Current Generation Research Articles

Children’s rights, human development and play – rejecting performance-orientated youth sport

ABSTRACT This commentary is distinctly personal for us. We think it should be likewise for all scholars, leaders and organisers involved in youth sport. This is because, to our minds, at the core of most people’s ways of approaching and promoting these supposedly healthy activities to children and young adults, is an apparent well-meaningness which centres on wanting the best for current and future generations. Unfortunately, while we accept such good intentions are present, they do not negate the empirical reality that critical scholars of sport have been pointing towards for over five decades – that is, professional and performance focused sports are often socially, politically and ethically questionable enterprises. If central features of our argument in this direction are accepted, several problems in terms of children’s rights, health, and wellbeing become apparent as quite fundamental to the model of sport which is currently dominant in the Western imagination. To offer a path forward we outlined a focus on human development as the foundation upon which we build a series of clear recommendations. We conclude with the purposely pithy, populist and powerful statement that encouraging players to play, rather than thinking of sport as akin to work, should not be understood as some impossible task, but rather, a return to the ways that many of us were first drawn to the amazing potentials embedded in ‘sport’. We compel scholars to reflect deeply on their place in the subcultures we critique, and if after doing so, they find themselves complicit in maintaining a world of sport that damages young people, contributes to them dropping out, and otherwise reduces the fun, enjoyment and positive development they gain from physical activity, we hope they will join us in being part of the solution rather than continuing to be central to the problem.

Spin Current Generation at the Hybrid Ferromagnetic Metal/Organic Semiconductor Interface as Revealed by Multiple Magnetic Resonance Techniques

Spin Current Generation at the Hybrid Ferromagnetic Metal/Organic Semiconductor Interface as Revealed by Multiple Magnetic Resonance Techniques

A novel method to determine bias-dependent source and drain parasitic series resistances in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

The AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with T-gate that suitable for high frequency applications were fabricated. A novel method to extract the bias-dependent source and drain parasitic series resistances (Rs and Rd) of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is proposed. By analyzing the distributed capacitance and current generator network in the velocity saturated regions of the AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, a new restriction relationship between small-signal equivalent circuit elements is found. The Rs and Rd can be determined under active bias through wideband S-parameter measurements, which can better reflect the physical mechanism of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs under normal operation. The S-parameters and extrinsic transconductance calculated based the small-signal equivalent circuit element values extracted by the method proposed in this paper are very consistent with the experimental values, which reflects the accuracy of this element extraction method. In this paper, the physical mechanism that causes Rs and Rd to vary with bias voltage is also studied. This study has a deeper insight into the bias-dependence of Rs and Rd, which modifies the understanding for physical mechanisms of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. The research results provide new ideas for establishing small-signal equivalent circuit models containing more physical effects and is of great significance to GaN-based integrated circuit design.

Room temperature chiral magnetoresistance in a chiral-perovskite-based perpendicular spin valve

Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) allows for the generation of spin currents without the need for ferromagnets or external magnetic fields, enabling innovative spintronic device designs. One example is a chiral spin valve composed of ferromagnetic and chiral materials, in which the resistance depends on both the magnetization direction of the ferromagnet and the chirality of the chiral material. So far, chiral spin valves have predominately employed chiral organic molecules, which have limited device applications. Chiral perovskites, which combine the properties of inorganic perovskites with chiral organic molecules, provide an excellent platform for exploring CISS-based devices. However, previous chiral perovskite-based spin valves exhibited magnetoresistance (MR) only at low temperatures. Here, we report room temperature MR in a chiral spin valve consisting of chiral perovskites/AlOx/perpendicular ferromagnet structures. It is observed that the chiral MR increases with rising temperature, suggesting the crucial role of phonon-induced enhancement of spin–orbit coupling in CISS in our device. Furthermore, we enhanced the chiral MR by introducing chiral molecules with amplified chirality. This highlights the potential of chirality engineering to improve CISS and the associated chiral MR, thereby opening possibilities for chiral spin valves tailored for cutting-edge spintronic applications.

UWAFA-GAN: Ultra-Wide-Angle Fluorescein Angiography Transformation via Multi-Scale Generation and Registration Enhancement.

