Culture Time Research Articles

Cultivation of Euglena Gracilis on Residues from a Food Industry

Euglena gracilis is a photosynthetic flagellate able to grow in mixotrophic conditions. Its biomass can accumulate high-value molecules. Relevant concentrations of twenty amino acids, nine types of minerals, fourteen varieties of vitamins, fatty acids and chlorophyll can be found in Euglena biomass. Still, maybe the most important stored compound is paramylon, a linear β-glucan acting as immune support and cholesterol reducing agent, exclusive to Euglena species. In 2017, paramylon was approved as a novel food ingredient by the US Food and Drug Administration and the market value for β-glucans is estimated over 0.5 million USD per ton. The cost for Euglena production is very high, and is especially related to the cost of the required carbon source. The present research is being carried out to optimize at lab-scale (4 L photobioreactors, 1.5 L working volume) the cultivation of Euglena using as substrates industrial residues from a firm processing food commodities. Considering the needs of Euglena, the liquid fraction of the anaerobic digestion of residues was used and mixed, at different ratios, with a sugar-rich vinasse. Different working pH were tested. As the aim of Euglena production is to use its biomass in pet feed formulations, it was also important to check contamination, especially by eumycetes, which find favorable growth conditions in the presence of nutrients and sugars and at low pH. As the accumulation of paramylon reaches its maximum in a short time (24–72 hours), different cultivation times were also tested in batch (up to 216 hours) and compared with semicontinuous cultivation process (Hydraulic Retention Time = 10 days). All the results were compared with those from blank tests, carried out in the same conditions but using Cramer Myers synthetic growth medium. The best results were obtained in batch, at pH 5, using the liquid fraction of anaerobic digestate enriched with 2.5 % of vinasse: at 48 h the TSS growth rate was 160 mg/L/day (higher than in the blank test), the removal of total N and PO4-P were 48 % and 31 %, respectively, the algal count was 2.12*105/mL and TSS and VSS concentrations 0.81 and 0.71 g/L, respectively. Paramylon concentration in the biomass was 35 % and no contamination occurred. The experimentation is going on testing and comparing HCl and CO2 to control pH and performing analyses on pigments and fatty acids in the biomass. Based on the obtained results, the production rate of paramylon would be 56 mg/L/d, and this is promising for the use of Euglena biomass for pet food production. Further, the possibility of growing Euglena exclusively on the effluent from anaerobic digestion and on the vinasse from the factory is being confirmed, and this is very interesting from the economic point of view, involving a consistent saving on cultivation costs. In the end, the relevant uptake of nutrients is also important, as in case of disposal the effluent should be treated to meet the required quality for discharge. This kind of cultivation should thus be considered as an important element of circular economy.

Enhancing sustainability in meat production through insect biorefinery

Valuable feed crops and fossil fuel energy are used to produce animal meat. To become sustainable, meat production methods must adapt to include non-food substrates and renewable fossil-fuel alternatives. We evaluated the potential of protein livestock feed and biodiesel production through insect biorefining. The bioconversion efficiency of organic waste into black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) biomass was 32.0–35.8% after 24 d. The protein and lipid composition of BSFL changed with the cultivation time. The substrate influenced lipid content, and low lipid content led to lower lipid accumulation in the BSFL. Nevertheless, the potential productivity of proteins (42,471–48,345 kg ha−1 y−1) and lipids (41,642–64,708 kg ha−1 y−1) from BSFL cultivation with organic waste was higher than that of conventional livestock feed/biodiesel feedstocks, such as maize or soybean. In conclusion, insect biorefineries using BSFL can contribute significantly to the establishment of sustainable meat production.

Genomic analysis and process optimization for nigericin production in a newly-isolated antimicrobial Streptomyces.

Genomic analysis and process optimization for nigericin production in a newly-isolated antimicrobial Streptomyces.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae recovery from various mild abiotic stresses: Viability, fitness, and high resolution three-dimensional morphology imaging.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae recovery from various mild abiotic stresses: Viability, fitness, and high resolution three-dimensional morphology imaging.

Detection of bacterial pathogens directly from synovial fluids using digital PCR: A proof of concept study.

Detection of bacterial pathogens directly from synovial fluids using digital PCR: A proof of concept study.

