Current Wireless Communication Research Articles

Research on Smart Electricity Meter Based on LoRa Technology

For the current wireless communication methods of smart electricity meter, the communication cannot simultaneously take into account low power consumption and long distance. In this paper, the smart electricity meter based on LoRa technology is studied, using FM3308 chip as the control core, achieving low-power and long-distance communication through LoRa technology, and the nti-interference design is carried out from both hardware and software aspects. The research content of this paper realizes the coexistence of longdistance transmission and low power consumption of smart electricity meter communication, and maintains the better anti-interference ability of smart electricity meter, which is conducive to the realization of long-distance centralized meter reading behavior and can greatly reduce the arrangement of repeaters, reduces the cost investment while lowering the design requirements and helps to promote the construction of smart grid.

Joint Modulations of Electromagnetic Waves and Digital Signals on a Single Metasurface Platform to Reach Programmable Wireless Communications

In current wireless communication and electronic systems, digital signals and electromagnetic (EM) radiation are processed by different modules. Here, we propose a mechanism to fuse the modulation of digital signals and the manipulation of EM radiation on a single programmable metasurface (PM). The PM consists of massive subwavelength-scale digital coding elements. A set of digital states of all elements forms simultaneous digital information roles for modulation and the wave-control sequence code of the PM. By designing digital coding sequences in the spatial and temporal domains, the digital information and far-field patterns of the PM can be programmed simultaneously and instantly in desired ways. For the experimental demonstration of the mechanism, we present a programmable wireless communication system. The same system can realize transmissions of digital information in single-channel modes with beam-steerable capability and multichannel modes with multiple independent information. The measured results show the excellent performance of the programmable system. This work provides excellent prospects for applications in fifth- or sixth-generation wireless communications and modern intelligent platforms for unmanned aircrafts and vehicles.

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL LAYER WAVEFORMS FOR 5G WIRELESS NETWORKS

In the last few decades, telecommunication systems have become an essential tool that profoundly changed the perception of the world and how people interact with it. The fifth generation (5G) envisions the support of a new class of demanding services and requires a paradigm shift in current wireless communication technology. As an example, radio access via alternative waveforms other than orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is feasible and has many advantages. In particular, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) multiplexing is a promising nonorthogonal waveform due to its high-performance spectrum signature, resilience to time-frequency dispersion, and nonreliance on cyclic prefix. From this perspective, we study FBMC as an enabler of 5G by providing an overview of FBMC systems and proposing new prototype filter designs for such a multiplexing scheme. In this paper, we study FBMC as a means of characterizing and improving the feasibility of FBMC for 5G wireless systems. More specifically, we study promising prototype filters, highlight their importance on the spectrum and their symbol reconstruction qualities of FBMC signals, and propose prototype filter designs to enhance the operation of FBMC systems, throughput, bit error ratio, and bit error probability comparisons of different filters of FBMC systems.

Realizing the Tactile Internet through Intelligent Zero Touch Networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to evolve and create numerous technological advances, paving the road for solutions that were once considered impossible. The Tactile Internet (TI), which is envisioned to enable real-time transmission of haptic and conventional data traffic, is creating that paradigm shift towards control-based communication between end-users and machines. Tele-operation, Augmented/Virtual Reality (AR/VR), vehicle platooning, and industrial automation are all applications that can be supported by TI. The realization of TI over Beyond Fifth Generation (B5G) creates challenges for the current wireless communication and networking infrastructure. Network and communication reliability, ultrahigh data rate connectivity, ultra-low latency, and stringent Quality of Service/Experience (QoS/QoE) requirements must all be achieved for TI to effectively operate. Existing network infrastructures that require manual means of management and control cannot accommodate stringent TI constraints. With that said, the adaptation of advanced intelligent and cooperative solutions at the edge of the network is a crucial step towards guaranteed availability of resources and TI services. This article identifies and analyzes some of the technical issues that TI faces, then highlights and proposes potential solutions towards zero touch networks. We pay particular attention to the reliability performance gains achieved from cooperative edge devices, and their role in the provisioning of zero touch networking infrastructures that support TI applications.

Application of Reinforcement Learning and Deep Learning in Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems.