Fundus photography, in combination with the ultra-wide-angle fundus (UWF) techniques, becomes an indispensable diagnostic tool in clinical settings by offering a more comprehensive view of the retina. Nonetheless, UWF fluorescein angiography (UWF-FA) necessitates the administration of a fluorescent dye via injection into the patient's hand or elbow unlike UWF scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (UWF-SLO). To mitigate potential adverse effects associated with injections, researchers have proposed the development of cross-modality medical image generation algorithms capable of converting UWF-SLO images into their UWF-FA counterparts. Current image generation techniques applied to fundus photography encounter difficulties in producing high-resolution retinal images, particularly in capturing minute vascular lesions. To address these issues, we introduce a novel conditional generative adversarial network (UWAFA-GAN) to synthesize UWF-FA from UWF-SLO. This approach employs multi-scale generators and an attention transmit module to efficiently extract both global structures and local lesions. Additionally, to counteract the image blurriness issue that arises from training with misaligned data, a registration module is integrated within this framework. Our method performs non-trivially on inception scores and details generation. Clinical user studies further indicate that the UWF-FA images generated by UWAFA-GAN are clinically comparable to authentic images in terms of diagnostic reliability. Empirical evaluations on our proprietary UWF image datasets elucidate that UWAFA-GAN outperforms extant methodologies.

30. Current next generation sequencing reporting practices: A GOAL Consortium report

30. Current next generation sequencing reporting practices: A GOAL Consortium report

Reservoir temperature assessment by multicomponent geothermometry through a case study of Patuha Geothermal Field, Indonesia

Abstract This study aims to establish a reliable method for accurately estimating reservoir temperature in the Patuha Geothermal Field (PGF), a vapor-dominated reservoir. The current power generation is in the southern region of PGF, known for its high potential, while the northern region, a largely underexplored area due to limited subsurface data, presents an intriguing challenge. To address this, multicomponent geothermometry was adopted to assess the northern reservoir temperature. This method utilizes comprehensive chemical analysis and mineral saturation indices (SI) for precise temperature assessments. Optimization identified key minerals for better SI clustering. Multicomponent geothermometry estimated the reservoir temperature at 245°C, while classical solute geothermometry (quartz, chalcedony, Na-K-Ca, Na-K, and K-Mg) provided a range of 220-260 °C. Despite similar results, multicomponent geothermometry is considered more accurate as it accounts for various processes during water ascent. The optimization identified quartz, anhydrite, actinolite, calcite, illite, kaolinite, wairakite, and epidote as minerals, providing better SI clustering. Thus, multicomponent geothermometry outperforms classical solute geothermometry in vapor-dominated reservoirs like PGF, mainly when fluids are not in complete chemical equilibrium with reservoir minerals. This method’s broader application potential for straightforward analysis using standard geochemical data without intricate analyses promises significant advancements in geothermal research.

Vibration of multilayer cantilever beams towards piezoelectric power harvesters

This paper investigates the vibration characteristics of a commonly employed mechanical structure, the cantilever beam, concerning its potential for direct electricity harvesting from piezoelectric crystals. Piezoelectric materials are renowned for their ability to generate electric charges when subjected to mechanical stress. To ensure continuous current generation, these materials require sustained excitation by external forces, typically achieved through vibration. However, piezoelectric crystals lack sufficient elasticity, necessitating attachment to a structurally conducive and easily vibratable framework. The cantilever beam, renowned for its simplicity and widespread use, serves as an ideal platform for this purpose. Layers of piezoelectric material (PZT5H) are affixed to brass-based cantilever beams to create various multilayer configurations. External forces are then applied at the free end of the beam to induce vibration. Given that the harvested power from PZT5H crystals correlates with the mechanical stress they experience, achieving optimal deformation is paramount. This is accomplished by leveraging the resonance effect of vibration, wherein the vibration modes and natural frequencies of the multilayer PZT5H beams must be thoroughly characterized. To this end, numerical methods and Finite Element Analysis via Abaqus software are employed. The vibrations of the brass base layer, as well as single-sided and double-sided PZT5H beams, are analyzed across four distinct mode shapes and corresponding natural frequencies. The study culminates in a comprehensive examination of the relationship between natural frequencies and dimensional parameters of the beams. Ultimately, this research offers valuable insights into the vibration behavior of cantilever beams, laying the groundwork for the development of efficient power harvesting devices utilizing mechanical vibration sources or tailored to specific applications.

A prospective crossover study comparing six current generation supraglottic airway device's ability to seal during CPR in human cadavers.

