Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Disease Research Articles

Epidemiology Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Babylon Governorate

Cutaneous leishmaniasis disease is considered an epidemic disease in Iraq and neighboring countries like Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Iran and Saudia Arabia kingdom .(WHO,2020). The study was performed to evaluate the Epidemiological status of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Babylon governorate during the period 1/9/2022 to 1/3/2023 ,one hundred eighteen case visited the Al-Sadeq teaching hospital, Musaib general hospital, Alexandria general hospital, Al-Kifel general hospital and some private clinics in the governorate were studied. The infection was diagnosed by dermatologist physician . The study revealed that the percentage of infection with the CL was 39% with the age 1-14 year and 28% with age 15-24.Male were more infected with the disease (57%) than female (48%).Rural area were more epidemic with this disease (75.43%) in comparing with rural areas. Arms and legs were more exposed to infection (81.%) with ulcer than head (15.79%).Multiple ulcer represent more prevalence in the body (59.64%) comparing with the single(40.35%). Wet ulcer of zoonotic origin were more prevalent in incidence of infection (82.45%) in comparing with dry anthropoid ulcers (17.54 %).

Analysis of the mathematical model of cutaneous Leishmaniasis disease

Mathematical models are powerful tools to study various real-world problems from different perspectives. This branch has been given much more popularity over the last several decades. Various mathematical models corresponding to different diseases have been studied so far. Keeping these details in mind, the present manuscript is devoted to present a detailed mathematical analysis of the Cutaneous Leishmaniasis disease model. Some basic properties of the model are studied including positivity, the existence of equilibrium points, and reproductive number. The existence and uniqueness of the solution for the model under consideration are also investigated. Local and global stability analyses of equilibrium points are also studied. For the required results, we use the Lyapunov function method and the third additive compound matrix technique based on the Metzler procedure. Sensitivity analysis is also investigated by using some tools from the numerical-functional analysis. A numerical analysis of the proposed model is performed by using a nonstandard finite difference scheme. Moreover, for the justification of our results, we give some graphical presentation of the model for each class in the model. Also, we present some graphical presentations related to the sensitivity analysis along with the tables for its various indices.

Epidemiological study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis disease in Maysan Governorate

Epidemiological study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis disease in Maysan Governorate

GIS-Based Situational Analysis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Disease (CLD) in Sri Lanka

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a severe health problem and a parasitic disease on human dermal and widely pervades tropical and subtropical developing counties. The study is mainly focused on Geographic Information System (GIS) based Situational Analysis (SA). The clinically recorded 394 CL patients’ information was obtained from the District General Hospital of Polonnaruwa (DGHP) for 2017 and 2018. The spatial distribution of these patients was collected using Global Positing System (GPS). Moran’s I Index spatial autocorrelation technique and Getis-Ord Gi were used to identify the study site’s hot spot and cold spot areas. More than 75% of the CL patients’ population were highly involved with agricultural activities, and they are the highly exposed group of the CL in the study area. Also, 75% of the CL population were men, and the highly vulnerable age group was 35 - 39 men and 40 - 44 women. The generated Moran’s I Index indicates 0.0321, representing a randomly distributed pattern of CL patients over the District, and the Getis-Ord Gi Z Score value was >1.96 (p Hence to prevent the disease spread, it is essential to implement an awareness program regarding sandflies’ behaviour and CLD.

Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and its associated risk factors related to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ilam province of Iran

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) surveys precede an awareness or intervention program, it addresses a felt need in a population in which that need exists. In an endemic region of cutaneous leishmaniasis disease occurrence, public enlightenment on its preventive and control measures is highly important. Ilam province of Iran is a provincial border town transited annually by pilgrims was reported to have the most cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis ranking highest since 2010 yet no report on KAP survey has been previously conducted.

Effect of Leishmania major Infection on the Expression of TGF Beta in Murine.

