Current Science Research Articles

Design and Implementation of an Interactive Science Educational Game to Improve Science Literacy of Elementary Students in Grades 3–6

Interactive educational games are one of the innovative approaches to improving science literacy skills among elementary school students. This study aims to design and implement an interactive science-based educational game to help students in grades 3–6 understand scientific concepts in a fun and engaging way. The research methods include user needs analysis, game concept design, software development, and evaluation to measure effectiveness and user responses. The game was designed by referring to the current science curriculum and integrating educational elements that suit children's developmental stages. The development of this game uses two programming languages, namely CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript (JS), to control the appearance and interactions on the web platform. The result of this study is an interactive educational web-based game that offers various challenges and learning activities that are both entertaining and educational. Initial evaluations show positive responses from users, both in terms of enjoyment and improved understanding of the science material presented. In conclusion, this interactive educational game has great potential as an additional learning tool to support science teaching in elementary schools. Further development and integration into the curriculum are expected to significantly improve children's science literacy.

Rediscovering Sushruta’s Bandaging Techniques: A Modern Analysis of Material Innovations and Non-invasive Healing Strategies for Chronic Wounds

Background: The ancient Ayurvedic text Sushruta Samhita has elaborate descriptions of wound care, including very advanced bandaging methods that are still relevant to modern medical practice. With a focus on infection prevention, pressure retention, and comfort for the patient, Sushruta described 14 bandaging methods, each tailored to regions and types of wounds. His insight into wound dynamics and healing was groundbreaking, using materials such as cotton, silk, and herbal infusions. Aim: The current study re-evaluates Sushruta’s bandaging methods and explores their potential applications in wound care, particularly treating chronic wounds, resource constraints, and antimicrobial resistance. Methods: By reviewing Sushruta’s principles and recent developments, such as antimicrobial nanofiber dressings, hydrogel-based wound care, and biodegradable polymers, this review explores how these ancient practices can be combined with current medical technologies to provide cost-effective, environmentally sustainable solutions. Results: Sushruta’s Kosha Bandha for fracture is similar to modern splint bandages, and Mandal Bandha for cylindrical body areas is identical to compression treatment for venous ulcers. Sushruta’s approach is highly adaptable, with the current focus on personalised and patient-centric care. Furthermore, materials such as drug-eluting dressings and Ayurveda-based smart bandages are opening avenues for targeted therapy and real-time monitoring of healing wounds. Conclusion: Combining Sushruta’s principles with current materials science can bridge healthcare gaps, especially in resource-poor environments. This integration can improve patient outcomes, providing sustainable and cost-effective solutions to wound care. Major Findings: Since ancient times, Sushruta’s principles of wound care are very relevant today, providing practical, cost-effective solutions when combined with contemporary innovations such as smart bandages and biodegradable polymers.

Ancient Indian Wisdom: Contributions Of Rishis to Science Education

This paper explores the profound role of Indian Rishis in shaping the Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) and its potential integration into modern science curricula. India's rich indigenous knowledge, rooted in ancient Rishis' contributions to various scientific domains, offers a unique perspective on knowledge transfer and learning. We analyse the philosophical, mathematical, astronomical, and medicinal insights from figures like Aryabhata, Sushruta, Charaka, and Patanjali, highlighting their alignment with contemporary scientific principles. The Rishis' emphasis on observation, experimentation, and holistic thinking, as seen in Vedic approaches, demonstrates an ancient yet compatible methodology for scientific inquiry. Furthermore, their pedagogical methods, including oral transmission and experiential learning in gurukulas, fostered critical thinking and originality. Incorporating IKS can address fragmented approaches in current science education, promoting a more holistic, culturally relevant, and rigorously scientific understanding. This integration also nurtures appreciation for sustainability, environmental stewardship, and ethical decision-making. The study advocates for a collaborative strategy combining modern pedagogy with indigenous perspectives to create an inclusive and comprehensive science education system, linking historical knowledge with cultural norms for meaningful learning.

Science, Education, Leadership, and Politics: An Interview with Bruce Alberts and Paul Nurse.

