Cut Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Beyond Climate Targets: Exploring When and How Female Directors Influence Corporate Decarbonization Transparency

ABSTRACTThe 2015 Paris Agreement established an international commitment to limit global warming to 1.5°C, which requires climate neutrality through deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. In pursuit of this goal, companies worldwide are adopting decarbonization strategies that are increasingly aligned with principles of transparency and accountability. This study examines a sample of 6575 large global companies to analyze the impact of board gender diversity on climate‐related disclosures. Our findings show that the presence of at least one female director increases corporate transparency regarding decarbonization targets, timelines, strategic levers, and performance metrics. Thus, this study challenges the critical mass theory by demonstrating that even a single female director adds unique value in promoting sustainability transparency. Furthermore, we show that contextual factors—such as industry environmental sensitivity, regional regulatory frameworks and climate‐related business opportunities—moderate the influence of female directors on decarbonization transparency. These findings advance corporate governance and sustainability research by providing a multidimensional understanding of how board gender diversity drives transparency, particularly in sustainability‐sensitive industries and regulatory environments. On a practical level, the findings highlight the strategic value of gender‐diverse boards for managers, investors, and policymakers seeking to enhance corporate accountability and align with global sustainability goals. By underscoring the transformative role of female directors in promoting transparent and responsible corporate practices, this research contributes actionable insights to the transition to a net‐zero economy.

Unlocking landfill biogas potential: a feasibility study on sustainable energy in the UAE

Abstract Landfill biogas (LFB) projects present a promising solution for sustainable energy generation, yet their feasibility in arid climates remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the feasibility of generating biogas from landfill waste in the UAE, focusing on energy generation potential, economic viability, and environmental benefits. The study evaluates landfill biogas production using internal combustion engine and gas turbine technologies across three scenarios with varying methane content (40%, 50%, and 60% by volume). The results indicate that internal combustion engine technology demonstrates greater economic feasibility compared to the gas turbine technology, yielding a net present value of up to $83 million. Additionally, implementing landfill biogas to energy projects has the potential to power between 68,412 and 136,824 households while cutting greenhouse gas emissions by up to 66% compared to existing waste management practices. However, the relatively high levelized cost of energy underscores the need for policy interventions and financial incentives to enhance project viability. By addressing this critical knowledge gap, the study provides a replicable framework for optimizing waste-to-energy (WTE) systems in arid environments and contributes actionable insights to global renewable energy efforts.

Utilization of refuse-derived fuel in industrial applications: Insights from Uttar Pradesh, India.

Urbanization and population growth in India have quickened, leading to an annual generation of around 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW). Improper management of organic waste presents a major environmental problem due to air and water pollution, soil contamination and greenhouse gas production. This research aims to develop refuse-derived fuel (RDF) as a viable option, converting waste into a high-calorific energy carrier for industrial use. The RDF samples were collected from five strategic locations in Uttar Pradesh: Morta Site, Pipeline Site, and Sector 146 Noida, covering various waste compositions found at these landfill sites. Proximate and ultimate analyses of the RDF prepared from these sources were conducted, followed by in-depth Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to validate its suitability as a potential feedstock. Careful waste segregation and treatment for better fuel quality can help minimize the difference in calorific values between different sites. Based on RDF tests, the waste-to-energy technology can divert over 30% of solid waste from landfills and cut greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 25% compared to traditional disposal methods. Unlike RDF, which is part of the replacement line for coal in industrial furnaces such as thermal power plants, it eliminates over 15% and 20% of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Ensuring that RDFs support sustainable energy technologies and align with circular economy principles, the study's results could enhance energy efficiency in waste management and complement environmental policy goals across all states in India and worldwide.

Governance Challenges in Electric Vehicle Adoption: A Case Study of China

The paper discusses the governance challenges of electric vehicle adoption in China, now a global leader in EV promotion, as part of its strategy to cut greenhouse gas emissions and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Three major governance challenges point out the use of non-renewable energy sources, an insufficient number of charging infrastructures, and environmental impact due to battery production. While EVs can have a positive impact on the reduction of emissions in the transportation sectors, much is left in the balance due to a high proportion of coal-based electricity in China’s energy mix and environmental costs from producing and disposing of batteries. The analysis, therefore, puts forward some remedies for these challenges: better cross-sectoral policy integration between the energy and transport sectors, infrastructure development through public-private partnerships, and international cooperation on regulating battery supply chains. It concludes that EVs require a holistic approach that combines energy policy, infrastructure development, and global supply chain governance for maximum environmental benefit. The big picture of sustainable transport, such findings have offered insights and recommendations for other countries willing to overcome similar governance challenges in their efforts and processes of transitioning towards electric mobility.