Leishmania major is a protozoan parasite that causes cutaneous Leishmaniasis disease in human beings and animals. The disease is prevalent in tropical and semitropical countries and has great health importance. The present study aimed to identify the histological changes in the organs infected with L. major and to provide a sophisticated diagnostic method for infection through detecting TGF-β cytokine by immunohistochemistry technique(IHC) from October 2020 to January 2021. A total of 40 samples of paraffin blocks were used for different organs including skin, spleen, liver, kidney, and heart of male and female BALB/c mice, aged 6-8 weeks, which were previously infected subcutaneously with L. major promastigotes at a dose of 1×107 promastigotes/moues. The result indicated epidermal hyperplasia with diffuse severe lymphohistiocytic inflammatory cells infiltration in the dermis. Hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles was observed in infected spleen and scattered polymorphonuclear cells mainly neutrophil masses with a random distribution of microgranulomas foci composed of lymphocytes and macrophages within the liver parenchyma around central veins and portal areas. The infected kidney showed aggregation of perivascular mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) in the renal cortex. Mononuclear lymphocytes and macrophages were observed within the heart parenchyma especially around blood vessels. Additionally, evaluation of TGF-β1 expression was highly strong for skin, spleen, relatively strong for liver, heart, and weak for the kidney. In conclusion, infection was accompanied by clinical and histological changes as well as inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the determination of TGF-β expression level depends on the diagnosis of infection. A clear understanding of immune mechanisms is essential for preventing, treating, and controlling strategies of this infection.

Effect of the BASNEF-based Educational Intervention on the Prevention of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Disease in the Volunteer Health Workers and Families Covered by Them: A Quasi-Experimental Prospective Study

Effect of the BASNEF-based Educational Intervention on the Prevention of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Disease in the Volunteer Health Workers and Families Covered by Them: A Quasi-Experimental Prospective Study

Granzyme B Inhibition by Tofacitinib Blocks the Pathology Induced by CD8 T Cells in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

In cutaneous leishmaniasis, the immune response is not only protective but also mediates immunopathology. We previously found that cytolytic CD8 T cells promote inflammatory responses that are difficult to treat with conventional therapies that target the parasite. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibiting CD8 T-cell cytotoxicity would reduce disease severity in patients. IL-15 is a potential target for such a treatment because it is highly expressed in human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions and promotes granzyme B‒dependent CD8 T-cell cytotoxicity. Here we tested whether tofacitinib, which inhibits IL-15 signaling by blocking Jak3, might decrease CD8-dependent pathology. We found that tofacitinib reduced the expression of granzyme B by CD8 T cells invitro and invivo systemic and topical treatment, with tofacitinib protecting mice from developing severe cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. Importantly, tofacitinib treatment did not alter T helper type 1 responses or parasite control. Collectively, our results suggest that host-directed therapies do not need to be limited to autoimmune disorders and that topical tofacitinib application should be considered a strategy for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis disease in combination with antiparasitic drugs.

Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly predicted salivary protein diversity and immune response potential based on in silico prediction in Egypt and Jordan populations.

Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies inject their hosts with a myriad of pharmacologically active salivary proteins to assist with blood feeding and to modulate host defenses. In addition, salivary proteins can influence cutaneous leishmaniasis disease outcome, highlighting the potential of the salivary components to be used as a vaccine. Variability of vaccine targets in natural populations influences antigen choice for vaccine development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the variability in the predicted protein sequences of nine of the most abundantly expressed salivary proteins from field populations, testing the hypothesis that salivary proteins appropriate to target for vaccination strategies will be possible. PpSP12, PpSP14, PpSP28, PpSP29, PpSP30, PpSP32, PpSP36, PpSP42, and PpSP44 mature cDNAs from field collected P. papatasi from three distinct ecotopes in the Middle East and North Africa were amplified, sequenced, and in silico translated to assess the predicted amino acid variability. Two of the predicted sequences, PpSP12 and PpSP14, demonstrated low genetic variability across the three geographic isolated sand fly populations, with conserved multiple predicted MHCII epitope binding sites suggestive of their potential application in vaccination approaches. The other seven predicted salivary proteins revealed greater allelic variation across the same sand fly populations, possibly precluding their use as vaccine targets.

Potential Transmission Cycles of Leishmania tropica in a Historic Disease Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southeast Tunisia

The transmission of Leishmania tropica (Wright) (Protozoa: Sarcomastigophora: Trypanosomatidae) was studied in a historic focus of the cutaneous leishmaniasis disease in southeast Tunisia. The sandfly Phlebotomus sergenti (Parrot) (Diptera: Psychodidae), the confirmed vector of L. tropica in humans, was the most abundant Phlebotomus species found in homes. Phlebotomus chabaudi s.l. (Croset) was the dominant species in the natural rocky habitats favored by the North African gundi, Ctenodactylus gundi (Rothman), which is a known putative rodent reservoir of L. tropica. Leishmania tropica MON-8 (Rioux, Lanotte and Pratlong) was the species isolated and identified from gundi, humans, and P. sergenti in the disease focus area. Based on these results, the North African gundi may serve at least as a maintenance host for L. tropica in this area of southeast Tunisia, even though L. tropica is commonly stated to be anthroponotic. These results also suggest that there may be two transmission cycles of L. tropica in this region, with P. sergenti transmitting L. tropica among humans inside and in peridomestic habitats and P. chabaudi s.l. transmitting the disease agent among gundi in their natural habitats. Phlebotomus chabaudi s.l. also may transmit to humans when humans venture into areas inhabited by gundi host reservoirs.