The effect of overnight culture after thawing of D3 cleavage-stage embryos on clinical pregnancy outcomes: focus on embryo development to day 4

ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the impact of day-3 (D3) cleavage-stage embryo thawing with immediate transfer versus thawing and overnight culture before transfer on clinical outcomes. It also examines the relationship between cleavage-stage embryo developmental speed after overnight culture and clinical pregnancy outcomes, as well as factors influencing clinical pregnancy in frozen embryo transfer (FET).MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 1,040 patients who underwent D3 cleavage-stage frozen embryo transfer at Yulin City Maternal and Child Health Hospital between July 2022 and December 2023. Patients were divided into two groups based on embryo culture time after thawing: control (same-day transfer, 2-3 hours) and experimental (overnight culture, 18-20 hours). Clinical pregnancy rates, embryo implantation rates, early miscarriage rates, and multiple pregnancy rates were compared between groups. The experimental group was further subdivided based on the number of cleavage blastomeres increased after culture: A1 (≥4 blastomeres), A2 (1-3 blastomeres), and A3 (no increase). A binary logistic regression analysis identified independent factors affecting clinical pregnancy outcomes in FET.ResultsNo significant differences were found between the control and experimental groups in clinical pregnancy rate (37.2% vs. 40.2%), embryo implantation rate (24.9% vs. 26.4%), early miscarriage rate (13.1% vs. 18.8%), or multiple pregnancy rate (9.2% vs. 10.2%) (P > 0.05). In the experimental group, clinical pregnancy rates for A1, A2, and A3 subgroups were 44.2%, 29.8%, and 25.5%, respectively. Early miscarriage rates were 18.6%, 10.7%, and 38.5%, showing statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Female age, endometrial thickness, embryo morphology, and the number of cleavage blastomeres were identified as independent factors influencing clinical pregnancy rate.ConclusionThis study indicates that D3 embryos with an increase in the number of blastomeres to more than four or entering the compaction stage after overnight culture have better pregnancy outcomes. Female age and endometrial thickness are important factors influencing clinical pregnancy rates. Optimizing culture conditions and ensuring optimal endometrial thickness may help improve the success rate of frozen-thawed embryo transfer.

The Benefits of L.I.F.E. Technology: In vitro-studies on Cellular Longevity and Replicative Senescence

Abstract Background: Longevity refers to the length of time an organism lives and is characterized by progressive decline in tissue and organ function and increased risk of mortality and is also often associated with a healthy and fulfilling life. Cellular health as one prerequiste for longevity is controlled by a number of regulatory pathways which coordinate the various processes of cell aging. L.I.F.E. technology was created to promote the replicative lifespan, measured by the number of mitotic divisions until replicative senescence occurs and was studied with primary cultured eucaryotic cells of the respiratory tract possessing a limited lifespan. Experimental: Primary respiratory epithelial cells of fourth passage were seeded at extremely low density (20,000 cells/75 cm2 flasks in 20 ml culture medium). This was the first passage (P1) of the subsequent longevity experiments with and without L.I.F.E. technology. The circular object with L.I.F.E. technology was always placed directly beneath the cell culture flasks. Cells were cultivated in two separated mini-incubators at 37°. At definite time points cells were subcultured by trypsin/EDTA treatment and seeded at the same initial densities in new cell culture flasks with fresh culture medium. This procedure was done four times (P1 ð P4) until the cells reached replicative senescence and remained in a post-mitotic state. At each time point the cell densities in the flasks were examined by using a specialized software. The total incubation time of the cell cultures with and without L.I.F.E. technology was 28 days representing about 25-30 mitotic cell divisions which are equivalent to a period of at least several months in vivo. Results: During the experimental cultivation period of the cells from P1 ð P4, their mitotic activity decreased with the numbers of subcultures/in vitro-age. However, this natural senescence of primary cells was much lower in all passages for cell cultures which were exposed to L.I.F.E technology compared to untreated cell cultures. After only 6 days of cultivation, the increase in mitotic cell divisions by L.I.F.E technology was moderate with about 20%, but was more than 150% after 28 days. The difference between both cell cultures, with and without L.I.F.E. technology, was always statistically significant (p ≤ 0.01; two-tailed Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank-sum test). Conclusions: As shown in this study with primary respiratory cells, one of the main paradigms of longevity, namely the promotion of a prolonged ageing process, is the positive effect of the application of L.I.F.E. technology on cellular level. Moreover, the quality of life associated with improved individual systemic health by L.I.F.E. technology might be also effective for the whole human body.