Science is often portrayed as the objective search for knowledge. However, science is also part of complex societies that shape science and in turn are shaped by scientific findings. In this interview, Bruce Alberts, former president of the US National Academy of Sciences, and Paul Nurse, former and future president of the Royal Society, discuss the roles of science and scientists in society. They share their passion to understand the natural world and the joy of discovery. They emphasize the importance of leadership in building institutions that support science and evidence-based decision-making. They share their frustration that current science education falls short in teaching the way science arrives at a better but incomplete understanding of the world. They urge scientists to organize and make their case to the public and fight misinformation and mistruths.

The Polarisation Sky Survey of the Universe’s Magnetism (POSSUM): Science Goals and Survey Description

Abstract The Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) offers powerful new capabilities for studying the polarised and magnetised Universe at radio wavelengths. In this paper, we introduce the Polarisation Sky Survey of the Universe’s Magnetism (POSSUM), a groundbreaking survey with three primary objectives: (1) to create a comprehensive Faraday rotation measure (RM) grid of up to one million compact extragalactic sources across the southern ∼ 50 per cent of the sky (20,630 deg2); (2) to map the intrinsic polarisation and RM properties of a wide range of discrete extragalactic and Galactic objects over the same area; and (3) to contribute interferometric data with excellent surface brightness sensitivity, which can be combined with single-dish data to study the diffuse Galactic interstellar medium. Observations for the full POSSUM survey commenced in May 2023 and are expected to conclude by mid-2028. POSSUM will achieve an RM grid density of around 30–50 RMs per square degree with a median measurement uncertainty of ∼1 rad m−2. The survey operates primarily over a frequency range of 800–1088 MHz, with an angular resolution of 20″ and a typical RMS sensitivity in Stokes Q or U of 18 μJy beam−1. Additionally, the survey will be supplemented by similar observations covering 1296–1440 MHz over 38 per cent of the sky. POSSUM will enable the discovery and detailed investigation of magnetized phenomena in a wide range of cosmic environments, including the intergalactic medium and cosmic web, galaxy clusters and groups, active galactic nuclei and radio galaxies, the Magellanic System and other nearby galaxies, galaxy halos and the circumgalactic medium, and the magnetic structure of the Milky Way across a very wide range of scales, as well as the interplay between these components. This paper reviews the current science case developed by the POSSUM Collaboration and provides an overview of POSSUM’s observations, data processing, outputs, and its complementarity with other radio and multi-wavelength surveys, including future work with the SKA.

Corrigendum to: Review Understanding of the Many Facets of Cancer and the Management of Skin Cancer

The reference section has been revised and modified in the article titled “Review Understanding of the Many Facets of Cancer and the Management of Skin Cancer,” published in “Current Indian Sci-ence” Journal, 2025; 3: e2210299X350515 [1]. We apologize for any inconvenience caused and appreciate the opportunity to rectify this matter. The original article can be found online at https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/144867

Bensel's Modern Foundings: Connecting State, Nation, and Regime, through Juridical Equality

Abstract This article draws on Richard Franklin Bensel's magisterial The Founding of Modern States to highlight a point neglected in current political science debates: regime- and state-building are inextricably linked to the definition of a people, to nation-building. Bensel argues that these processes are defined contemporaneously at the critical founding moment, disquietingly noting this involves mythological conceptions of the popular will across all regime types. He explores six paradigmatic cases: democratic cases like England, France, and the United States, as well as nondemocratic regimes like Soviet Russia, Nazi Germany, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. His analysis shows that democracies do not differ from alternative forms of government either by invoking “the will of the people,” as all regimes do so, or by process. Instead, he explains the variation across cases based on differences in the concept of the "Transcendental Social Purpose" (TSP), which provides the founding narrative of a state, i.e, how “the people” and their common aims come to be defined. We build on his argument to further specify the conditions of regime emergence: regimes that define the people based on actualized juridical equality within clear territorial boundaries become democracies, whereas regimes that define the people based on essentialist attributes (e.g., race, religion, or even class), while extending them beyond state boundaries, result in nondemocracies. This variation, in turn, is explained by greater state capacity to achieve such depoliticization prior to regime formation. Finally, we survey the literature to show how nation-building has been neglected in accounts of state- and regime-building, even though, as Bensel’s book and this account suggest, it is constitutive of both processes. The insight suggests new avenues of exploration.