The cutaneous leishmaniasis vulnerability index (CLVI)

South east of Morocco is one of the biggest cutaneous leishmaniasis disease foci. Despite its non-lethality, this disease causes several socioeconomic and psychological impacts. This disease has lots of risk factors. Some of these are related to the environmental change, and others are linked to the demographic and socio-economical system. The interactions between these risk factors create the need for a multidisciplinary approach to estimate the vulnerability risk to the cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this context, a new index was proposed and six provinces were selected, which are Zagora, Ouarzazate, Tinghir, Errachidia, Figuig, and Tata. The findings depict that in term of anthropogenic vulnerability, Tinghir is the most vulnerable to leishmaniasis followed by Errachidia and Ouarzazate. Geographically, Errachidia has the very high vulnerability score and Figuig have the high vulnerability. The results show also an important risk to leishmaniasis in all provinces regarding the socio-economical component, except for Tata. Regarding services category, Zagora is the most vulnerable. However, for the hygiene, Figuig, Ouarzazate, and Errachidia present the high scores of vulnerability, then the rest provinces. The total score of cutaneous leishmaniasis vulnerability of the selected provinces indicates that Tinghir is the most vulnerable regarding this disease followed respectively by Errachidia, Ouarzazate, Zagora, Figuig, and Tata.

A spatially explicit agent-based modeling approach for the spread of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis disease in central Iran, Isfahan

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic vector-borne disease in the Middle East and a worldwide public health problem. The spread of CL is highly associated with the socio-ecological interactions of vectors, hosts and the environment. The heterogeneity of these interactions has hindered CL modeling for healthcare preventive measures in endemic areas. In this study, an agent-based model (ABM) is developed to simulate the dynamics of CL spread based on a Geographic Automata System (GAS). A Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) approach together with Bayesian modeling has been applied in the ABM to explore the spread of CL. The model is then adapted locally for Isfahan Province, an endemic area in central Iran. The results from the model indicate that desertification areas are the main origin of CL, and riverside population centers have the potential to host more sand fly exposures and should receive more preventive measures from healthcare authorities. The results also show that healthcare service accessibility prevented exposures from becoming infected and areas with new inhabitants experienced more infections from same amount of sand fly exposures.

The knowledge, attitude and practice of “Health-Go betweenes” Esfarayen country about cutaneousleishmaniasis disease in 2013

The knowledge, attitude and practice of “Health-Go betweenes” Esfarayen country about cutaneousleishmaniasis disease in 2013

Global burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a cross-sectional analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

High-quality epidemiological studies evaluating the burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis worldwide are lacking. We compared the burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis in each country to the overall global burden and assessed the equality of cutaneous leishmaniasis burden across different countries and regions. Data were extracted from scientific literature, hospital sources, country reports, and WHO sources on the prevalence of sequalae of both acute and chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Prevalence data were combined with a disability weight to yield years lived with disability. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) are a sum of the years lived with disability and years of life lost (or mortality, assumed to be zero). We compared DALYs due to cutaneous leishmaniasis for 152 countries using standard Z score analysis with Bonferroni correction (p<0·003) and generation of Lorenz curves with a Gini coefficient. In 2013, the global mean age-standardised DALYs for cutaneous leishmaniasis was 0·58 per 100 000 people. Nine countries had significantly greater DALYs from cutaneous leishmaniasis than the mean: Afghanistan (87·0), Sudan (20·2), Syria (9·2), Yemen (6·2), Iraq (6·0), Burkina Faso (4·8), Bolivia (4·6), Haiti (4·1), and Peru (4·0). The Gini coefficient was 0·89. Andean Latin America, North Africa and Middle East, western sub-Saharan Africa, and south Asia had the highest DALYs from cutaneous leishmaniasis. Among males, Palestine had the highest incidence rates (616·2 cases per 100 000 people) followed by Afghanistan (566·4), Syria (357·1), and Nicaragua (354·8). Among females, Afghanistan had the highest incidence rates (623·9) followed by Syria (406·3), Palestine (222·1), and Nicaragua (180·8). Similar proportions of males and females had cutaneous leishmaniasis in most countries with a high incidence. The burden from cutaneous leishmaniasis mainly falls on countries in Africa and the Middle East. Global and national data on the burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis disease are pivotal to promote field studies and initiate behavioural change. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.