Influence of Culture conditions and Nutritional composition on the production of Antibacterial metabolite by Pseudomonas aeruginosa VUR 102 isolated from Lake Hussain Sagar, Hyderabad, India

Microorganisms are one of the most diverse group among all the living organisms and the metabolic products of microbes are even more diverse. Among the microbes, bacteria are very versatile in having less generation time and ease of culturing, strain improvement and downstream processing of the metabolite. In addition, some of the metabolites are formed as a result of the chemical and biological stress that bacterial isolate undergoes, which might have led to the production of metabolic products that are chemically altered. Simple alteration even in the side chains of active molecules has great significance in their biological activities. These metabolic products possessing diverse biological properties, can aid in combating emerging infectious diseases and can thereby prevent antibiotic resistance. The present work is focussed on optimization of the bacterial isolate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa VUR 102, which is a potent producer of antibacterial metabolite, isolated from the lake Hussain Sagar, Hyderabad, India. The isolate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa VUR 102 exhibited an increased zone of inhibition against some selected Gram positive and Gram negative test bacteria. The present study concludes that the bacterial isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa VUR 102 produces greater amounts of potent antibacterial metabolite when optimal culture conditions and nutritional composition are provided. Optimal culture conditions are: 120 hours of incubation period at 35oC temperature with pH 8.0 and 1% NaCl. Nutritional composition includes the addition of glycerol and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively.

Non-Invasive Preimplantation Genetic Testing

To minimise the influence of chromosomal abnormalities during IVF treatment, embryos can be screened before transfer using preimplantation genetic testing. This typically involves an invasive trophectoderm biopsy at the blastocyst stage, where 4–8 cells are collected and analysed. However, emerging evidence indicates that, as embryos develop in vitro in culture media, they release cell-free DNA into the media, providing an alternative source of genetic material that can be accessed non-invasively. Spent blastocyst media samples that contain embryo cell-free DNA demonstrate high informativity rates and ploidy concordance when compared with the corresponding trophectoderm, inner cell mass, or whole blastocyst results. However, optimising this non-invasive approach requires several changes to embryo culture protocols, including additional embryo washes to tackle contamination and extending embryo culture time to maximise the amount of cell-free DNA released into the culture media. In this review, we discuss this novel non-invasive approach for aneuploidy detection and embryo prioritisation, as well as the current data and future prospects for utilising cell-free DNA analysis to identify structural rearrangements and single gene disorders.

Correlation Between Blood Culture Time to Positivity and Vegetation Size in Staphylococcus aureus Infective Endocarditis

Background: The relationship between vegetation characteristics in Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis (IE) and blood culture time to positivity (TTP) has not been investigated. This study evaluates the correlation between vegetation length and TTP in patients with S. aureus IE. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted that included 164 definite cases S. aureus IE. Vegetation length was determined by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and TTP was measured in hours from the initial time of blood culture incubation to positivity. Correlations between vegetation characteristics and TTP were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results: A modest but statistically significant negative correlation was observed between vegetation length and TTP (Spearman ρ = −0.18, p = 0.020), suggesting that larger vegetations were associated with shorter TTP. No significant correlations were found for other vegetation characteristics (e.g., vegetation mobility, location, or number) and TTP. Conclusions: Larger vegetation size in S. aureus IE was associated with shorter TTP. These findings highlight the importance of vegetation size in the pathophysiology of S. aureus IE and its role in bacteremia dynamics.

