Current Regulations Research Articles

Power Flow Simulation and Thermal Performance Analysis of Electric Vehicles Under Standard Driving Cycles

This paper presents a simulation framework for evaluating power flow, energy efficiency, thermal behavior, and energy consumption in electric vehicles (EVs) under standardized driving conditions. A detailed Simulink model is developed, integrating a lithium-ion battery, inverter, permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), gearbox, and a field-oriented control strategy with PI-based speed and current regulation. The framework is applied to four standard driving cycles—UDDS, HWFET, WLTP, and NEDC—to assess system performance under varied load conditions. The UDDS cycle imposes the highest thermal loads, with temperature rises of 76.5 °C (motor) and 52.0 °C (inverter). The HWFET cycle yields the highest energy efficiency, with PMSM efficiency reaching 92% and minimal SOC depletion (15%) due to its steady-speed profile. The WLTP cycle shows wide power fluctuations (−30–19.3 kW), and a motor temperature rise of 73.6 °C. The NEDC results indicate a thermal increase of 75.1 °C. Model results show good agreement with published benchmarks, with deviations generally below 5%, validating the framework’s accuracy. These findings underscore the importance of cycle-sensitive analysis in optimizing energy use and thermal management in EV powertrain design.

The Reconstruction of the Regulation of the Prosecutor's Authority to File a Review of Criminal Cases Decided Acquitable in the Indonesian Criminal Procedural Law System Based on the Values of Justice

The paradox of prosecutors seeking case reviews in acquittals, which contradicts justice values in Indonesia's criminal law system. The purpose of research are: 1) analyze the regulation of prosecutorial authority to request reviews of acquittals based on justice values; 2) identify weaknesses in current regulation; and 3) analyze a reconstruction of the regulation grounded in justice. The research uses constructivist paradigm, the study applies a sociological juridical approach and descriptive research method. Data sources include primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials to evaluate how legal practices align with justice principles. The results are: 1) The prosecutor's authority to request judicial review of acquittals in Indonesia lacks justice value, as it fails to optimally prioritize prosecutor's proper role; 2) Weaknesses in the prosecutor's authority to seek judicial review include conflicting legal substance, limited structural authority under Article 263(1), and differing public perceptions that lead to inconsistent law enforcement across community groups; 3) Reconstructing the prosecutor's authority to seek judicial review involves norm reconstruction and value reconstruction based on justice within Indonesia’s legal system. Value reconstruction ensures prosecutor’s authority to seek judicial review of acquittals aligns with justice, while norm reconstruction revises Article 30C(h) of Law 11/2021 and Article 263(1) KUHAP.

The Reconstruction of Corporate Social Responsibility Regulation Based on Justice Values

Corporate social responsibility is a medium to be able to resolve problems between companies and the community and government. The purpose of this study is The problems in this study are: 1) to find and analyze the regulation of Corporate Social Responsibility is not yet based on the value of justice; 2) to find and analyze the weaknesses of the current Corporate Social Responsibility regulation; 3) to reconstruct the regulation of Corporate Social Responsibility based on the value of justice. The research method uses the constructivism paradigm, with the socio-legal research approach method and descriptive research type. The type and source of data uses secondary materials in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The data collection method uses literature, and qualitative analysis methods. The theory used is theory of justice as the Grand Theory, the theory of legal system as the Middle Theory and the progressive legal theory as the Applied Theory. The results of the study are: 1) Corporate Social Responsibility regulation is not yet based on the value of justice that there is no clear definition of what is meant by Corporate Social Responsibility; 2) The weakness in the legal substance aspect is that regulations that have unclear words in the formulation of their articles have been proven to have influenced law enforcement against disputes in Indonesia. The weakness in the legal structure aspect is that the practice of implementing Corporate Social Responsibility is increasingly difficult, due to the lack of coordination among law enforcers; 3). Reconstruction of Corporate Social Responsibility regulations based on justice values consists of value reconstruction and norm reconstruction. The value reconstruction to be achieved is that Corporate Social Responsibility regulations that were previously not based on justice are now based on justice values.

