Stress Injury Research Articles

Functional Exercise Induces Adaptations in Muscle Oxygen Saturation in Division One Collegiate Butterfly Swimmers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This study investigates the impact of a five-week functional exercise intervention designed to enhance the muscular endurance of the posterior shoulder musculature, aiming to mitigate shoulder fatigue and overuse injury. Twelve Division I collegiate butterfly swimmers were recruited and evenly randomized into exercise (EX) and control (CTRL) groups. Weekly 100-yard butterfly sprints were performed, with Muscle Oxygen Saturation (SmO2) continuously monitored using a wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device. This study is among the first to utilize wearable NIRS devices to monitor SmO2 underwater during swimming, demonstrating that a targeted 5-week exercise program significantly improves posterior shoulder endurance, as evidenced by increased Posterior Shoulder Endurance Test (PSET) scores and distinctive SmO2 adaptations in the EX-group compared to the CTRL group. These findings suggest that targeted dryland exercises can enhance posterior shoulder endurance with long-term implications for potentially reducing injury risk and improving performance.

Optimizing radiology remote reading: leveraging technology to improve efficiency.

Remote work has been increasingly utilized in the profession of radiology over recent years. Setting up your individual workstation offers an opportunity to tailor it to suit your preferences without the restriction of a universal setup to accommodate multiple users. Important considerations when setting up a home workstation include selecting the optimal work location, choosing the proper desk and chair, and configuring an ideal computer monitor layout. The use of peripheral devices, such as programmable mice and hands-free dictation tools can improve efficiency and reduce repetitive strain injuries. This article also explores the use of smart home devices and programmable scripts using AutoHotKey to further streamline workflow and maximize the benefits of a remote workstation.

Exploring the relationship between trunk muscles and lower limb injuries in Australian badminton players

Due to its dynamic nature, lower limb injuries are common in badminton. Overuse injuries of the knee, including tendon related conditions, are the most common. During jumping and landing, force transference and dissipation through the trunk is required, with the trunk muscles playing a vital role. However, the relationship between knee pain and the ability to voluntarily contract the trunk muscles has not yet been explored in badminton players. A cross-sectional study of Australian badminton players was therefore conducted. Players performed a single leg decline squat to identify those with knee pain. Ultrasound imaging was used to image and measure the size of the multifidus and quadratus lumborum, and the ability to contract the abdominal and multifidus muscles. Voluntary contraction of the trunk muscles was conducted with the subjects lying down. Independent samples T-Tests were performed to test for between group differences. Badminton players with knee pain had larger quadratus lumborum muscles and demonstrated a greater change in muscle thickness from the rested to contracted state. While we cannot comment on causation or direction, over co-contraction of trunk muscles has been shown in other studies to be associated with increased ground reaction forces on landing. Motor control training has been successfully used in other conditions to modify trunk muscle recruitment patterns and may therefore potentially represent a useful approach for badminton players.

The effect of dietary omega-6 fatty acid enrichment in rodent models of military-relevant acute traumatic psychological stress and traumatic brain injury

The effect of dietary omega-6 fatty acid enrichment in rodent models of military-relevant acute traumatic psychological stress and traumatic brain injury

Ellagic acid-enhanced biocompatibility and bioactivity in multilayer core-shell gold nanoparticles for ameliorating myocardial infarction injury

BackgroundMyocardial infarction (MI) is the main contributor to most cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and the available post-treatment clinical therapeutic options are limited. The development of nanoscale drug delivery systems carrying natural small molecules provides biotherapies that could potentially offer new treatments for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage in MI. Considering the stability and reduced toxicity of gold-phenolic core-shell nanoparticles, this study aims to develop ellagic acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles (EA-AuNPs) to overcome these limitations.ResultsWe have successfully synthesized EA-AuNPs with enhanced biocompatibility and bioactivity. These core-shell gold nanoparticles exhibit excellent ROS-scavenging activity and high dispersion. The results from a label-free imaging method on optically transparent zebrafish larvae models and micro-CT imaging in mice indicated that EA-AuNPs enable a favorable excretion-based metabolism without overburdening other organs. EA-AuNPs were subsequently applied in cellular oxidative stress models and MI mouse models. We found that they effectively inhibit the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and the elevation of cardiac enzyme activities, thereby ameliorating oxidative stress injuries in MI mice. Further investigations of oxylipin profiles indicated that EA-AuNPs might alleviate myocardial injury by inhibiting ROS-induced oxylipin level alterations, restoring the perturbed anti-inflammatory oxylipins.ConclusionsThese findings collectively emphasized the protective role of EA-AuNPs in myocardial injury, which contributes to the development of innovative gold-phenolic nanoparticles and further advances their potential medical applications.Graphical