Participatory science in higher education: a case study in a Mexican sustainability graduate program

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the adoption of participatory science principles in a Mexican higher education Sustainability Graduate program to comply with a novel General Law of Humanities, Sciences, Technologies and Innovation to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). Design/methodology/approach Through exploratory qualitative research based on a demonstrative case study, information was obtained from a selected group of professors in the Sustainability Graduate Program. Their testimonies allowed us to understand the efforts made to include the approach in the graduate program’s academic work. This study relied on two qualitative research methods to deeply understand the phenomenon studied: document analysis and semi-structured interviews. Findings This paper offers the scientific community a case study that suggests how participatory methodology can encourage professors and students to participate in sustainability-related projects. The academic program has adopted the participatory science approach based on strategic alliances with the international community, which have allowed the exchange of experiences, the training of professors and the development of relevant projects in the field of sustainability. The academic community has partnered with civil society, indigenous communities, companies from different industrial sectors and government institutions, strengthening the connection of the Sonoran community with essential aspects of sustainability. Research limitations/implications Participatory Science projects might impact society by offering it an opportunity to solve everyday problems related to the environment. Adopting Participatory Science Principles in higher education institutions requires a paradigm shift in current science. Originality/value Participatory science is a highly relevant concept within the legal framework of science in Mexico, which guarantees the exercise of the human right to science and its enjoyment, ensuring the prevention, attention and solution of complex national problems such as climate change.

Current Rehabilitation Principles Following Meniscus Repairs.

The purpose of this review is to synthesize current science on meniscus anatomy and biomechanics and repair techniques to create an empirical foundation for postoperative rehabilitation precautions and guidelines, including timelines, clinical and performance-based criteria for return to activity, to maximize both meniscal healing potential and patient recovery. Recent literature has focused on meniscus repair rather than debridement, and rehabilitation protocols should be designed to optimize healing. Complex, unstable tears, like root and radial tears, disrupt hoop stress and warrant a more conservative protocol including 6weeks of non-weightbearing; however, more stable tears, like ramp and vertical tears, can often weight bear immediately after surgery. All protocols should emphasize early protected joint motion. Return to activity guidelines remain ill-defined but this review explores evidence-based recommendations for timelines, strength and performance testing. Patients typically should wait ≥ 4months for a return to activity and the presence of joint line tenderness or effusion could be a sign of delayed/failed healing. It is essential for therapists to know the size, type, and location of a meniscus repair to optimize patient outcomes. Guidelines for weight bearing, range of motion, strength training, and return to activity should vary per tear type and repair technique and recovery should be both time- and criteria-based. Return to activity should align with healing time, objective clinical and performance testing, and clinical and imaging exam findings. Future research should aim to optimize repair techniques and rehabilitation protocols, specifically further study on the timing to initiate weightbearing, early motion, and return to activity.

Untargeted metabolomics for acute intra-abdominal infection diagnosis in serum and urine using UHPLC-TripleTOF MS.

Acute intra-abdominal infection (IAI) is a prevalent and life-threatening condition in general surgery, with significant implications for patient mortality. However, the timely identification of IAI is often hindered by the limitations of current medical laboratory sciences and imaging diagnostics. To address this critical issue, we employed metabolomics to identify early biomarkers for IAI. In this study, we enrolled a cohort of 30 IAI patients and 20 healthy volunteers. Following preliminary experimental processing, all serum and urinary samples were subjected to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-triple time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. Initial metabolite profiling was conducted using total ion current chromatography and principal component analysis. Differential metabolites were subsequently identified through Student's t-test, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and support vector machine. Hierarchical clustering analysis was then applied to assess the discriminatory power of the selected metabolites. Based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we identified the most promising biomarkers, which were further subjected to enrichment analysis. Additionally, we stratified patients according to the severity and etiology of IAI to explore potential differences among these subgroups. Our findings revealed five serum and two urinary metabolites as potential biomarkers for IAI. The serum biomarkers were associated with the Fatty Acid Biosynthesis pathway, while the urinary biomarkers were linked to the Catecholamine Biosynthesis pathway. Notably, no significant differences were observed among the three types of IAI or the seven etiologies studied. For individuals at risk of IAI, regular screening of these biomarkers could facilitate the early and convenient identification of the condition, thereby improving patient outcomes.