Access to Health Data, Competition, and Regulatory Alternatives: Three Dimensions of Fairness

ABSTRACT The EU legal framework for data access and portability has undergone significant evolution, particularly in the realm odata, with recent initiatives like the European Health Data Space (EHDS) and competition law enforcement expanding data-sharing obligations across various economic actors. This evolution reflects a shift from an initial emphasis on individuals’ fundamental rights to access and port their health data—rooted in privacy protection, personal data rights, and digital sovereignty—towards a more utilitarian perspective. This newer approach extends data-sharing obligations to cover co-generated data involving end-users, business users, and complementors within digital health ecosystems, promoting a concept of data co-use or co-ownership rather than private ownership. Furthermore, the regulatory framework has proactively established ‘data commons’ to foster cumulative innovation and broader industry transformation. The increasing prominence of a fairness rhetoric in EU regulatory and competition law underscores a transformational intent, aiming not only to acknowledge stakeholders’ contributions to data generation but also to ensure equal economic opportunities within the digital health space and facilitate the EU’s digital transition. This study adopts a law and political economy perspective to examine the competition-related bottleneck issues specific to health data, considering the economic structure of its generation, capture, and exploitation. It then analyses the distributive implications of current regulations (including the DMA, Data Act, EHDS, Digital Governance Act, and Competition Law) by exploring relationships between key economic players: digital platforms and end users, platforms and their ecosystem complementors, and external third-party businesses interacting with the digital health ecosystem.

Reconstruction of the Regulation of Criminal Responsibility of Perpetrators towards Victims of Criminal Acts Based on Restorative Justice

Criminal acts according to the Restorative Justice perspective, are violations against humans and relations between humans. This research’s objectives aim to: 1) examine regulations on criminal liability not yet based on restorative justice; 2) identify weaknesses in current regulations; and 3) propose a reconstruction of criminal liability regulations based on restorative justice principles. The research method uses the positivist paradigm, with a socio-legal research approach method, and a descriptive research type. The type and source of data uses secondary data in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The data collection method uses literature, and qualitative analysis methods. The research results are: 1) The regulation of criminal liability for perpetrators toward victims is not yet based on restorative justice, with court proceedings still aimed at deterrence through imprisonment; 2) Current weaknesses include: in legal substance, the litigation process is long, rigid, costly, and fails to restore the harm or reflect community justice; in legal structure, law enforcement is bound by rigid regulations, with unclear coordination, limited capacity, and weak commitment; in legal culture, positivistic legal views dominate, limiting flexibility and fairness in criminal justice; 3) The study proposes reconstruction of criminal liability regulations based on restorative justice. This includes shifting from a punitive to a restorative approach, focusing on healing and accountability, and updating key regulatory frameworks. Specifically, it involves revising values and norms in the Regulation of the Attorney General of Indonesia No. 15 of 2020 Article 6 on Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice, and the Regulation of the National Police No. 8 of 2021 Article 1, Point 3 on the Handling of Criminal Acts Based on Restorative Justice, to better integrate restorative principles into law enforcement and prosecution practices.

Hybrid fuzzy logic–PI control with metaheuristic optimization for enhanced performance of high-penetration grid-connected PV systems

This paper introduces a hybrid fuzzy logic control-based proportional-integral (FLC-PI) control strategy designed to enhance voltage stability, power quality, and overall performance of central inverters in photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs). The study is based on a real-world PVPP with an installed capacity of 26.136 MWp, connected to the Egyptian national grid at Fares City, Kom Ombo Centre, Aswan Governorate. A user-friendly MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is developed, incorporating eleven distinct blocks along with a modelled national utility grid, utilizing actual operational data from the PVPP. To optimize the FLC-PI control scheme, several artificial intelligence (AI)-based metaheuristic optimization techniques (MOTs) are employed to simultaneously tune all control parameters—namely Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), and the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA)—are employed. These techniques are used to simultaneously fine-tune all the gain parameters of FLC-PI control, based on four standard error-based objective functions: Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Square Error (ISE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), and Integral Time Square Error (ITSE). The optimized gains are applied to both voltage and current regulators of the central inverters, enabling the identification of optimal values. Among the tested methods, the HHO algorithm combined with the ISE objective function delivered the best performance, achieving a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 3.88%—well below the IEEE 519–2014 limit of 5.00%. The results confirm that the proposed FLC-PI controller significantly enhances the integration of high-penetration PVPPs into the utility grid by reducing power losses and inverter-induced harmonics, especially during maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Moreover, employing MOTs for controller tuning proves to be an effective solution for adapting to dynamic solar irradiance conditions. Ultimately, the optimized FLC-PI control approach enhances voltage stability, improves power quality, and boosts the overall efficiency of grid-connected PV systems.