From BBB to PPP: Bioenergetic requirements and challenges for oligodendrocytes in health and disease.

Mature myelinating oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the myelin sheath that insulates axons in the central nervous system, have distinct energetic and metabolic requirements compared to neurons. Neurons require substantial energy to execute action potentials, while the energy needs of oligodendrocytes are directed toward building the lipid-rich components of myelin and supporting neuronal metabolism by transferring glycolytic products to axons as additional fuel. The utilization of energy metabolites in the brain parenchyma is tightly regulated to meet the needs of different cell types. Disruption of the supply of metabolites can lead to stress and oligodendrocyte injury, contributing to various neurological disorders, including some demyelinating diseases. Understanding the physiological properties, structures, and mechanisms involved in oligodendrocyte energy metabolism, as well as the relationship between oligodendrocytes and neighboring cells, is crucial to investigate the underlying pathophysiology caused by metabolic impairment in these disorders. In this review, we describe the particular physiological properties of oligodendrocyte energy metabolism and the response of oligodendrocytes to metabolic stress. We delineate the relationship between oligodendrocytes and other cells in the context of the neurovascular unit, and the regulation of metabolite supply according to energetic needs. We focus on the specific bioenergetic requirements of oligodendrocytes and address the disruption of metabolic energy in demyelinating diseases. We encourage further studies to increase understanding of the significance of metabolic stress on oligodendrocyte injury, to support the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.

The protective effects of Acorus calamus L. rhizome extracts against rheumatoid arthritis-associated dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and liver injury in rats

ABSTRACT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with comorbidities like dyslipidemia and liver damage. Acorus calamus L. is commonly used to treat inflammatory and hepatorenal ailments. Herein, we assessed the hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activities of A. calamus rhizome extracts in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats. A. calamus rhizome’s methanol (AME) and n-hexane (AHE) extracts were prepared. In vivo, fifty-four female Wistar rats were allocated into nine groups (n = 6). The AIA was induced by injecting Complete Freund’s adjuvant (100 µL, s.c.) into the rat’s right hind paw. After AIA induction, animals were orally treated with meloxicam (MEL; 3 mg/kg) and graded doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) of AME and AHE for 28 consecutive days. Results showed that both plant extracts dose-dependently restored the body weight and liver index of arthritic rats. Each plant extract significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated hyperlipidemia and atherogenicity in arthritic rats. They also normalized the liver function markers and protein concentrations along with the reduction in hepatic oxidative stress. Histopathological examination of the liver supported the biochemical findings. However, AME exhibited better pharmacological activities than AHE. Our findings conclude that A. calamus rhizome could be used to treat dyslipidemia and liver injury in inflammatory conditions like RA.

Potential Signal Pathways and Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Oxidative Stress in Diseases.

Oxidative stress is a biological stress response produced by the destruction of redox equilibrium in aerobic metabolism in organisms, which is closely related to the occurrence of many diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been found to improve oxidative stress injury in a variety of diseases, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, multiple sclerosis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, ischemia-reperfusion injury, hepatic fibrosis, myocardial infarction, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. The antioxidant stress capacity of MSCs may be a breakthrough in the treatment of these diseases. This review found that MSCs have the ability to resist oxidative stress, which may be achieved through MSCs involvement in mediating the Nrf2, MAPK, NF-κB, AMPK, PI3K/AKT and Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathways.