BackgroundSupraglottic Airway (SGA) devices are frequently used during CPR, but little is known about their ability to consistently seal the airway during CPR. Aim of StudyThe objective of this prospective crossover human cadaver study was a comparison of intrathoracic pressures generated during automated CPR (aCPR) with an ITD (Impedance Threshold Device, Zoll™) with six currently available SGAs to a standard endotracheal tube (ETT). The hypothesis was that current SGAs would vary in their ability to develop intrathoracic pressures compared to the ETT. MethodsAirway pressures (AP) and negative intrathoracic pressures (ITP) were measured in six recently deceased human cadavers of varying body habitus. After placement of an ETT and six different SGAs, we assessed airway and intrathoracic pressures during automated CPR and manual positive pressure ventilation using bag valve mask (BVM). The ETT served as the control for airway seal and was placed first followed by each SGA. Primary outcome compared airway and ITP between all groups. ResultsSGAs varied in their ability to create negative airway pressure and negative ITP. ConclusionIn this human cadaver model, the ability to generate negative ITP varied with different SGAs during aCPR with an ITD.

Percutaneous coronary intervention for unprotected left main distal bifurcation lesions in elderly people.

In the elderly people with unprotected left main distal bifurcation lesions (ULMD), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is often selected as first choice treatment strategy because of perioperative high risk of coronary artery bypass graft surgery due to their large number of comorbidities. Also, some recent papers reported that geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) is also strongly associated with clinical outcomes after interventional procedures in elderly patients. We assessed clinical outcomes after PCI for ULMD and the impact of GNRI in elderly patients. We identified 669 non dialysis patients treated with current generation drug-eluting stent for ULMD from MITO registry. We divided the patients to the following 2 groups; elderly group (n = 240, age ≥75) and young group (n = 429, age <75). Additionally, we could calculate GNRI and divided elderly group into 2 group based on the median value of the GNRI. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. All-cause mortality was significantly higher in elderly group [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.37; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.40-4.02; p = 0.001]. All-cause mortality was significantly higher in low GNRI elderly group compared to other 2 groups (Adjusted HR of elderly with low GNRI: 3.56, 95%CI (1.77-7.14), p < 0.001). Cardiovascular mortality was comparable between two groups. TLR rate was significantly lower in elderly group (adjusted HR 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34-0.97; p = 0.035). The elderly had higher all-cause mortality after PCI for ULMD compared to young people. Especially, the elderly with low GNRI were extremely associated with poorer outcomes.

Functional Analysis of the Channelrhodopsin Genes from the Green Algae of the White Sea Basin

Optogenetics, the method of light-controlled regulation of cellular processes is based on the use of the channelrhodopsins that directly generate photoinduced currents. Most of the channelrhodopsin genes have been identified in the green microalgae Chlorophyta, and the demand for increasing the number of functionally characterized channelrhodopsins and the diversity of their photochemical parameters keeps growing. We performed the expression analysis of cation channelrhodopsin (CCR) genes in natural isolates of microalgae of the genera Haematococcus and Bracteacoccus from the unique Arctic Circle region. The identified full-length CCR transcript of H. lacustris is the product of alternative splicing and encodes the Hl98CCR2 protein with no photochemical activity. The 5′-partial fragment of the B. aggregatus CCR transcript encodes the Ba34CCR protein containing a conserved TM1-TM7 membrane domain and a short cytosolic fragment. Upon heterologous expression of the TM1-TM7 fragment in CHO-K1 cell culture, light-dependent current generation was observed with the parameters corresponding to those of the CCR. The first discovered functional channelrhodopsin of Bracteacoccus has no close CCR homologues and may be of interest as a candidate for optogenetics.

Exoelectrogenic behaviors of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and cytochrome knock-out mutants on smooth electrodes of different materials