Transformation of maize photosynthetic carbon in reconstructed soils

IntroductionThe gully erosion control and land construction project was a major land improvement project implemented by human beings to increase the cultivated land area and improve the quality of cultivated land, and the implementation of the project had a great intervention and influence on the carbon cycle.MethodsThe microcosm experiment was carried out to reveal carbon cycle process of maize photosynthetic carbon in reconstructed soils during gully reclamation using a14C continuous labeling technique. The experimental soil came from Nanniwan Town, Yan’an City.ResultsThe distribution ratios of photosynthetic carbon in plants, roots and reconstructed soils were 83.96%–85.19%, 9.47–10.55% and 5.49–5.62%, respectively. It was revealed that the renewal rates of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) in reconstructed soils were 6.72%–14.64%, 1.70%–7.67% and 0.73%–1.99%, respectively.DiscussionThe distribution and transformation of maize photosynthetic carbon had a greater impact on the changes in the DOC and MBC that SOC. It was found that the mineralization rate of maize photosynthetic carbon in reconstructed soils was higher than 0.6 μg/g·d after construction, but with the extension of cultivation time, it slowed down, the decreasing rate increased, and finally stabilized at about 0.15 μg/g·d.

Историческая эволюция и типологические особенности хореографии в танцевальной культуре Китая

Ancient Chinese dance culture and folklore art left behind a rich heritage and unexplored research materials. Along with this, the academic meaning of the term “choreography” in the syncretic stage art of China appeared relatively recently. In the early 20th century in staged choreographic work, as well as in the performing skills of dancers, a number of transformations began, affecting the formation of the academic form of choreography in China. The specificity of the art of Chinese choreography in the first half of the 20th century was not divorced from the guidelines for the implementation of the aesthetic theory of Western European theater dance, but the method of choreodrama, which was improved in the Russian school of ballet of the Soviet period, was chosen as the main vector and artistic direction in the development of expressive means of the stage language of dance. The aim of the study is to explore the genesis, formation and development of choreography in China with an emphasis on the scientific understanding of the first national dance works. The following is established in scientific novelty: choreography as a phenomenon of academic dance culture in China, on the one hand, combines ritual significance and traditional artistic values in the art of China (court music with dancing, national Chinese opera, syncretic performing genres). On the other hand, Chinese choreography is constantly evolving and transforming. The very term “choreography” in China is a relatively new academic concept (the early 20th century). The institutionalization of choreography was influenced by the integration of elements of Western European ballet art, which required the introduction of scientific clarity and accuracy into the theoretical understanding of this phenomenon. For an art-historical analysis of the phenomenon of Chinese choreography and the reconstruction of the cultural and historical time of dance in China for the first time an extensive body of scientific literature and sources of materials is covered, which combine the social background of different eras and anthropological aspects in the history of dance culture of ancient China. Reference materials have been adapted in order to find the actual reasons for the formation and transformation of choreography as a cultural and anthropological phenomenon and an artistic phenomenon. As a result, it is determined that different historical stages and forms of dance art in China, firstly, provide a close historical connection of body language with religious canons and ceremonial predetermining the modern style of national Chinese ballet; secondly, they reveal a deep line of continuity between the Russian school of ballet and the Western European theater system of dance with the national Chinese tradition; thirdly, they form the foundation of the academic system of methods and form a special disciplinary mechanism of higher choreographic education (assimilation of world experience and European classical traditions, based on the combination and identity of Chinese characteristic elements).

The Concept of Chronos in the Cultural and Civilizational Dimension

The purpose of the article is to analyse the concept of Chronos in the cultural and civilizational dimension, in particular its role in the formation of worldview, philosophical and socio-cultural representations of different epochs and civilizations, as well as the specifics of the interpretation of time in different cultures, its influence on the structure of social relations, art, human life. The research methodology is based on the paradigm of systematicity, which involves the use of methods and approaches from various sciences – cultural studies, history, philosophy, art history. Scientific novelty. An attempt has been made to comprehend the concept of Chronos as a key element of cultural and civilizational development, which makes it possible to reveal its meaning not only as a category of time, but also as a structural element of cultural paradigms in various civilizational traditions, taking into account the influence on the formation of worldview and artistic concepts. Conclusions. The concept of Chronos is key to understanding time in its cultural and civilizational dimension as a social, historical and artistic and is aesthetic phenomenon and one of the central categories in cultural studies, since the perception and organisation of time has a significant impact on the formation of cultural traditions, worldview and the mentality of any society. Its interpretation changed in different historical periods and depended on the particularities of worldview systems and philosophical traditions. In ancient Greek philosophy, Chronos symbolised a linear, objective and inexorable flow of time, as opposed to Kairos – the moment of a favourable opportunity. In its mythological aspect, the image of Chronos was intertwined with ideas about divine time, which later received a Christian understanding as earthly, sinful and irreversible. Medieval Christian tradition contrasted Chronos with the eternity of God, giving it the meaning of waiting for the Day of Judgment. In the New Age and the Modern period, the concept of time underwent significant transformations under the influence of science and technology. It began to be perceived as a measurable and controllable quantity, which was reflected in industrial society. In the postmodern era, Chronos is deconstructed, and its understanding is transformed by the emergence of new technologies, digitalisation, and non-linear concepts. Virtual reality, digital communication, and globalisation contribute to the blurring of the boundaries of time, turning Chronos into a variable and fragmented category. And technological progress and the pursuit of productivity lead to the fragmentation of time, attention deficit syndrome, and human exhaustion.