Comparison of Muscular Activity During Running with New and Used Military Boots and Running Footwears in Healthy Individuals: A Clinical Trial Study

Background: The type of footwear worn by military personnel and others could increase the risk of overuse injuries. Objectives: This study aimed to compare muscular activity during running with new and used military boots and running footwear in healthy individuals. Methods: Thirty healthy males were given a new pair of running footwear (n = 15) and thermoplastic polyurethane military boots (n = 15). Participants in each group were asked to wear these shoes for 6 months. Electromyographic activity of the dominant limb muscles was recorded during running at a speed of 3.3 m/s before and after 6 months. Results: The results indicated significant differences in muscle activity based on the type of footwear worn during various phases of running. Specifically, muscles such as the tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus showed varied activity during phases such as loading, mid-stance, and push-off. Additionally, there were significant effects of time on certain muscles, including the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis during the push-off phase. Interactions between footwear type and time were observed for the semitendinosus and gluteus medius during the loading phase, and the gastrocnemius medialis during the push-off phase. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate a decrease in muscle activity for most lower limb muscles in the military boots group compared to the running footwear group during the stance phase of running. The magnitude of gastrocnemius medialis activity increased in the military boots group (but not in the running footwear group) from pre-test to post-test during the push-off phase.

Racial Stress and Black Women’s Health in the United States: A Culturally Responsive Prevention and Health Promotion Intervention

Black babies and their mothers are dying at disproportionately high rates. Also, Black women are experiencing higher rates of racial discrimination than other racial-ethnic groups are facing in the United States. An intervention promoting the health of Black women and their unborn babies requires addressing the disproportionate level of racial stress that Black women experience. In this article, the creation of such a program is discussed. To consider individual, community, and systemic factors, three theoretical models were utilized: (a) Race-based traumatic stress injury, (b) stress-health model, and (c) racial identity model. This intervention was co-developed with community stakeholders by using community-based participatory research principles. This process resulted in the development of the Afya Black Women Wellness program, a multidimensional and strength-based intervention grounded in the experiences of Black women. Afya focuses on promoting holistic health through psychoeducation, skills building, and social support. The program is constructed to be implemented twice-a-week for 12 weeks. This will allow pregnant Black women to receive the maximum benefit from the program, improving the quality of life for themselves and their unborn children. Ameliorating health disparities in Black maternal health requires addressing the disproportionate amount of racial stress that Black women experience. Afya is a model intervention that provides practical strategies for addressing racial health inequities in Black maternal health. It does so by promoting the health of Black women at the individual and community levels.

HMGA1 Regulates IRS2 to Promote Inflammatory Responses and Oxidative Stress Injury in MPP+-Induced cells.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder for which novel treatment approaches are continuously sought. This study investigates the role of high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) in modulating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress injury in PD. We utilized the murine dopaminergic neuronal cell line MN9D, treating cells with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) to mimic PD conditions. The expression levels of HMGA1 and insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay. Cell damage was assessed with cell counting kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Inflammatory response and oxidative stress were evaluated by quantifying interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and commercial kits. The binding interaction between HMGA1 and IRS2 was analyzed using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Our findings revealed that MPP+ treatment increased the expression of HMGA1 and IRS2. Downregulation of HMGA1 enhanced cell viability, reduced inflammation, and mitigated oxidative stress in MPP+-induced cells. Further investigation demonstrated that HMGA1 bounded to the IRS2 promoter, enhancing IRS2 expression. Overexpression of IRS2 counteracted the protective effects of HMGA1 downregulation. In conclusion, HMGA1 exacerbates MPP+-induced cell damage by activating IRS2 transcription, which in turn heightens inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings suggest that targeting HMGA1 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for PD.

Lateral and Medial Elbow Tendinopathy and Previous Injuries to Adjacent Joints: A Multicenter Observational Study.