Exploring interdisciplinary aspects for conservation management: The case of land hermit crab wildlife trade in Taiwan

Abstract Most conservation policies and management primarily focus on vertebrate animals. However, considering the high demand for invertebrate species in the exotic pet markets, it is crucial to give them great consideration. This research explores Coenobita purpureus, a land hermit crab newly recorded in Taiwan in 2017. We noticed that it has gained popularity in the online pet market recently, despite limited studies confirming its population. To mitigate the potential risks associated with this species, our study investigated online wildlife trade markets, conducted field surveys for its distribution and scrutinised relevant regulations in Taiwan. The price of the species increased significantly following its scientific record, suggesting a growing demand in the exotic pet market, potentially driven by an advertisement effect. Additionally, both the sales platform and the individuals' coloration were found to influence market prices. Furthermore, we discovered that C. purpureus is more widely distributed in Taiwan than initially described in the literature, confirming its native status, though the population may be small. We also identified limitations in current Taiwanese regulations and policies regarding the risk of unsustainable trade in potentially threatened invertebrate species. Moreover, we found evidence of individuals being smuggled from China through e‐commerce channels. Regulatory measures addressing the smuggling of small amounts of wildlife are also insufficient, potentially posing invasion risks from alien species. Finally, we drew upon the conclusions from these aspects to provide integrated and practical management implications for policymakers. Additionally, we aim to offer this valuable case study to spotlight the state of the global invertebrate trade. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Pemerintah Sebagai Subjek Hukum Administrasi: Tinjauan Atas Tanggung Jawab Negara Dalam Maladministrasi Publik

In a state of law, the government has an important role as a subject of administrative law that is bound by regulations. Public maladministration, namely actions that deviate from procedures, harms the community and reduces public trust in institutions. This problem arises because of abuse of authority and discrimination in public services, so it is important to assess the responsibility of the state in dealing with maladministration. This study aims to analyze the position of the government as a subject of administrative law and the mechanism of accountability in cases of maladministration. The study includes identifying forms of maladministration, a map of the legal framework on government responsibility, and challenges in demanding state accountability. The method used is qualitative with a literature study, involving a review of literature and current regulations. The results of the study show that although the principle of state responsibility is recognized, its implementation faces serious challenges. These challenges include complex bureaucracy and limited supervisory institutions, so systemic improvements and institutional strengthening are needed for better enforcement of accountability.