The current wireless communication infrastructure has to face exponential development in mobile traffic size, which demands high data rate, reliability, and low latency. MIMO systems and their variants (i.e., Multi-User MIMO and Massive MIMO) are the most promising 5G wireless communication systems technology due to their high system throughput and data rate. However, the most significant challenges in MIMO communication are substantial problems in exploiting the multiple-antenna and computational complexity. The recent success of RL and DL introduces novel and powerful tools that mitigate issues in MIMO communication systems. This article focuses on RL and DL techniques for MIMO systems by presenting a comprehensive review on the integration between the two areas. We first briefly provide the necessary background to RL, DL, and MIMO. Second, potential RL and DL applications for different MIMO issues, such as detection, classification, and compression; channel estimation; positioning, sensing, and localization; CSI acquisition and feedback, security, and robustness; mmWave communication and resource allocation, are presented.

A Miniaturized Planar Monopole Antenna Based on a Coupling Structure for Compact Mobile Internet of Things (IoT) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) Device Applications in 5G, LTE, WLAN, WiMAX, Sirius/XM Radio, V2X, and DSRC Wireless Systems

A miniaturized internal antenna with monopole structure is constituted, including three radiating strips of a compact prototype and a back-coupling pad to improve the impedance matching, which achieves a wide bandwidth of 2.972 GHz between the operating frequencies of 2315–5285 MHz, and is introduced and researched. There is an urgent need for a complete frequency-continuous and large bandwidth design in the current wireless communication design to achieve a multimode, multifrequency, physical phenomenon design with large bandwidth and continuous operating frequency. The recommended antenna provides a broadband operation in an electric vehicles (EVs) and Internet of Things (IoT) devices application embedded in the wireless communication standard for 5G, LTE, V2X, WLAN, WiMAX, Sirius/XM Radio, V2X, and DSRC to support the multiband application. This design is embedded side edge of overall placement in the device and is integrated applicable to the trend of heterogeneous wireless multiple access networks in electric vehicle and Internet of Things system devices, which covered the 5G with supporting the band of n7/n38/n40/n53/n77/n78/n79/n90, the 4G with supporting the band of 7/38/40/41/42/43/48/67, the V2X and DSRC for the operating frequencies between 2500 and 5000 MHz, the Sirius/XM Radio for the operating frequencies of 2320–2345 MHz, the ISM band of WiFi and BT covering the band of 2450–2483.5 and 5150–5350 MHz, and the WiMAX also supporting the band of 2300–2690 and 3400–3690 MHz. Moreover, the compact antenna manufactured an FR4 material with the antenna area of 5 × 10 × 0.8 mm3 and the ground area of 33.5 × 10 × 0.8 mm3. The proposed design better benefits a narrow space on the PCB with a low profile and is easy to make with a circuit board design.

Introduction to wireless endogenous security and safety: Problems, attributes, structures and functions

The information security and functional safety are fundamental issues of wireless communications sytems. The endogenous security principle based on Dynamic Heterogeneous Redundancy provides a direction for the development of wireless communication security and safety technology. This paper introduces the concept of wireless endogenous security from the following four aspects. First, we sorts out the endogenous security problems faced by the current wireless communications system, and then analyzes the endogenous security and safety attributes of the wireless channel. After that, the endogenous security and safety structure of the wireless communications system is given, and finally the applications of the existing wireless communication endogenous security and safety functions are listed.

Design and simulation of Sierpmski Triangular Fractal Antenna for S-Band

In current wireless communication scenarios, you need to reduce the size of the antenna and achieve better performance without affecting other antenna settings. A fractal antenna is an antenna that uses a fractal and similar design to maximize the effective length of a material that can transmit and receive electromagnetic radiation in a specific total area, or to augment its environment (internal components or external structures) or the volume. Fractal antennas offer better parameters while providing better performance at many different frequencies. The Sierpinski triangle is a fixed set of fractal attractions. Its general shape is an equilateral triangle, which is recursively divided into smaller equilateral triangles. Sierpinski’s triangular fractal geometry is used to reduce antenna size and improve antenna performance at required frequencies. In this proposed task, a simple technique is used to design a Sierpinski triangular fractal antenna. These antennas are lightweight and small in size. This design covers the S band and is suitable for wireless applications.