Lateral and medial elbow tendinopathies are common soft tissue disorders affecting 1-3% of the general population, causing significant pain and functional impairment in the elbow and upper limb. While often associated with overuse and repetitive strain, their exact etiology, including potential associations with prior injuries in adjacent joints, remains unclear. This preliminary study aims to explore the distribution of lateral and medial elbow tendinopathies and investigate the occurrence of previous lesions in adjacent joints among diagnosed individuals, providing foundational insights for future research. A multicenter cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 90 subjects diagnosed with lateral and/or medial elbow tendinopathy. The data collection occurred during the initial consultations, including demographic information, clinical assessments, and history of prior injuries in adjacent joints. Among the sample, 44.4% reported prior injuries to adjacent joints in the affected upper limb, with 45.6% of these injuries identified as musculotendinous in nature. The analysis also showed that the type of elbow tendinopathy was significantly associated with sex (p = 0.01) and occupational origin (p = 0.022). While a notable percentage of the subjects reported prior musculoskeletal injuries in the same limb, the study's geographic limitations and reliance on self-reported data introduce potential recall bias. These preliminary findings suggest a possible relationship between prior adjacent joint injuries and elbow tendinopathy. Further research with larger sample sizes and more rigorous study design is needed to confirm these observations and explore the underlying mechanisms.

Evaluation under loading detects medial meniscus extrusion in patients with reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament and restricted knee extension.

Some patients who undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction experience abnormal mechanical stress in the meniscus. Medial meniscal extrusion (MME) is reflected in the pathological condition of the meniscus, which expands owing to repetitive mechanical stress. Thus, the effect of the reconstructed ACL on increasing MME under weight-bearing conditions remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of ACL reconstruction on meniscal extrusion under non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing conditions. Seventeen patients who underwent unilateral ACL reconstruction (ACL group) and 20 age-matched healthy volunteers (control group) were enrolled. Ultrasonography was performed in the supine, standing, and walking positions in preoperative and postoperative ACL patients. MME during walking was evaluated based on the dynamic behavior of extrusion, and kinetic and kinematic data were synchronously obtained. Moreover, the ACL group underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation at two points: preoperatively and 12months postoperatively, and the ultrasound findings were compared. MME in the supine position measured using both ultrasonography and MRI was not significantly different preoperatively and postoperatively in the ACL group. However, postoperative MME and dynamic behavior of extrusion under standing and walking conditions were significantly higher than those in the preoperative state (dynamic behavior: 0.9 ± 0.4mm preoperatively, 1.2 ± 0.4mm postoperatively). Moreover, the deficits in knee extension during walking persisted postoperatively and were significantly higher than those in the control group. MME in patients with ACL reconstruction including meniscus repair was different under mechanical stress compared to the non-weight bearing condition.

Blocking IL-23 Signaling Mitigates Cigarette Smoke-Induced Murine Emphysema.

Inflammatory cell infiltration is a characteristic feature of COPD and correlates directly with the severity of the disease. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that regulates Th-17 inflammation, which mediates many pathophysiological events in COPD. The primary goal of this study was to determine the role of IL-23 as a mediator of key pathologic processes in cigarette smoke-induced COPD. In this study, we report an increase in IL23 gene expression in the lung biopsies of COPD patients compared to controls and identified a positive correlation between IL23 gene expression and disease severity. In a cigarette smoke-induced murine emphysema model, the suppression of IL-23 with a monoclonal blocking antibody reduced the severity of cigarette smoke-induced murine emphysema. Mechanistically, the suppression of IL-23 was associated with a reduction in immune cell infiltration, oxidative stress injury, and apoptosis, suggesting a role for IL-23 as an essential immune mediator of the inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of CS-induced emphysema.

Differences in Overuse Injuries in Gender-Comparable Sports: A Nationally Representative Sample of High School Athletes.