Third-Party Payment Regulation: Analysis of Risks and Legal Mechanisms in China

Objective: to identify the main risks and problems in the field of third-party payments in China; to analyze the current legislation on the regulation of this sector; and to propose scientifically sound ways to improve the effectiveness of regulation of such payment systems.Methods: the study used a set of general scientific methods, including analysis, induction and synthesis. The authors comprehensively analyzed the current state and legal regulation of third-party payments in China in order to develop practical recommendations for the introduction of effective regulatory mechanisms in this area. A comparative-legal analysis of existing regulations and international experience in regulating financial technologies was performed.Results: it was found that third-party payments have become an integral part of e-commerce, effectively solving the problems of high transaction costs and shortage of credit resources in Chinese e-commerce. The analysis showed that the payment industry is facing serious challenges, including insufficient regulation, financial and technological risks. The authors revealed a market competitive structure according to the “2+1+N” model with the dominance of large payment platforms. Practical recommendations were developed to improve legal mechanisms ensuring the stability and security of the third-party payments sector, including the creation of a single regulator and increased supervision of deposited funds.Scientific novelty: the study complements the scientific base in the field of financial technology regulation, systematizing the main risks of the third-party payments sector and analyzing the modern regulatory framework. It takes into account the latest changes in the industry, which allows the authors to form a comprehensive understanding of the legal challenges in this area. For the first time, an integrated risk assessment model for third-party payment systems was proposed.Practical significance: the findings have practical implications for improving regulatory efficiency, which is relevant both for third-party payment service providers and for financial regulators when developing policies in the field of financial technology and digital payments. The results can be used to improve the legislative framework and create specialized financial supervisory authorities.

Legal regulation of labor protection in fire brigades

The article is focused on the problem of legal regulation of labor protection issues in fire protection forces. The relevance is due to the need to update the system of standards aimed at preventing occupational injury rates and improving safety when performing actions related to extinguishing fires. The novelty consists in a comprehensive review of current regulations, departmental instructions and the practice of their application, taking into account the variety of formats of firefighters’ activities. The work identified gaps in the existing statutory framework that impede uniform compliance with the rules, as well as difficulties arising in the implementation of the provisions of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and federal acts in the operational environment. The legal positions outlined in scientific publications are studied, which deal with the shortcomings of a clear algorithm for the prevention of industrial risks and the lack of universal instructions suitable for all types of fire brigades. Particular attention is paid to proposals for structuring the requirements for the assessment of hazardous factors, the introduction of uniform training methods, as well as liability measures established for violations of work safety rules. The study is aimed to systematize segmentary provisions, identify fields for improving the legal framework and formulate potential ways to introduce more detailed regulations. The analysis of statutory enactments, the comparative method and a review of publications by Russian researchers were used to solve the problems. The conclusion presents findings on updating labor protection instructions and the need for coordinated mechanisms for interdepartmental interaction. According to the authors, the article will be useful for the management of firefighting authorities, safety experts and legislators interested in modernizing the relevant legal norms.

The future of safety and health at work in Colombia. Innovation, digitalization and integral well-being

Introduction: Occupational health and safety (OSH) in Colombia is going through a moment of profound transformation, driven by technological innovation, the digitalization of processes and an increasingly comprehensive vision of workplace well-being. In the last decade, the country has made significant progress in strengthening its regulatory framework and consolidating management systems that involve multiple actors, from the Ministries of Labor and Health to occupational risk administrators and joint committees in companies. However, fundamental challenges persist, such as the reduction of informality, the standardization of professional OSH training and the need to adapt regulation to the most demanding international standards. The digital revolution has begun to transform OSH management in Colombia, allowing the use of tools such as virtual platforms for training, real-time monitoring of risks and predictive analysis of incidents, which opens unprecedented opportunities for prevention and early intervention. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of new practices, from teleworking to mental health care, underscoring the importance of a holistic approach that prioritizes the comprehensive well-being of workers. In this context, innovation not only translates into the adoption of new technologies, but also in the creation of organizational cultures that promote self-care, inclusion and equity, and in the implementation of policies that put people at the center of business management. The future of OSH in Colombia will depend on the ability of all actors to integrate these advances, overcome pending challenges and build safer, healthier and more inclusive work environments, in which digitalization and well-being are drivers of sustainable development and productivity. Objective: Analyze the evolution of occupational health and safety in Colombia, identifying how innovation and digitalization can be effectively integrated into management systems to strengthen the comprehensive well-being of workers, optimize the prevention of occupational risks and respond to the emerging challenges of the national productive environment, in compliance with current regulations and with a focus on sustainability and quality of work life. Methodology: The project will adopt a qualitative and descriptive approach, supported by documentary analysis, interviews with experts and case studies, to understand the evolution, challenges and opportunities of occupational health and safety (OSH) in Colombia under the prism of innovation, digitalization and comprehensive well-being. Results: The research reveals that Colombia has made significant progress in the consolidation of a robust regulatory framework and in the implementation of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SG-SST), which has allowed an improvement in the prevention and management of occupational risks. However, structural challenges persist, such as high labor informality, which exceeds 50% of the employed population and limits access to social protection and safe working conditions, increasing exposure to risks.