Scaling Autologous Epidermal Cell Therapies: iPSC-Derived Keratinocytes and InVivo Chimerism for Skin Regeneration.

Severe skin injuries and genetic disorders such as epidermolysis bullosa present significant clinical challenges due to limitations in current epidermal replacement therapies. While promising, cultured epithelial autografts (CEAs) suffer from prolonged culture times, cellular senescence, and low-quality clinical outcomes, limiting their widespread application. Recent advancements in iPSC-derived keratinocytes (iKeratinocytes) and invivo chimerism offer transformative potential for scalable and personalised skin regeneration. Advances in understanding transcriptional networks, mRNA delivery, CRISPR-based genome editing, and automated biomanufacturing processes can enable improved and efficient protocols for generating iKeratinocytes. Despite these advances, there are still challenges for scaling iKeratinocytes, including optimising xeno-free culture systems and developing reproducible methods for generating multilayered skin with appendages. Interspecies chimerism utilising lineage-specific ablation systems and targeted in utero delivery of organ progenitor cells can enable human epidermal tissue development within animal hosts, offering an alternative novel platform for scaling epidermal cell and skin generation. This method, however, requires further refinements for complete ablation and detachment of target cells in the animal hosts and improved human cell integration in chimeric models. Together, iKeratinocytes and invivo chimerism hold great promise for advancing autologous epidermal cell therapies and enabling broader clinical adoption and improved outcomes for patients with severe skin injuries and genetic disorders.

Human adipose stromal cells differentiate towards a tendon phenotype with adapted visco-elastic properties in a 3D-culture system.

Tendon cell differentiation relies on molecular and mechanical parameters that control the expression of tendon-associated transcription factors and extracellular matrix proteins. However, the minimal cues able to initiate tendon differentiation from progenitor cells remains unknown. We analysed the tendon differentiation program in human adipose stromal cells (hASCs) cultured in a minimal 3D-system. We generated 3D-hASC constructs by embedding hASCs in a type-I collagen gel under a static uniaxial geometrical constraint with no additional molecular and mechanical cues, and assessed tendon-associated gene expression and mechanical properties for up to three weeks in culture. Analysis of tendon-associated genes revealed a molecular progression consistent with the acquisition of a tendon phenotype. The analysis of viscoelastic properties of 3D-hASC constructs by nano-indentation indicated a progressive increase in tissue stiffness up to 10 kPa, concomitant with a reduced stress relaxation indicative of solid-like mechanical properties. These changes in mechanical properties parallel the molecular change of matrix genes during the time of cultures. In summary, we have established that hASCs cultured in a minimal 3D-system progress into the tendon differentiation program associated with variations of mechanical properties.

At the far end of everything: A likely Ahrensburgian presence in the far north of the Isle of Skye, Scotland