Creation of a distributed energy system for the production of thermal and electric energy

The object of the study is the distributed generation (DG) system for remote areas where extending power lines is challenging or impossible. The study demonstrates how integrating electrical and thermal energy modules based on renewable energy sources (RES) into a common DG bus can ensure continuous energy supply. This approach provides both heat and electricity to consumers, independent of weather conditions an advantage over traditional systems reliant on variable sources like wind and solar energy. Numerical assessments suggest that the proposed system can improve local renewable resource utilization by approximately 20–30 % compared to single-source renewable setups. This enhanced efficiency results in a more stable power output, with fewer interruptions caused by low wind speeds or reduced solar irradiance. Economically, reducing dependence on diesel generators by about 15–25 % can translate into substantial fuel cost savings. In addition, shifting energy production away from non-renewable sources may cut greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 10–20 %, contributing to environmental protection targets. In this research received lies in its solution for off-grid energy delivery in rural areas, which generally rely on expensive and frequently unreliable centralized energy infrastructure. By leveraging renewable energy sources and implementing a cogenerative DG system, the study significantly reduces reliance on traditional energy grids and enhances energy independence for remote facilities. The research highlights the practical value of the proposed solution, particularly for rural areas far from power lines and with limited access to traditional electricity systems. The suggested system not only provides continuous energy, but it also coincides with worldwide trends toward sustainable and decentralized energy solutions

Climate Litigation & Climate Justice

Human rights arguments have been successful before several domestic courts across Europe in imposing more ambitious action in cutting greenhouse gas emissions upon governments. Yet, the integration of climate justice concerns in those judicial decisions have been insufficiently studied. This paper seeks to contribute to such endeavor by analyzing the cases of Urgenda v. The Netherlands, Klimaatzaak v. Belgium and Neuebauer v. Germany against the climate justice framework. In Part One we set out our analytical framework. A climate justice approach acknowledges that climate mitigation, like the effects of climate change itself, is distributional in nature. In particular, climate justice highlights the unequal distribution of burdens and benefits across three dimensions: international (justice between states); intergenerational (justice between generations); and intragenerational (justice between social groups along socio-economic, racial and gender determinants). In Part Two, we offer a close reading of three key rights-based mitigation decisions to evaluate how judges have accounted for the various dimensions of climate justice. Detailing the contrasted approaches of climate justice in those decisions, we also point to a common reluctance to engage in intragenerational justice reflected in the failure to fashion rights-based obligations which take into account the inequalities across communities and social groups.

Diversifying the Business of Oil and Gas Companies in the Context of Global Climate Policy

In 2019, Russia, being a climate-conscious country, ratified the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. The increase in the emissions is primarily driven by the advancements in energy production. The existing level of technology for processing and using raw materials in many energy industries leads to dangerous environmental pollution and causes an increase in environmental problems. Many companies have adopted their carbon neutrality strategies to use "green energy" based on ESG criteria, which allows them to increase their competitive advantages. Achieving carbon neutrality involves minimizing direct emissions during production processes or shifting to renewable energy sources. The paper examines the transformation of the oil and gas companies towards cutting greenhouse gas emissions and analyzes the mechanisms for achieving decarbonization. To assess the effectiveness of investment projects in the field of low-carbon energy, the paper analyzes an approach and proposes a dynamic simulation model based on a modification of the discounted cash flow method. The model is tested under the assumption that carbon regulation is carried out through the introduction of a carbon border tax.

Carbon Trading in Developing Economies: Challenges, Opportunities, and Best Practices

Globally, carbon trading, a market-driven approach to cut greenhouse gas emissions, has become increasingly popular. Developing economies are increasingly looking at carbon trading as a strategy to balance economic progress with environmental sustainability, even though wealthier nations have historically been the main players in carbon markets. This assessment looks at the main obstacles, chances, and recommended procedures related to carbon trading in developing nations. The obstacles encompass feeble regulatory structures, insufficient knowledge, unstable markets, and giving precedence to commercial expansion above ecological issues. On the other hand, carbon trading offers chances for technological transfer, international financial access, climate risk mitigation, and sustainable development. These regions' best practices for carbon markets place a premium on robust regulatory frameworks, capacity building, equitable pricing systems, and public-private partnerships. By addressing the challenges and embracing these best practices, developing economies can leverage carbon trading to meet their development goals while contributing to global climate action.