The Endless Struggle against Syphilis

The disease known as syphilis has a unique and unsettling place in the vast history of human sickness. It is a disease that is defined by triumph, complacency, and rebirth. With the introduction of penicillin, this ailment, which was thought to have been eradicated off the face of the earth, is now seeing a revival all over the world1. Not only does the suppressed revival represent a medical failing, but it also serves as a significant reflection on the disrespect that society has for some aspects of treatment, including flaws in public health education, inadequate financing for sexual health care, and the continuous weight of stigma2. Syphilis, which is caused by the bacterium Treponemapallidum, has been a problem for humankind ever since the 15th century. It has caused a great deal of harm and has been deeply imprinted in our historical and cultural awareness3. It is well known that the symptoms are notoriously deceptive, since they may occasionally go away for months or even years before reappearing with disastrous consequences on the heart, brain, and other vital organs. The data is unequivocal as the world health organization reports millions of new cases each year, and the centers for disease control and prevention in the United States has recorded a concerning increase in the incidence of congenital syphilis. This disease is passed down from mother to child, and it can lead to stillbirths, infant deaths, and long-term disabilities4. It is within a network of systemic flaws and shifting social dynamics that the remedy may be located. In the past, the message on public health was both obvious and appealing; nevertheless, its efficacy has decreased. A number of projects pertaining to sexual health have been hampered in a number of different sectors due to budget shortages or political disagreements5. Comprehensive sex education, which has been shown to be an effective preventative measure against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), is increasingly being exposed to censorship. As a consequence, younger generations are beginning to hold knowledge that is both insufficient and incorrect. A second factor that contributes to the growth is healthcare disparities. People who are members of marginalized populations and who are affected by issues such as poverty, racism, discrimination based on sexual orientation, or immigration status typically do not have access to comprehensive screening and treatment. In metropolitan locations, the prevalence of syphilis is growing among guys who engage in sexual intercourse with other males. This is a population that may have difficulty gaining access to medical treatment or may have a deep-seated distrust of the medical system. In areas that are geographically isolated and have a limited healthcare infrastructure, it is possible that many cases may go untreated for lengthy periods of time, which will lead to more severe outcomes6. By a strange twist of fate, technology has also played a role. Human relationships have been revolutionized and are not possible to hold these platforms accountable; they are only tools. On the other hand, the widespread use of these substances calls for a public health response that is more flexible and up-to-date, which has not yet been fully fulfilled7. The stigma, on the other hand, continues to be the most harmful component over time. The shame and secrecy that surround sexually transmitted illnesses are almost overwhelming. When compared to the more open and honest public dialog that has been taking place around COVID-19 or even HIV, the stigma associated with syphilis remains to be present. Individuals who are infected often delay seeking treatment due to feelings of fear or guilt, and when they do ultimately do so, they are threatened with the risk of being judged rather than receiving care8. It is because of this culture of silence that the virus is able to propagate without disruption. For the route that lies ahead, there is a need for a fundamental reawakening, an ongoing, cohesive activity that incorporates the most cutting-edge parts of current science, technology, and social engagement9. It is imperative that existing diagnostic tests that are straightforward, user-friendly, and quick be made widely available and economically viable. When administered in a timely manner, treatments, such as simple injections of penicillin, have a high rate of success; nevertheless, healthcare institutions must remain alert in order to diagnose and manage infections10. In addition, education has to be rethought. We need more than just data; we need to eliminate fear and misunderstandings, giving individuals the skills to recognize signs, seek aid without being stigmatized, and interact with partners with empathy and responsibility. In order to be successful, public campaigns need to be open, welcoming, and culturally sensitive, and they need not be afraid to tackle certain uncomfortable realities11, 12. In conclusion, addressing syphilis involves more than just eliminating a bacterium; it also involves recognizing the significance of public health, acknowledging that sexual health is an integral part of overall well-being, and making certain that all individuals, regardless of their identity, are provided with the resources and knowledge they need to protect themselves and their communities from syphilis. The fact that the fight against syphilis is still ongoing serves as a timely reminder that victories in the field of public health are not permanent. Self-satisfaction is the most powerful ally that the sickness may have. We need to make the decision to choose vigilance over neglect, compassion over stigma, and action over indifference when we are thinking about the future. Infectious diseases should not be allowed to cloud the future. Nevertheless, in the absence of firm and concerted action, that shadow will only grow stronger, which will ultimately result in devastating consequences. Keywords: Syphilis / epidemiology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases / prevention & control, Health Education / methods, Social Stigma, Public Health / trends

The Impact of Diet on Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Review.