Participation in high school sports has physical, physiological, and social development benefits, while also increasing the risk of acute and overuse injuries. Risk of sport-related overuse injury differs between boys and girls. To investigate differences in overuse injuries among US high school athletes participating in the gender-comparable sports of soccer, basketball, and baseball/softball. Descriptive epidemiology study using a nationally representative sample from the High School Reporting Information Online (RIO) database. High schools. Athletes with overuse injuries during the 2006-2007 through 2018-2019 academic years. National estimates and rates of overuse injuries were extrapolated from weighted observed numbers with the following independent variables: sport, gender, academic year, class year, event type, body site, diagnosis, recurrence, activity, and position. Among an estimated 908 295 overuse injuries nationally, 43.9% (n = 398 419) occurred in boys' soccer, basketball, and baseball, whereas 56.1% (n = 509 876) occurred in girls' soccer, basketball, and softball. When comparing gender across sports, girls were more likely to sustain an overuse injury than boys (soccer, injury rate ratio [IRR]: 1.37, 95% CI = 1.20-1.57; basketball, IRR: 1.82, 95% CI = 1.56-2.14; baseball/softball, IRR: 1.21, 95% CI = 1.04-1.41). Most overuse injuries in soccer and basketball for both genders occurred to a lower extremity (soccer: 83.9% [175 369/209 071] for boys, 90.0% [243 879/271 092] for girls; basketball: 77.0% [59 239/76 884] for boys, 80.5% [81 826/101 709] for girls), whereas most overuse injuries in baseball and softball were to an upper extremity (72.5% [81 363/112 213] for boys, 53.7% [73 557/136 990] for girls). For boys' baseball, pitching (43.5% [47 007/107 984]) was the most common activity associated with an overuse injury, which differed from the most common activity of throwing (31.7% [39 921/126 104]) for girls' softball. Gender differences observed in this study can help guide future strategies that are more specific to gender and sport to reduce overuse injuries among high school athletes.

A Comprehensive Review of Advanced Biomarkers for Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults: Current Insights and Future Directions.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing health concern, particularly in older adults, due to its high prevalence and association with increased morbidity and mortality. Early detection and effective management are crucial to slowing disease progression and reducing complications such as cardiovascular events and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Traditional biomarkers, including serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), often have limitations in older populations, where age-related physiological changes can obscure early signs of kidney dysfunction. Advanced biomarkers offer a more precise and comprehensive understanding of kidney health, providing insights into pathological processes such as inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and tubular injury. These biomarkers have the potential to enhance early diagnosis, predict disease progression, and inform personalized treatment approaches, particularly in the elderly. This review explores the current landscape of advanced biomarkers for CKD in older adults, highlighting their clinical utility and limitations. Key biomarkers, including those related to inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6), fibrosis (transforming growth factor-beta, collagen degradation products), oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes, malondialdehyde), and tubular injury (kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin), are examined in the context of CKD. Emerging technologies, such as multi-omics and machine learning, are also discussed as they offer new opportunities for biomarker discovery and integration into clinical practice. While challenges remain, including the need for longitudinal studies and better standardization, advanced biomarkers hold promise for transforming CKD management in older adults, paving the way for earlier detection, better risk stratification, and more targeted therapeutic interventions.

Myrtenol-Loaded Fatty Acid Nanocarriers Protect Rat Brains Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects.

This research investigated the preventive effects of myrtenol (MYR), fatty acid nanocarriers (FANC), and myrtenol-loaded FANC (MYR + FANC) on neurological disturbance, stroke volume, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the brain with ischemia-reperfusion injuries induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Seventy two Wistar male rats were divided into six main groups. The groups were sham, ischemia-reperfusion group (MACO), MACO-MYR (50 mg/kg), MACO-FANC (50 and 100 mg/kg), and MACO-MYR + FANC (50 mg/kg). Stroke volume, neurological deficit scores, and the brain levels of MDA, SOD, and TNF-α were examined with TTC staining, observation, and ELISA, respectively. Pretreatment with MYR, FANC (100 mg/kg), and MYR + FANC reduced the neurological deficit score and cerebral infarction volume. MYR, FANC (100 mg/kg), and MYR + FANC pretreatment increased and decreased brain SOD and MDA levels compared to MACO group, respectively. The TNF-α level decreased in the MYR + FANC group compared to MCAO and MCAO-MYR groups in the brain. The use of FANC (100 mg/kg), MYR, and MYR + FANC has protective effects against oxidative stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury. FANC probably improve the bioavailability of MYR, as MYR+ FANC had more therapeutic effects on the reduction of ischemia-reperfusion injuries, inflammation, and oxidative stress.