Cyber Security Assessment of An Interoperable Port Call and Voyage Optimization tool

Abstract The MISSION project aims to revolutionize maritime transport by developing a digital tool for real-time optimization of port calls and voyages, thereby reducing fuel consumption, cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and decreasing waiting times through enhanced coordination and information sharing among stakeholders. However, the security of the involved IT systems is critical to ensure safe and reliable operations. This paper introduces harborLang, a novel threat modeling language tailored for the maritime sector, built on the Meta Attack Language (MAL) framework. harborLang addresses the unique security challenges in maritime transport by enabling the modeling and mitigation of potential threats through detailed attack simulations. By integrating harborLang with the Yet Another Cybersecurity Risk Assessment Framework (YACRAF), the project enhances its risk analysis capabilities, allowing for precise threat scenarios that reflect the maritime environment’s complexities. The combined use of harborLang and YACRAF facilitates comprehensive cybersecurity risk assessments, significantly improving decision-making, operational safety, and the overall cybersecurity posture of maritime and port operations.

Navigating Climate Change: A Review of Policies in Botswana, Africa, and Beyond

This paper is an insightful perspective analysis of Botswana climate change policies in an effort to establish their effectiveness in relation to regional and international initiatives. For a critical review of both mitigation and adaptation efforts by different countries, the effectiveness is analysed, including their strengths and inadequacies noted, and recommendations made towards enhancing policy coherence and effectiveness. It examines the steps Botswana and other countries have taken to cut greenhouse gas emissions, improve energy efficiency, support the use of renewable energy sources, and implement sustainable land management practices. The paper also delves into Botswana's efforts to build climate resilience, such as creating a National Adaptation Plan and incorporating climate considerations across various sectors.

Life Cycle Comparative Assessment of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Bottles: A Case Study of Drinking Bottled Water in Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand

In the current context where all sectors aim to promote sustainable development, hospitals, as large organizations with significant human interactions, face challenges in managing not only medical waste but also general waste such as water bottles. Improper management of these wastes can lead to environmental problems and high disposal costs. This study performed a life cycle assessment (LCA) of regular (petroleum-based) and alternative (bio-based) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles used in Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand, to identify effective strategies for mitigating environmental impacts. The assessment was divided into three scenarios: label-free bottles, bio-based bottles, and 100% recycling. The results indicate that using label-free bottles instead of conventional ones merely reduces environmental impacts by 2%. Transitioning to 30% and 100% bio-based PET can decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 7 and 13 tons of CO2 eq per year, respectively. Currently, the hospital's PET bottles contribute 56.2 tons of CO2 eq annually. Health impacts associated with conventional PET bottles amount to 11.70 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a comprehensive measure that includes both mortality and morbidity. Meanwhile, 30% and 100% bio-based bottles reduce this to 7.35 and 4.87 DALYs, respectively. Achieving 100% recyclability in bottle management can cut GHG emissions from disposal processes by up to 90%. Moreover, combining the use of 100% bio-based PET bottles with 100% recycling can lower GHG emissions by up to 40% compared to current practices. These findings highlight the potential for significant environmental and health benefits through improved bottled water management strategies in hospitals.

Economic Optimization of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Solar Systems in Industrial Energy

This research investigates the economic optimization of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems through a case study at SULFO Industry, specifically its soap manufacturing department. It addresses the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions in industrial settings to cut greenhouse gas emissions and achieve financial savings, focusing on high energy consumption issues. The study aims to optimize energy usage, financial efficiency, and environmental sustainability by integrating solar PV technology. The cost-benefit analysis of the PV system evaluates initial costs, payback period, return on investment (ROI), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and net present value (NPV). Findings reveal a payback period of approximately 10 years with an anticipated total profit of around $768,767 over 30 years. The system generates 502.2 MWh annually, reducing energy costs to 51,726,600 RWF from 120,519,000 RWF, and decreases CO2 emissions by 6,555.1 tons. These results support existing research on the economic and environmental benefits of solar PV systems, validating their effectiveness in reducing costs and emissions. The study confirms that solar PV systems are a viable and practical option for enhancing energy sustainability in industrial operations.

Some Reefs Could Bleach Year-Round by 2080

Cutting greenhouse gas emissions could protect some reefs more than others.