The development of anodes supporting a high rate of current generation stands as a crucial and challenging aspect in microbial electrochemical systems. A well-defined electrode surface morphology is essential for comprehending the impact of material intrinsic properties on microbial current generation, offering molecular insights into the respiration of exoelectrogens with electrodes made of diverse materials. We fabricated smooth electrodes (root mean square roughness below 10 nm) using four materials, each representing a distinct class of materials commonly utilized to construct bioanodes. These electrodes were employed to investigate current generation, electrochemical characteristics, and biofilm formation by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and mutants lacking cytochromes MtrC (ΔmtrC), MtrA (ΔmtrA), or CymA (ΔcymA). In reactors inoculated with MR-1, the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate electrodes demonstrated a current density of 12.5 ± 1.1 μA cm-2, surpassing the 3.57 ± 0.50 μA cm-2 observed with indium tin oxide electrodes, while current generation levels by gold and glassy carbon electrodes fell in between. This disparity was not attributed to distinct biofilm formations by MR-1, as it formed stable monolayer biofilms on all types of working electrodes. At least five electron transfer pathways were identified in the MR-1 Vammograms, with the activities of these pathways depending on the electrode materials. The effectiveness of both endogenous and exogenous electron mediators varied with the electrode materials involved. Additionally, a phenazine compound exhibited diverse formal potentials when interacting with the biofilm and different types of electrodes. The mutants displayed varying degrees of impaired current generation and biofilm formation capabilities, with ΔmtrA and ΔcymA being the most affected regardless of the electrode used. However, for a specific mutant, the overall current generation, relative contribution by individual pathways, and biofilm formations underwent significant changes based on the electrode materials employed.

URGENSI PEMAHAMAN WAWASAN NUSANTARA BAGI GENERASI MUDA DI ERA GLOBALISASI

Abstract Globalization continues to develop and has a significant impact on human life, including the younger generation. Every aspect of life is influenced by social, economic, political and cultural aspects. Understanding the insight of the archipelago is very important in this day and age. where many negative impacts are caused and the lack of understanding of the archipelago's insight by the community, especially the current generation. Based on this, this research aims to provide an understanding to the younger generation of the importance of understanding the archipelago's insight. This research is a literature study that reviews and discusses previous research articles on the importance of understanding archipelago insight for the younger generation. the results obtained are that Archipelago Insight has an important role in realizing the same perception for all Indonesian citizens. Development and socialization of archipelago insight is very important for Indonesian citizens, especially for the younger generation today in the era of globalization which affects all aspects of life that can endanger the unity and integrity of the Indonesian nation.

Sustainable Building Construction Materials in the United Arab Emirates: A Review

The construction industry, a major player in economic development, is facing increased pressure to address sustainability concerns amidst rapid population growth and urbanization. With global projections indicating a significant rise in building demand by 2050, sustainability has emerged as a crucial focus area and paradigm shift to enhance environmental friendliness, quality, and project outcomes. The UAE, renowned for its vibrant construction industry, offers a unique context for examining the integration of sustainable practices. The use of sustainable construction practices is growing in the UAE, where the built environment plays a key role in economic growth and environmental stewardship. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) aims to foster long-term sustainability while enhancing the standard of living for current and future generations by integrating social, environmental, and economic aspects within construction projects, while also reevaluating conventional sustainable development frameworks and embracing a triple bottom line approach. This research was conducted to explore sustainable construction material usage and evaluation in the United Arab Emirates. The literature was reviewed for sustainable building construction materials across the UAE in the SCOPUS index from 2014 to 2024, as well as the regional regulations concerning the subject. This study evaluated the increasing trend of sustainable construction material research works, as well as the sound regional parameters of sustainable construction materials implemented across the country. Through an exploration of the significance of sustainable construction materials, this research underscores the multifaceted benefits of locally sourced, recyclable, and renewable materials in reducing environmental impacts, fostering economic and social well-being, and improving overall project performance and project management practices. The construction sector’s role in economic development and its substantial environmental impact are discussed in alignment with sustainable construction materials, sustainable construction practices, and the need to enhance environmental sustainability and create healthier built environments. In the realm of sustainable construction materials, project management knowledge areas encompass a range of factors. These include the properties of materials sourced regionally; the incorporation of recycled content; considerations for indoor air quality, energy, and water efficiency parameters; and how these properties relate to project scopes, scheduling constraints, and challenges. Additionally, the availability of resources and competency levels, quality control standards, specifications, communication strategies, and stakeholder involvement play crucial roles. It is important to assess both the positive and negative risks associated with these elements across construction projects.