Clostridioides difficile poses a significant public health challenge as it is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. C. difficile's metabolism and pathogenesis are strongly influenced by nutrient availability from the host and gut commensals. This has caused increasing interest in dietary intake and diet-derived metabolites' role in C. difficile infection (CDI). Although much of the data currently originates from animal models, there is growing evidence of the ability of diet to impact CDI-related outcomes. This review aims to enrich the understanding of dietary components that impact C. difficile metabolism and pathogenesis, as well as provide limitations in the current science to support future inquiry. Without a better understanding of the influence of diet on CDI in the human host, we lack a non-pharmacologic approach to prevent and treat this important condition.

Green fields, ugly ducklings and black swans: Aesthetic dimensions of ecological science

Abstract Despite its relative infancy, ecological science plays a pre‐eminent role in current environmental decision‐making globally and has, over recent decades, permeated a broad range of academic disciplines. Developments in two areas of philosophical thought in particular, environmental aesthetics and the aesthetics of science, beg an exploration of their intersection with respect to the role of aesthetics in ecological science. Here, we provide a contemporary synthesis of both environmental aesthetics and aesthetics of science to explore aesthetic dimensions of contemporary ecological science, highlighting three main areas of convergence: (1) the influence of aesthetic experiences and judgements of nature by ecologists on ecological science and our contemporary understanding of nature; (2) the development and role of ecological ‘taste’ among ecologists; and (3) moral, cultural and political implications of the ecological imagination as underpinned by current ecological science. We identify a risk for feedback mechanisms to perpetuate a relatively homogeneous ecological aesthetic as a result of reciprocal influences between ecological science and society which may further promote inadvertent policy advocacy and stifle scientific innovation. We suggest ecological science would benefit from increased aesthetic literacy and reflection by broadening the ecological imagination and intentionally facilitating more diverse and equitable science to inform policy outcomes. Our argument should be of interest to philosophers of science, ecologists and those that draw on their outputs. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Tale of Three N-Nitrosamines and the Variables Needed to Assess Their Carcinogenicity In Silico Incorporated into a Single Workflow.

N-Nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals present a considerable challenge for regulators and industry alike, where the absence of carcinogenic-potency studies has left a gap that must be adequately filled to protect public health. In the interim, this means balancing risk assessment with the necessity to continue research, development, and supply of pharmaceuticals. In the long term, we need a cost-effective solution that optimizes both. As if beholden to Newton's Third Law, every crisis breeds an opportunity of equal magnitude. Consequently, cross-industry consortia have been racing to find a solution by advancing our current science. Recent spotlight has been on in silico tools, as a fast and increasingly reliable alternative to in vivo and in vitro testing. Because N-nitrosamine bioactivation lends itself uniquely to quantum mechanics (QM) approaches, the integration of electronic-structure considerations has emerged as the dominant in silico approach. This signifies a considerable leap in predictive toxicology, which has, for much of its existence, relied on atomistic (quantitative) structure-activity relationships, i.e., (Q)SARs. Here we present a validation of an integrated docking-QM approach within the CADRE program and demonstrate its utility on three different impurities, N-nitroso-7-monomethylamino-6-deoxytetracycline, N-nitroso-dabigatran etexilate, and 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine. We show that a combined in silico strategy, which considers bioavailability, transport, cytochrome P450 binding, and reactivity, can be leveraged to supplement the overly conservative Carcinogenic Potency Categorization Approach (CPCA) in setting the daily acceptable intake (AI) using defensible, highly mechanistic, and quantitative drivers of N-nitrosamine metabolism. To that end, we argue that while N-nitroso-7-monomethylamino-6-deoxytetracycline and 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine are cohort-of-concern impurities, N-nitroso-dabigatran etexilate is not a potent carcinogen (TD50 > 1.5 mg/kg/day), contrasting the CPCA-derived AI. Lastly, we discuss how the CADRE tool can be integrated with the broader landscape of QM methods and the CPCA into a single harmonized in silico strategy for carcinogenicity assessment of N-nitrosamine impurities.