Prefeasibility study on optimal site location for Power‐to‐X: An experiment for the Danish energy system

Prefeasibility study on optimal site location for Power‐to‐X: An experiment for the Danish energy system

Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) cut greenhouse gas emissions and our use of non-renewable resources, making them more attractive. EVs have lower fuel and maintenance expenses than internal combustion engine automobiles. This study proposes a multi-converter/Multi‒Machine system with two induction motors (IM) that drive a pure EV’s rear wheels. EV two-stage controllers using a simple Adaline neural network (NN) regulate Field-Oriented regulate of a three-phase IM. To control IM speed, the first controller level is a hybrid proportional–integral (PI) with a robust integral sign of error (RISE) controller. Injection torque is controlled by PI‒adaline NN in the second controller step. The simple Adaline NN improves two-stage controller performance. The Multi-Verse Optimization algorithm found the ideal RISE parameter to improve EV drive system performance. A plug-in EV’s linear speed is controlled by the Electronic Differential Controller (EDC). It uses the driver’s reference speed and steering angle to set each driving wheel’s reference speed. EDC adjusts wheel speeds to enhance traction and stability during cornering, accelerating, and decelerating. Utilizing this information, the EDC can effectively distribute power and torque to the wheels, thereby enhancing vehicle handling and overall performance. Three distinct road scenarios and the designated driving route topology have been used to act and demonstrate the resistive forces that affected the EV while it was traveling down the road. By using Matlab (Simulink), EV’s roadworthiness and efficiency will be evaluated.

Current Trends and Future Directions in Renewable Energy Systems

A variety of technologies are included in renewable energy systems, which are intended to capture energy from renewable natural resources including sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal heat. These systems are not the same as fossil fuels, which have a limited supply and greatly exacerbate environmental degradation and climate change. Global initiatives to lessen the effects of climate change, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and achieve sustainable development must include the transition to renewable energy. It is crucial to define important words in the topic of renewable energy systems in order to comprehend it. Energy produced by constantly replenishing natural processes is referred to as renewable energy. This covers energy from biomass, geothermal, hydropower, wind, and solar sources. Photovoltaic cells or solar thermal collectors are used in solar power to extract energy from the sun. Using wind turbines, wind power transforms the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. The energy of flowing water is harnessed to create electricity using hydropower. While geothermal energy uses heat from the Earth's core, biomass energy is created from organic materials.

Addressing the climate crisis: The synergy of AI and electric vehicles in combatting global warming

The climate catastrophe is a critical issue that requires quick and inventive solutions. The synergistic interaction between artificial intelligence (AI) and electric automobiles is one viable path for reducing global warming. This article investigates the relationship between AI and EVs in combating climate change. We begin by highlighting the severity and urgency of the climate situation, stressing the need for adequate mitigation solutions. We then investigate the role of electric cars as a greener alternative to typical fossil fuel vehicles, emphasizing their potential to cut greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation industry. Furthermore, we look at how AI technology might improve the efficiency and performance of electric cars, such as predictive maintenance, charging infrastructure optimization, and traffic management. By harnessing AI capabilities, EVs may function more efficiently, resulting in a considerable decrease in carbon emissions. Through this research, we highlight the necessity of cooperation between the AI and EV sectors and the need for supportive governmental frameworks to expedite the adoption of these technologies. Finally, this article argues for the revolutionary power of the AI-EV synergy in addressing global warming and creating a more sustainable future.

Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Power Management Systems in Ships – Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Assessment

This paper addresses the maritime industry's imperative to cut greenhouse gas emissions by exploring hybrid propulsion systems for bulk carrier vessels, specifically focusing on battery systems and hybridized conventional four-stroke generator engines. Utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and MARCOS decision-making method, the study evaluates diverse factors, including capital and operational expenditures, risk, emissions, bunkering availability, and weight. The research delves into different power management system topologies, such as conventional diesel engines, ammonia, and methanol-fueled engines, along with battery hybrids. The study underscores the methodological significance of decision-making tools and anticipates that evolving regulations will drive the maritime industry towards carbon neutrality through hybrid power management systems.

Transition towards sustainable diets: Multi-objective optimization of dietary pattern in China

Transition towards sustainable diets: Multi-objective optimization of dietary pattern in China

Exploring the relationship between climate change, air pollutants and human health: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies

Exploring the relationship between climate change, air pollutants and human health: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation strategies