Transitioning to electric vehicles: Opportunities and challenges

The rapid improvements in India’s financial status and the inadequate transport system have significantly contributed to the surge in cars and two-wheelers. However, these motor vehicles, which predominantly run on petrol and diesel, pose a severe threat to the environment as they emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monooxide , Methane , sulphur oxides, and nitrous oxides and particulate matter etc.. These emissions contribute significantly to air pollution, posing a grave threat to human health, especially in urban areas. It is imperative to take action now to safeguard the planet from future catastrophes and ensure a safer environment for both current and future generations. One significant step we can take is transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs), which have far less environmental impact compared to those running on petrol and diesel. The Government of India has initiated several initiatives to promote EV usage. According to Statista, as of March 2023, there were 225,103,000 units operational EVs of all types in India .Electric vehicles emit significantly lower carbon emissions than gasoline vehicles, making them a crucial part of reducing environmental harm. According to recent studies, by 2030, EVs are expected to reduce nitrogen oxide by 17%, particulate matter by 18%, carbon monoxide by 18%, and carbon dioxide by 846.3 million tons. This paper high lights the transitioning towards zero emission public transport and the positive impacts of Electric vehicles on environment and the challenges before EV industry.

PL-TOSP, the Novel Entry Point in Transforaminal Endoscopic Spine Surgery: Radiological Analysis with Prospective Surgical Evaluation and Review of Literature of Various Skin Entry Points

Abstract Purpose Aim of this study was to analyze variation in angulation of trajectories of various skin entry points in transforaminal endoscopic spine surgery with change in the physical parameters, namely, weight, abdominal girth, and body mass index and to validate our hypothesis that posterolateral (PL)-tip of spinous process (TOSP) entry has minimal variation in the angle of trajectory as compared with currently available skin entry points. The study included an analysis of the functional outcomes of these patients who underwent transforaminal endoscopy using the novel PL-TOSP technique, assessing improvements in pain and disability. Overview Entry point in transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) was taken as a rough distance of 10 to 12 cm from midline as proposed by Kambin whereas Yeung and Tsou advised entry point as distance between the center of the disc space and the posterior skin line measured on lateral. But entry points cannot be static as they tend to change according to changes in physical parameters. Materials and Methods This study comprises of radiological analysis and a prospective evaluation of these patients operated on using the PL-TOSP entry point. Radiological analytic study was performed on 50 symptomatic preoperative patients who underwent transforaminal endoscopy using the novel PL-TOSP entry point. A lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) field of vision (MRI-FOV) was performed for the patients including the abdominal perimeter. Weight, height, and abdominal girth of the patients were noted prior to MRI. Angulation of trajectory made by four standard entry points used in TELD, namely, 45–45, PL, TOSP), dorsum of facet joint, and our proposed entry point PL-TOSP (which is a midpoint between PL and TOSP entry), were calculated using MRI-FOV at L45 and L5S1 level. For the functional outcome analysis of these 50 patients, preoperative Visual Analogue Score (VAS) for lower limb pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were recorded. Postoperative VAS and ODI scores were reassessed at 2, 6, and 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the significance of changes in VAS scores and ODI preoperative versus postoperative. A p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Angle of trajectory with the horizontal for all five entry points varies with physical parameters. PL-TOSP entry point has the least variation with change in physical parameters as compared with other entry points. The range of angle for PL-TOSP entry was 21 to 29 degrees. In our study, there was improvement in postoperative VAS and ODI scoring systems which was statistically significant (p-value &lt; 0.05). This suggests reliability of our proposed entry point with consistent postoperative improvement. Conclusion The novel PL-TOSP entry point for transforaminal endoscopy demonstrates superior stability in trajectory angle despite variations in physical parameters, and is associated with significant improvements in functional outcomes and pain reduction for patients with lower limb radiculopathy. Angulation of PL-TOSP trajectory with horizontal also corresponds to current generation of endoscopes (25 or 30 degrees).

The Effect of Green Bonds on Natural Capital Protection: Worldwide Evidence

The continued destruction of nature, including the degradation of natural capital and biodiversity, threatens ecosystem services and human well-being. Natural capital is crucial for providing the conditions necessary for human survival and ecosystem services. Without protecting natural capital, this degradation will have lasting effects on current and future generations. Existing studies increasingly show that Green Bonds can finance environmental projects effectively, but few have examined their impact on natural capital protection. This study investigates the effect of Green Bonds on natural capital protection globally, using IMF Climate Data and World Bank data from 2019 to 2022. By applying the Green Investment theory and quantile-panel regression analysis, the results show that Green Bonds significantly enhance natural capital protection at the 25th and 50th percentiles. This indicates that countries can improve their natural capital protection through the issuance of Green Bonds. Moreover, the study finds that renewable energy positively correlates with natural capital protection, while population growth and total natural resource rents have negative impacts. Hence, this study recommends that governments prioritize the issuance of Green Bonds to fund environmental initiatives.