Importance and Reliability of Ear Print Analysis as Evidence

Ear print analysis has emerged as a significant forensic tool for criminal identification, offering a unique alternative to traditional fingerprint and DNA evidence. Unlike fingerprints, ear prints are difficult to manipulate, making them more resistant to falsification. This paper explores the reliability, techniques, and legal considerations of ear print analysis in forensic investigations. While ear prints have been successfully used to convict criminals in landmark cases such as R v Mark Dallagher (2002) and R v Kempster (2008), concerns about their reliability persist. Variability in ear prints due to pressure, surface texture, and secretion levels raises questions about their admissibility as sole evidence in courts. Additionally, the forensic community lacks standardized methodologies, as seen in cases like State v Kunze (1999), where ear print evidence was deemed inadmissible. Despite these challenges, European crime scene investigations have shown high detection rates for ear prints, particularly in burglary cases. This study highlights the need for improved forensic techniques, expert training, and the establishment of an ear print database to enhance the credibility of ear print analysis. The paper also examines Malaysia's position on ear print evidence, noting a lack of awareness and expertise in the field. While current forensic science debates its reliability, ear print analysis holds potential as a supplementary identification method if further research and standardization efforts are undertaken.

Supporting Speech-Language Pathologists in Schools With Interdisciplinary Team Science: A Viewpoint From the National Artificial Intelligence Institute for Exceptional Education.

Complex scientific problems, including those facing the discipline of communication sciences and disorders (CSD), require interdisciplinary teams of scientists who bring diverse perspectives, knowledge, and skills. According to a recent survey, team science is not yet widely practiced by CSD researchers. This viewpoint describes a current interdisciplinary team science project that addresses a challenging problem for CSD practitioners: meeting the needs of young children with speech and language disabilities for screening and intervention using artificial intelligence-augmented technologies. The article draws from the research literature on the science of team science to describe common challenges faced by interdisciplinary teams and recommended practices to resolve the challenges. Throughout, we provide examples from the National Artificial Intelligence Institute for Exceptional Education to illustrate team science challenges and how they can be addressed. Readers are encouraged to embrace interdisciplinary teamwork to advance the science of CSD. We recommend seeking out training in team science, advocating for professional development opportunities, and institutional support for team science to maximize its benefits for the field.

Strategies and techniques for creating educational programs for teachers of natural science subjects

<span>The relevance of the study is based on the current educational reforms in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is implemented under the conditions of humanization and integration at different levels. This is based on the development of the informatization and technologization of current science and practice, the trend towards the interpenetration of certain fields of knowledge into others, the exploration of interdisciplinary approaches in explaining the current world view, which is itself multidimensional, persistent, impartial and integrative. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical framework, developing a model for the training of modern natural science teachers and investigate the main stages of curriculum development for future teachers. The objectives of the study are aimed at disseminating knowledge about the development of effective educational programs. Objective methods included theoretical analysis, analysis of future teachers’ activities, synthesis of philosophical and educational psychology literature, modelling and observation. The study investigated and systematized approaches to the methodological design of educational programs and identified all types of professional competence using the method of analysis.</span>