Reinforcement-Learning-Enabled Massive Internet of Things for 6G Wireless Communications

Recently, extensive research efforts have been devoted to developing beyond fifth generation (B5G), also referred to as sixth generation (6G) wireless networks aimed at bringing ultra-reli-able low-latency communication services. 6G is expected to extend 5G capabilities to higher communication levels where numerous connected devices and sensors can operate seamlessly. One of the major research focuses of 6G is to enable massive Internet of Things (mIoT) applications. Like Wi-Fi 6 (IEEE 802.11ax), forthcoming wireless communication networks are likely to meet massively deployed devices and extremely new smart applications such as smart cities for mIoT. However, channel scarcity is still present due to a massive number of connected devices accessing the common spectrum resources. With this expectation, next-generation Wi-Fi 6 and beyond for mIoT are anticipated to have inherent machine intelligence capabilities to access the optimum channel resources for their performance optimization. Unfortunately, current wireless communication network standards do not support the ensuing needs of machine learning (ML)-aware frameworks in terms of resource allocation optimization. Keeping such an issue in mind, we propose a reinforcement-learning-based, one of the ML techniques, a framework for a wireless channel access mechanism for IEEE 802.11 standards (i.e., Wi-Fi) in mIoT. The proposed mechanism suggests exploiting a practically measured channel collision probability as a collected dataset from the wireless environment to select optimal resource allocation in mIoT for upcoming 6G wireless communications.

Circular and Dual Polarized Antenna for Self-Interference Cancellation in the Next Generation of Mobile Communication Networks

The interference phenomena is actually appeared in all current wireless communication systems. This problem has different forms and impacts the performance of any wireless system. At the present time, a new technology, that is called fifth generation (5G), of mobile communications knocks the doors to be commercial within few days. Conventional wireless communication systems use two separate channels, one channel to transmit and another to receive. Achieving single channel full duplex (FD) is one of the key challenges for 5G implementation. Single channel FD provides the capability of sending and receiving concurrently over the same channel, along with assuring efficient utilization of the available spectrum. With this newest technology, another sort of interference will be generated which is called self–interference (SI). SI cancellation techniques represent an awesome solution for the development of next generation. These techniques have two types: passive and active cancellation. Antenna cancellation approach can be characterized as a passive cancellation. In our proposed work, antenna with two feedings is employed as a cancellation procedure. A patch antenna is simulated and tested for two resonance frequencies, 2.45GHz and 28.0GHz. Both frequencies are candidates of frequency channel proposed by ITU for the fifth generation of mobile networks. Finally, the complete design and simulation of dual polarized, with series-fed 3 by 3 patch array on 3.3GHz, is provided.

Monitoring Biomarkers of Drivers with Medical Wireless Sensor Networks Deployed in Connected Vehicles

Millions of traffic accidents occur each year that negatively impacts the economy as well as the human lives. Human error is the principal cause of traffic accidents. Medical conditions of drivers that are not usually monitored have a significant role in accidents. Chronic illnesses have been shown to have reduced cognitive, visual and motor skills, which are the key driving requirements. In conjunction with the current wireless communication technologies and data processing capabilities, it is urgent that suitable sensors be deployed to perform non-invasive detection of objective biomarkers that state the driver’s health. Cellular V2X communication provides the ability to share the information collected to the nearby driving vehicles for cautionary stance and to the hospitals for clinical validation. Dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) allows for the establishment of vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) and vehicle-to-anything communication (V2X). This interconnected setup of Connected Vehicles (CV) would pave the way to establishment of smart city.

Control Communication Co-Design for Wide Area Cyber-Physical Systems

Wide Area Cyber-Physical Systems (WA-CPSs) are a class of control systems that integrate low-powered sensors, heterogeneous actuators, and computer controllers into large infrastructure that span multi-kilometre distances. Current wireless communication technologies are incapable of meeting the communication requirements of range and bounded delays needed for the control of WA-CPSs. To solve this problem, we use a Control Communication Co-design approach for WA-CPSs, that we refer to as the C 3 approach, to design a novel Low-Power Wide Area (LPWA) MAC protocol called Ctrl-MAC and its associated event-triggered controller that can guarantee the closed-loop stability of a WA-CPS. This is the first article to show that LPWA wireless communication technologies can support the control of WA-CPSs. LPWA technologies are designed to support one-way communication for monitoring and are not appropriate for control. We present this work using an example of a water distribution network application, which we evaluate both through a co-simulator (modeling both physical and cyber subsystems) and testbed deployments. Our evaluation demonstrates full control stability, with up to 50% better packet delivery ratios and 80% less average end-to-end delays when compared to a state-of-the-art LPWA technology. We also evaluate our scheme against an idealised, wired, centralised, control architecture, and show that the controller maintains stability and the overshoots remain within bounds.