Enhanced grid current and DC voltage regulations for three level four leg rectifier DC microgrid under uncertainty and disturbances

In this paper, an enhanced grid-side current and DC-bus voltage regulation method is proposed for a three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) four-leg rectifier (3LNPC-4LR) interfaces DC microgrid. Afractional-order extended state observer (FOESO) incorporated into an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed for both the inner current and outer voltage control loops. The proposed FOESO-based ADRC aims to address critical challenges in 3LNPC-4LR by providing a robust control approach that ensures constant and fast dynamic DC-bus voltage, excellent grid-side current quality, and unit power factor, while guaranteeing good steady-state behavior under internal and external disturbances, including system uncertainty, coupling terms, and sudden change of linear and constant power loads,as well as grid voltage variations, which can adversely affect system performance and stability. Instead of proportional-inegral control and ESO-based ADRC methods, the FOESO-based ADRC method offers significant advantages in both control loops, including enhanced design flexibility, improved voltage and current tracking performance, superior disturbance rejection capabilities, reduced noise, high robustness to uncertainties and system variations, and increased system reliability with reduced cost and size. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through Hardware‐in‐the loop real-time simulations using OPAL-RT-OP5700 under varying loads, grid voltage conditions, system uncertainties, and constant power load.

Turkish medical oncologists’ perspectives on integrating artificial intelligence: knowledge, attitudes, and ethical considerations

BackgroundIntegrating artificial intelligence (AI), especially large language models (LLM) into oncology has potential benefits, yet medical oncologists’ knowledge, attitudes, and ethical concerns remain unclear. Understanding these perspectives is particularly relevant in Türkiye, which has approximately 1340 practicing oncologists.MethodsA cross-sectional, online survey was distributed via the Turkish Society of Medical Oncology’s channels from October 16 to November 27, 2024. Data on demographics, AI usage, self-assessed knowledge, attitudes, ethical/regulatory perceptions, and educational needs were collected. Quantitative analyses were performed using descriptive statistics and graphics were generated using R v.4.3.1, and qualitative analysis of open-ended responses was conducted manually.ResultsOf 147 respondents (representing about 11% of Turkish oncologists), 77.5% reported prior AI use, mainly LLMs, yet only 9.5% had formal AI education. While most supported integrating AI into prognosis estimation, research, and decision support, concerns persisted regarding patient-physician relationships and social perception. Ethical reservations centered on patient management, scholarly writing, and research design. Over 79% deemed current regulations inadequate and advocated ethical audits, legal frameworks, and patient consent. Nearly all were willing to receive AI training, reflecting a substantial educational gap.ConclusionsTurkish medical oncologists exhibit cautious optimism toward AI but highlight critical gaps in training, clear regulations, and ethical safeguards. Addressing these needs could guide responsible AI integration. Limitations include a single-country perspective. Further research is warranted to generalize findings and assess evolving attitudes as AI advances.Trial RegistrationNot applicable due to cross-sectional survey design.

Competition and IP in virtual worlds: granularity or dominance

Metaverses (now ‘rebranded’ as virtual worlds) are going to be the ‘digital and phygital platforms’ in the immediate future. Their development goes hand in hand with the evolution of other technologies such as blockchain, augmented reality, virtual reality and artificial intelligence. This paper aims to map the different possibilities offered by these new realities, starting from the study of new market configurations and pointing out the challenges they offer to current regulation, especially from the perspective of intellectual property and the applicability of rules on digital services.