165 Development of science communication rubrics for trainees in clinical and translational science

Objectives/Goals: Trainees in clinical and translational science (CTS) must learn to effectively communicate their research ideas and findings to a range of audiences. As part of our science communication curriculum, we developed ORAL and WRITTEN science communication rubrics for our trainees to use across their courses and research activities. Methods/Study Population: The Tufts CTS Graduate Program is the training core of the Tufts CTSI and its associated pre- and post-doctoral T32 awards. Approximately 10 trainees with a range of backgrounds (e.g., physicians, medical students, master’s-level researchers, and basic science PhDs) matriculate each year. Faculty members and staff with expertise in science communication and pedagogy formed a committee to develop the rubrics. Because oral and written communication require different skills, we developed separate rubrics for each. We reviewed our current science communication curriculum, reviewed existing communication rubrics, and identified common mistakes students make. Following pilot testing by students and faculty pilot for one semester, we modified the rubrics based on informal feedback. Results/Anticipated Results: Both rubrics include a section to identify the target audience and specific items organized by theme. Oral rubric themes include presentation content, slides, verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and following instructions. Written rubric themes include overall, manuscript/proposal sections, and following instructions. The rubrics serve as feedback tools for faculty and students to evaluate work others produce and as self-evaluation tools. Feedback elements include a 4-point rating for each rubric item, open text feedback for each theme, and an open text holistic assessment. We now use the rubrics in our study design course, which features student presentations of planned research, and in our writing course. We anticipate collecting formal student feedback to further evaluate the rubrics. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Our rubrics can supplement existing science communication training and can be integrated into all CTS coursework and research activities. For future clinical and translational scientists to have the greatest impact, they must learn to effectively communicate findings to multiple audiences, ranging from experts in their field to the general public.

О способе преодоления противоречий, связанных с исчислением срока задержания подозреваемого

Introduction. The idea laid down in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, according to which the period of criminal procedural detention should be calculated from the moment of actual restriction of freedom of movement, is not implemented in practice. Since there is a contradiction between the law and its application, it is supposed that the way to solve given problem will be found through the analysis of practice. Methods. The following methods were employed in the work: formal-legal, methods of analysis, induction and generalisation. Results. The current legal regulation, science and practice allow for at least three options to interpret the moment of actual detention and the beginning of calculating the period of the suspect’s detention: the moment of actual capture, the moment of delivery to the investigator (to the body of inquiry) and the moment of drawing up the detention protocol. The last two are the most common in practice, but they do not coincide with the actual intention of the legislator to calculate the period of detention from the moment of actual restriction of freedom. At the same time, linking the beginning of the period of detention to the moment of delivery or the drawing up of the protocol meets the needs of practice due to the objective insufficiency of the 48-hour period, if calculated according to the idea laid down in the law, i.e. from the moment of actual capture. Summarising the results of the analysis of judicial practice, the author concludes that the way to take into account the time of actual restriction of freedom and at the same time not to take away from the investigating authorities the small but very important 48-hour period of detention is to include the time of actual detention in the total period of detention when considering a petition for detention or when considering the case essentially.

Transparency of research practices in cardiovascular literature.

Several fields have described low reproducibility of scientific research and poor accessibility in research reporting practices. Although previous reports have investigated accessible reporting practices that lead to reproducible research in other fields, to date, no study has explored the extent of accessible and reproducible research practices in cardiovascular science literature. To study accessibility and reproducibility in cardiovascular research reporting, we screened 639 randomly selected articles published in 2019 in three top cardiovascular science publications: Circulation, the European Heart Journal, and the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC). Of those 639 articles, 393 were empirical research articles. We screened each paper for accessible and reproducible research practices using a set of accessibility criteria including protocol, materials, data, and analysis script availability, as well as accessibility of the publication itself. We also quantified the consistency of open research practices within and across cardiovascular study types and journal formats. We identified that fewer than 2% of cardiovascular research publications provide sufficient resources (materials, methods, data, and analysis scripts) to fully reproduce their studies. Of the 639 articles screened, 393 were empirical research studies for which reproducibility could be assessed using our protocol, as opposed to commentaries or reviews. After calculating an accessibility score as a measure of the extent to which an article makes its resources available, we also showed that the level of accessibility varies across study types with a score of 0.08 for case studies or case series and 0.39 for clinical trials (p = 5.500E-5) and across journals (0.19 through 0.34, p = 1.230E-2). We further showed that there are significant differences in which study types share which resources. Although the degree to which reproducible reporting practices are present in publications varies significantly across journals and study types, current cardiovascular science reports frequently do not provide sufficient materials, protocols, data, or analysis information to reproduce a study. In the future, having higher standards of accessibility mandated by either journals or funding bodies will help increase the reproducibility of cardiovascular research. Authors Gabriel Heckerman, Arely Campos-Melendez, and Chisomaga Ekwueme were supported by an NIH R25 grant from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (R25HL147666). Eileen Tzng was supported by an AHA Institutional Training Award fellowship (18UFEL33960207).