Retracted] Reform and Challenges of Ideological and Political Education for College Students Based on Wireless Communication and Virtual Reality Technology

With the continuous changes in ideological and political education methods in universities, the previous ideological and political teaching mode of blackboard plus PPT dictation is gradually facing the risk of being eliminated. Wireless communication and VR technology are the key points of the reform. The sense of situation, immersion, and participation that they bring is exactly what traditional ideological and political teaching lacks. This article will take college students’ ideological and political teaching as the key object, analyze the possible application of VR technology and wireless communication technology in the process of college students’ ideological and political teaching, use VR technology and wireless communication technology to simplify the process of college students’ ideological and political teaching and the current wireless communication and the advantages and difficulties of VR technology in the application of college students’ ideological and political teaching, explore how to scientifically and efficiently use wireless communication and VR technology to solve the difficulties encountered in the traditional teaching mode in the process of ideological and political teaching of college students, and provide direction for college students’ ideological and political education reform.

Deep Multimodal Learning: Merging Sensory Data for Massive MIMO Channel Prediction

Existing work in intelligent communications has recently made preliminary attempts to utilize multi-source sensing information (MSI) to improve the system performance. However, the research on MSI aided intelligent communications has not yet explored how to integrate and fuse the multimodal sensory data, which motivates us to develop a systematic framework for wireless communications based on deep multimodal learning (DML). In this paper, we first present complete descriptions and heuristic understandings on the framework of DML based wireless communications, where core design choices are analyzed in the view of communications. Then, we develop several DML based architectures for channel prediction in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems that leverage various modality combinations and fusion levels. The case study of massive MIMO channel prediction offers an important example that can be followed in developing other DML based communication technologies. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DML framework can effectively exploit the constructive and complementary information of multimodal sensory data to assist the current wireless communications.

A New Approach for Enhancing the Services of the 5G Mobile Network and IOT-Related Communication Devices Using Wavelet-OFDM and Its Applications in Healthcare

The heart of the current wireless communication systems (including 5G) is the Fourier transform-based orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM). Over time, a lot of research has proposed the wavelet transform-based OFDM as a better replacement of Fourier in the physical layer solutions because of its performance and ability to support network-intensive applications such as the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we weigh the wavelet transform performances against the future wireless application system requirements and propose guidelines and approaches for wavelet applications in 5G waveform design. This is followed by a detailed impact on healthcare. Using an image as the test data, a comprehensive performance comparison between Fourier transform and various wavelet transforms has been done considering the following 5G key performance indicators (KPIs): energy efficiency, modulation and demodulation complexity, reliability, latency, spectral efficiency, effect of transmission/reception under asynchronous transmission, and robustness to time-/frequency-selective channels. Finally, the guidelines for wavelet transform use are presented. The guidelines are sufficient to serve as approaches for tradeoffs and also as the guide for further developments.

Dual Feeding Antenna for Performance Enhancement of Next Generation of Mobile Networks against Self Interference

Actually, the interference phenomena appear in all current wireless communication systems. Generally, conventional wireless communication systems use two separate channels; one of them for transmitting and the other one for receiving. Achieving single channel full duplex (FD) represents one of the key challenges for the implementation of 5G. Single channel FD permits the capability of wireless communication system to transmit and get concurrently on the identical channel, as well as the assurance of an efficient utilization of the current spectrum. With this newest technology, another sort of interference, which is called self–interference, will be generated. Therefore, self–interference cancellation strategies have an awesome solution for the development of the next generation. Passive and active cancellation techniques can be used to remedy such type of interference. In this regard, a dual feeding antenna approach is regarded as passive cancellation. This paper is concerned with this type of self-interference cancellation. A patch antenna is simulated and tested for two resonance frequencies; 2.45 and 28 GHz. Both of these frequencies are frequency channel candidates proposed by international telecommunication union (ITU) for the fifth generation of mobile networks.