Identification and validation of leukemia inhibitory factor as a protective factor in ischemic acute kidney injury

BackgroundIschemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common pathophysiological mechanism of acute kidney injury (AKI). There is an urgent need for a more comprehensive analysis of its underlying mechanisms. Materials and methodsThe RNA-sequencing dataset GSE153625 was used to examine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of kidney tissues in IRI-AKI mice compared with sham mice. We used 10 algorithms provided by cytohubba plugin and four external datasets (GSE192532, GSE52004, GSE98622, and GSE185383) to screen for hub genes. The IRI-AKI mouse model with different reperfusion times was established to validate the expression of hub gene in the kidneys. HK-2 cells were cultured in vitro under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) conditions, via transfection with si-LIF or supplementation with the LIF protein to explore the function of the LIF gene. ResultsWe screened a total of 1,540 DEGs in the IRI group compared with the sham group and identified that the LIF hub gene may play potential roles in IRI-AKI. LIF was markedly upregulated in the kidney tissues of IRI-AKI mice, as well as in HK-2 cells grown under H/R conditions. The knockdown of LIF aggravated apoptosis and oxidative stress (OS) injury under H/R conditions. Administration of the LIF protein rescued the effects of si-LIF, alleviating cellular apoptosis and OS. ConclusionThese findings indicate an important role of the LIF gene in term of regulating apoptosis and OS in the early phases of IRI-AKI. Targeting LIF may therefore represent a promising therapeutic strategy for IRI-AKI.

Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Screening of Nano‐Palladium (II) and Platinum (II)‐Based Compounds With DFT and Molecular Docking Study

ABSTRACTWithin the current challenges in medicinal chemistry, the creation of novel and improved therapeutic agents stands out. 2‐Cyano‐3‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)prop‐2‐enethioamide (CTPTA) ligand was complexed with palladium (II) and platinum (II) ions within the nanoscale with the molecular formula [M (CTPTA)Cl2]. H2O. The CTPTA ligand and its complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, UV–Vis spectra, FTIR, mass spectra, TGA, magnetic measurement, and the molar conductance technique. Analysis with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the nanostructure dimension of both complexes is predominantly between 10 and 30 nm. The CTPTA ligand functions as a bidentate ligand, utilizing thione sulfur, and cyanide nitrogen atoms. Density functional theory was employed to analyze the geometric structure properties of the CTPTA ligand and its complexes. Natural population (NPA) and Mulliken population (MPA) methods were used to calculate the charge distribution. The cytotoxic impact results of all compounds on human liver cancer (HepG2) cell line were satisfactory. The ligand and its complexes were also tested against gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria in vitro. The findings of the molecular docking study supported the cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects. The antioxidant and anti‐inflammation activities of synthesized palladium (II) and platinum (II) complexes had a great spectrum of activity. The preclinical pharmacokinetic studies on albino rats revealed that the newly studied complexes achieved excellent antitumor results. This was clear in the investigated parameters, especially the amelioration of AFP levels, liver weight, oxidative stress, and lobular hepatic architecture injury.

Developing long bones respond to surrounding tissues by trans-pairing of periosteal osteoclasts and endocortical osteoblasts.

Developing long bones alter their shape while maintaining uniform cortical thickness via coordinated activity of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts at periosteal and endosteal surfaces, a process we designate trans-pairing. Two types of trans-pairing shift cortical bone in opposite orientations: peri-forming trans-pairing (peri-t-p) increases bone marrow space and endo-forming trans-pairing (endo-t-p) decreases it, via paired activity of bone resorption and formation across the cortex. Here, we focused on endo-t-p in growing bones. Analysis of endo-t-p activity in the cortex of mouse fibulae revealed osteoclasts under the periosteum compressed by muscles, and expression of RANKL in periosteal cells of the cambium layer. Furthermore, mature osteoblasts were localized on the endosteum, while preosteoblasts were at the periosteum and within cortical canals. X-ray tomographic microscopy revealed the presence of cortical canals more closely associated with endo- than with peri-t-p. Sciatic nerve transection followed by muscle atrophy and unloading induced circumferential endo-t-p with concomitant spread of cortical canals. Such canals likely supply the endosteum with preosteoblasts from the periosteum under endo-t-p, allowing bone shape to change in response to mechanical stress or nerve injury.