Tread-Braked Wheels: Review and Recent Findings

Tread braking is still extensively used on freight wagons due to lower purchasing and maintenance costs compared to disk braking. Cast iron brake blocks were replaced by composite materials (organic or sintered) that result in a lower wheel roughness, reducing rolling noise. Unfortunately, composite brake blocks have a lower thermal conductivity, negatively affecting the wheel mechanical behavior as the braking energy is almost entirely dissipated by the wheels, which are therefore subjected to higher temperatures. Mechanical properties of the wheel material, such as yield stress and Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) behavior, markedly decrease with temperature, resulting in higher wear rates and wheel tread damage. Contacted to analyze defects not clearly defined in the current regulations used for maintenance and inspections, the authors surveyed the literature and the technical documentation about tread-braked wheels. The paper provides an updated view about the state-of-the-art of the research on thermomechanical behavior of railway wheels and discusses the implication of the increased thermal stresses generated by composite brake blocks.

AI-Driven Content Curation and Its Impact on Media Diversity in Social Networks

The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has made AI-driven content curation a dominant force in shaping public discourse on social media. Platforms, including Facebook, YouTube, and TikTok employ recommendation algorithms to personalise content and increase user engagement. However, these systems also intensify concerns over media pluralism, algorithmic bias, and misinformation. By prioritising user preferences, they reinforce filter bubbles and restrict exposure to diverse viewpoints. As a result, democratic dialogue weakens, and public opinion formation becomes distorted. This study examines how AI-assisted content curation affects media diversity in European social networks, focusing on platform accountability and regulatory challenges. Special attention is given to recent policy interventions, including DSA (2022), Germany’s Action Plan (2024), and the EU AI Act (2025) initiatives on AI-generated political content. However, they also expose significant gaps in enforcement and oversight. To evaluate regulatory impact, this study analyses platform policies, legal frameworks, and AI content selection mechanisms. Despite transparency being a main objective, findings reveal current regulations unable to reduce algorithmic bias or achieve balanced content representation. In response, the study advocates for improved explainable AI (XAI) models, demands stronger regulatory oversight, and supports increased user control over content selection. By addressing these shortcomings, this research contributes to the wider debate on AI ethics, media governance, and digital policy in Europe.

Law enforcement toward better marine fisheries governance in China

This paper examines introduces China's marine fishery enforcement and judicial practices, highlights China's solutions and efforts in protecting marine fisheries. Currently, the profits of China's marine fisheries industry have continued to decline, and the economic development of the fisheries sector faces significant challenges. Through literature research and case analysis methods, this paper analyzes the theoretical guidance of good ocean governance for marine fisheries protection. Focusing on legislative, enforcement, and judicial dimensions of governance, it explores the problems in current legal regulation for marine fisheries protection and the practice of marine fisheries conservation in China. This study concludes that the eight elements of good ocean governance theory provide a theoretical framework for international and national marine fisheries protection through the logics of rules-based constraints, multi-stakeholder governance, and adaptive flexibility. Strong legal enforcement is essential for ensuring healthy and sustainable marine fisheries development.

Khung pháp lý thúc đẩy tài chính xanh: Bài học kinh nghiệm quốc tế, thực trạng và giải pháp hoàn thiện cho Việt Nam

This study aims to present a comprehensive overview of the global legal frameworks governing green finance, structured around two pillars: (1) the legal framework for green finance; (2) the legal framework for climate finance. By synthesizing leading international standards- such as unified taxonomy regimes, ESG reporting and climate risk management, green bond and green loan principles, carbon credit trading mechanisms, and incentives for issuing green financial instruments- this study examines and evaluates Vietnam’s current green finance regulations. Drawing on a rigorous comparison with international best practices, this study outlines a coordinated policy agenda to strengthen the transparency and efficacy of Vietnam’s legal framework, thereby underpinning the nation’s climate commitments through 2030 and catalyzing green investment at scale to drive sustainable growth.

Kinetics of benzophenone-3 release from clay minerals or organosilicates for sun protection formulation.

Kinetics of benzophenone-3 release from clay minerals or organosilicates for sun protection formulation.

Advanced health management of lithium-ion batteries: Life extension using bidirectional pulse current regulation

Advanced health management of lithium-ion batteries: Life extension using bidirectional pulse current regulation