Multi-Layer HARQ With Delayed Feedback

In order to improve the transmission reliability in current wireless communication systems, the Hybrid Automatic ReQuest (HARQ) protocol is employed to manage the unknown time-varying channel. The acknowledgments are fed back with delay on the return link. To fill up the idle time between a transmission and its acknowledgment, parallel HARQ streams associated with different messages are carried out. In this paper we improve on parallel HARQ by proposing a multi-layer HARQ protocol (also called superposition coding or multi-packet HARQ), where a single transmission may carry information on multiple messages. The multi-layer HARQ protocol works in presence of delay on the return link as parallel HARQ does, and does not require additional feedback such as the channel state information. It aims at improving the accuracy as well as the user’s delay distribution, thus achieving throughput increase. Assuming capacity-achieving codes, we show that the proposed protocol outperforms parallel HARQ in throughput, message error rate, and delay distribution. Using practical codes and decoding algorithms the gains are as well significant, at the expense of the receiver’s complexity.

A provably secure and efficient anonymous mutual authentication and key agreement protocol for wearable devices in WBAN

Wireless body area networks (WBAN) is a novel paradigm that is gaining popularity in a scenario of current wireless communication systems. It plays an essential role in healthcare applications like remote monitoring of health data. For instance, the crucial and confidential data about the condition of the patient’s physical health can be gathered and transferred through WBAN. Therefore, authentication and session key-agreements are integral security concerns for wearable sensors in WBAN. Moreover, as the wearable devices are resource-constraints, there is a need to develop a lightweight protocol to ensure authenticity, confidentiality, and integrity of the information. Li et al. presented an anonymous mutual authentication protocol to establish a session-key among wearable sensor nodes and the local hub node. However, after an in-depth analysis, we found that their scheme is susceptible to an intermediate node capture attack, and sensor node/hub node impersonation with intermediate node capture attacks. The scheme also does not provide anonymity with unlinkable sessions. This paper proposes a new anonymous mutual authentication and key agreement protocol in WBAN to overcome the security weaknesses in Li et al.’s protocol. The proposed protocol uses only basic symmetric cryptosystems like simple XOR and cryptographic hash functions; hence, it is efficient and lightweight. The validity and the correctness of the proposed protocol are evaluated using BAN-Logic, Real-Or-Random (ROR) model, and the broadly accepted AVISPA tool. The performance comparison of the proposed protocol with the existing related protocols shows the efficiency regarding communication and computational complexities. Hence, it is suitable to be used in real-life applications.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Deep learning for estimating the channel in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems

The essential criteria of wireless communication system are accurate signal identification. The channel assessment and adjustment are the two most critical mechanisms for signal identification. Since orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) used to decrease bit error rates in current wireless communication systems and to optimize spectral efficiency and compared to a single carrier network, secure channel compensation method. Nevertheless, the system’s quality output is degraded depending on the channel state due to the incorrect channel approximation and noise amplification through the channel compensation procedure. In this paper, a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) deep learning model to estimate the channel provided and the equalized data also recovered. The Deep Neural Network (DNN) can not only use the channel variation features from previous estimates with correctly chosen outputs, but it can also derive additional features from the pilots and receiving signals. To prove the ability of this model the Bit Error Rate (BER) for the recovered data is compared with the conventional models like Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Least Square (LS) and compared with the Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) model in different digital modulation techniques.

A Physical Layer Security Technique for NOMA Systems with MIMO SC-FDE Schemes

Current wireless communication systems employ Multi-Input, Multi-Output (MIMO) techniques to increase spectral efficiency, at the cost of higher hardware complexity. Most of these systems continue to employ traditional Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) schemes, which are suboptimal when compared to Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) schemes. By combining NOMA with MIMO, it is possible to achieve higher spectral efficiencies. However, security in NOMA-MIMO systems remains a problem. In this paper, we study the physical layer security issues of a power based NOMA-MIMO system with a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) scheme, employed along with Single Carrier with Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) techniques. We consider a scenario where there is an unintended eavesdropper attempting to listen to the messages being exchanged. It is shown that the higher the channel estimate correlation between transmitter and receiver, the higher the secrecy rate, particularly for a scenario where there is a Line-Of-Sight (LOS) between all users. Therefore, power based NOMA MIMO-SVD schemes, combined with SC-FDE, can be considered efficient options for highly secure MIMO communications.