Simultaneous organic wastewater treatment and bioelectricity production in a dual chamber microbial fuel cell with Scenedesmus obliquus biocathode

Algal biocathode MFCs (ABMs) are recently being heavily studied due to their advantage over abiotic cathode MFCs (ACMs) as dissolved oxygen (DO) generated by algal growth in the cathodic chamber is directly utilized in cathodic oxidant reduction. In this work growth of pure algae species Scenedesmus obliquus used in the cathode chamber has been studied under a photoperiod of 24 h illumination to supplement oxygen for continual MFC operation without any external supply of air or carbon dioxide and treatment of synthetic wastewater having chemical oxygen demand (COD) equivalent to medium strength domestic wastewater (5.35 g/L COD). Results of ABM showed the highest continuous current density generation of 23.93 mA/m2 and the highest continuous volumetric power density generation of 13.24 mW/m3 were around 120 h with COD removal efficiency of 92.52 % and coulombic efficiency (CE) of 41.88 %. Initial ohmic (Roh) and charge transfer (Rct) resistance values of ABM were found to be 8.3 Ω and Rct of 22.5 Ω which after 216 h of algal growth got reduced to 1 Ω and 15.1 Ω respectively. 16S microbiome profiling of the mixed microbial sludge inoculum used in the anodic chamber showed dominance of Xanthomonadaceae stenotrophomonas (9.7 %), Chitinophaga flexibacter (8.65 %), Sphingomonadaceae sphingomonas (6.82 %), Sphingobacterium multivorum (6.55 %), Dyadobacter fermentans (6.05 %), and Alcaligenaceae achromobacter (5.51 %). Elemental investigation of the bioanode’s and biocathode’s surface carried out using EDS analysis also shows that oxygen was generated in the cathodic chamber by pure Scenedesmus obliquus species.

Can today’s and tomorrow’s world uniformly gain from carbon taxation?

Climate change will impact current and future generations in different regions very differently. This paper develops the first large-scale, annually calibrated, multi-region, overlapping generations model of climate change and carbon policy. It features region-specific temperature and damage functions with the phased impact of emissions on global and regional temperature calibrated to the latest scientific evidence. Absent policy, climate change may, under high-damage scenarios, dramatically reduce GDP in most regions, with India, Brazil, and the South Asian Pacific suffering long-term catastrophic damages. Carbon taxation, coupled with region- and generation-specific transfers, can both correct the carbon externality and raise the welfare of all current and future agents across all regions by 4.3 percent. The impact on the use and duration of fossil fuels is dramatic as is the reduction in the path of global emissions. However, achieving completely uniform welfare gains leaves future generations in particular regions facing exceptionally high compensatory payments. Fortunately, a carbon tax-cum redistribution policy that limits this burden for any generation in any region to less than 10 percent, measured on a consumption-equivalent basis, can deliver a 4.0 percent or higher welfare gain for all peoplekind — present and future. However, carbon taxes set through time, at carbon’s marginal social cost, do far too little to mitigate climate change unless all major emitters, particularly China, adopt them and do so immediately.

Prisons on the Edge: Perspectives on the Late Medieval and Early Modern History of Confinement in the Francosphere

Abstract It is high time we took stock of the field of carceral history—something particularly true for the French-speaking world. In the last twenty years, the Francosphere has seen a frenzy of research activity centred on the prison, and more broadly around multiple forms of confinement. The field is being radically transformed under the watchful eye of a whole new generation of researchers who have produced numerous monographs, articles and colloquia on the subject. The research and thinking about the prison model that the current generation is developing diverges so completely from the classical revisionist historiography as to be unrecognisable, transfigured from previous iterations. The purpose of this article is to explore those recent transformations of the field following three parameters. The first is linguistic (reviewing only the work emerging from the Francosphere); the second is one of academic discipline (History); and the third is temporal (the emphasis is on research touching on the long pre-Revolution period). These three parameters provide a focused view, while remaining sufficiently widely relevant to identify the dominant trends in French-language research. This is set in the context of past research, of work that has been done elsewhere, and of what sets Francophone research apart from corresponding English-language scholarship.