cycles. Benefitting from the thermal conduction path, the MePCM exhibits an excellent photothermal conversion efficiency of 98.53 %. The thermal responsive tests of Ti3C2Tx and V2CTx MXene composite samples provide better thermal response than eutectic PCM without thermal reduction. With a higher thermal storage capacity and higher heat transfer property, thermally reliable MePCM composites exhibited tremendous potential for photothermal applications.

Preparation and thermal performance study of a novel hydrated salt composite PCM for space heating

In order to effectively address the mismatch between thermal energy supply and demand in buildings, latent heat storage (LHS) based on phase change material (PCM) stands out as a key technology. While hydrated salt has emerged as a promising PCM, it encounters common issues such as substantial supercooling, phase separation, and low thermal conductivity, hindering its development. To mitigate these limitations, this study focused on modifying Ba(OH)2·8H2O by incorporating various nucleating agents and thickening agents to reduce supercooling, enhancing the composite PCM's thermal properties by introducing expanded graphite (EG) to elevate thermal conductivity. Subsequently, the thermal stability of the PCM was evaluated through accelerated thermal cycling tests, encompassing the assessment of critical thermal parameters, including supercooling degree, enthalpy, and thermal conductivity of the composite PCM. Experimental findings unveiled the effectiveness of incorporating 2 wt% BaCl2·2H2O and 1 wt% CMC to Ba(OH)2·8H2O, effectively diminishing the supercooling degree from 14 °C to 1.42 °C. Further integration of 3.5 wt% EG led to a substantial decrease in the supercooling degree to 0.24 °C. Simultaneously, the addition of EG resulted in an improvement in thermal conductivity, elevating it from 0.62 W/(m·K) to 1.03 W/(m·K), while the enthalpy decreased from 283.68 J/g to 252.81 J/g. Notably, the composite PCM exhibited notable thermal reliability with a latent heat drop of 15.9 % following 1000 accelerated cycles of testing. Moreover, the composite PCM demonstrated superior thermal storage density, measuring at 2.36 times that of traditional paraffin wax, yet with a thermal storage cost merely a quarter of paraffin wax, rendering it more favorable for extensive deployment in building energy systems.

Hydrodeoxygenation of Oxygen-Containing Aromatic Plastic Wastes into Cycloalkanes and Aromatics.

Chemical recycling and upcycling offer promising approaches for the management of plastic wastes. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is one of the appealing ways for conversion of oxygen-containing plastic wastes, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polycarbonate (PC), polyphenyl ether (PPO), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK), into cyclic alkanes and aromatics in high yields under mild reaction conditions. The challenge lies in achieving C-O activation while preserving C-C bonds. In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in catalytic strategies and catalysts for the conversion of these oxygen-containing plastic wastes into cycloalkanes and aromatics. The reaction systems, including multi-step routes, direct HDO and transfer HDO methods, are exemplified. The design and performance of HDO catalysts are systematically summarized and compared. We comprehensively discuss the functions of the catalysts' components, reaction pathway and mechanism to gain insights into the HDO process for efficient valorization of oxygen-containing plastic wastes. Finally, we provide perspectives for this field, with specific emphasis on the non-noble metal catalyst design, selectivity control, reaction network and mechanism studies, mixed plastic wastes management and product functionalization. We anticipate that this review will inspire innovations on the catalytic process development and rational catalyst design for the HDO of oxygen-containing aromatic plastics to establish a low-emission circular economy.

Exploring expected values of topological indices of random cyclodecane chains for chemical insights

Chemical graph theory has made a significant contribution to understand the chemical compound properties in the modern era of chemical science. At present, calculation of the topological indices is one of most important area of research in the field of chemical graph theory. Cyclodecane is a cyclic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C10H20\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$C_{10}H_{20}$$\\end{document}. It consists of a ring of ten carbon atoms bonded together in a cyclical structure. Cyclodecane chains can be part of larger molecules or polymers, where multiple cyclodecane rings are connected together. These molecules can have various applications in chemistry, materials science, and pharmaceuticals. This article aims to determine expected values of some connectivity based topological indices of random cyclodecane chains, containing saturated hydrocarbons with at least two rings. It also compares these descriptors using explicit formulae, numerical tables and present graphical profiles of these comparisons.