ABSTRACTA Late Upper Paleolithic (LUP) site containing Ahrensburgian‐type stone tools has been discovered at South Cuidrach, Isle of Skye, Scotland. Together with a group of intertidal stone circular alignments also recently discovered on the island, this new evidence for the occupation of northern Scotland also represents the most northerly LUP site in Britain. The timing of the continental Ahrensburgian culture is closely linked to the later part of the Younger Dryas, also known regionally as the Loch Lomond Stadial (LLS), a cold period that saw a significant ice cap and glacier expansion across the mainland of western Scotland. Here, we examine the climatic, environmental and relative sea‐level contexts and reflect on the location of this site on an island to the north‐west of the Younger Dryas ice mass. South Cuidrach is situated on the north coast of Skye, lying around 25 km north‐west of the maximum known local extent of the Younger Dryas ice mass. Most of the lithic assemblage is made from locally available baked mudstone. The site has good access to coastal and riverine resources and readily available ochre, suggesting it was deliberately chosen. Together with the new stone alignments and several other nearby sites, this region now contains more evidence for the LUP than anywhere else in Scotland. The geography and Late Glacial environment of west Scotland comprised a volatile landscape of water, mountains and fluctuating glaciers and coastlines, a challenging area at the north‐westerly limit of the European landmass that was very different to the Ahrensburgian core territories in mainland Europe. We anticipate that by examining this new evidence within the various broad geographical and geomorphological conditions, there is significant potential for the discovery of further LUP locations both on and off‐shore in this region.

Systematic Investigation of Impact of Antifoam and Extracellular Vesicles on Fouling of Hollow Fiber Filters in Intensified Perfusion Processes Highlights the Key Impact of Antifoam.

Ultra-high cell density perfusion cultures are becoming increasingly attractive for biologics manufacturing due to their ability to boost productivity and offer a flexible manufacturing footprint. However, these intensified perfusion processes pose challenges, particularly concerning the performance of hollow fiber filters used as cell retention devices. To facilitate their implementation in biologics manufacturing, it is crucial to understand the factors driving filter fouling and develop innovative strategies to mitigate this issue. In this study, we developed a small-scale model to investigate various factors in cell culture that affect filter fouling. We systematically examined individual components, such as antifoam and extracellular vesicles, to assess their impact on filter performance. Our data suggest that the extent and mechanism of fouling differ among these components, likely due to variations in particle size distribution and properties. Additionally, our results indicate that simethicone-based antifoam accumulates over time in perfusion cultures, significantly impacting fouling. We observed better cell health in perfusion runs with minimal antifoam addition. Pellet fractions isolated by ultracentrifugation at 10,000g and 100,000g from "No antifoam" perfusion culture exhibited markedly improved filter performance in the offline model, highlighting the negative impact of antifoam in perfusion cultures. Conversely, an alternative antifoam variant that does not rely on simethicone showed better filter performance in the offline model, emphasizing the role of both antifoam and membrane composition in fouling tendencies. This study is the first to systematically examine the impact of individual components in perfusion cultures on filter fouling. Further investigations will be essential to develop the next generation of robust perfusion processes.

Comparative Analysis and Semiotic Approach to the 12-Year Animal Calendar of the Turks of Southern Siberia and the Kazakhs as a Cultural Artifact

Research problem: The article provides a semiotic-comparative analysis of nomadic forms of chronology of the Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia and the Kazakhs. To date, it is relevant to study the ideological basis of the 12-year-old Nomad–Turkic animal calendar - Tengrianism which has complex socio-cultural forms of regulation of human relations that promote interpersonal, interethnic solidarity and cooperation. One of the little-studied problems is a comparative study of the 12-year animal calendar of the Turkic peoples (Teleuts, Tuvans, Kazakhs), which is not only a complex system of cultural adaptation of the life of these peoples to the environment, but also acts as one of the important cultural regulators of the daily life of the Turkic peoples.The aim of the study is a comparative and semiotic analysis of the genesis of sacred time in the form of a 12–year animal calendar of the Turkic nomadic peoples of Southern and Western Siberia. The novelty of the research lies in the comparative and semiotic analysis of the concept of sacred time in the Turkic culture based on the identification of common and different in the forms and ways of organizing their cultural life and in the intercultural communication of the Turkic peoples (Teleuts, Tuvans, Kazakhs).Theoretical and methodological approach : in this article uses comparative and semiotic approaches, the method of cultural relativism, the remote method (R. Benedict), the indigenous methodology of research (C.K. Lamazhaa), as well as methodological studies of Turkologists (Abaev N.V., Mongush B. B., etc.)Research results: Research implemented in 2 thematic blocks "Sacred time in the cultural life of Teleuts and Kazakhs" and "12-year animal calendar as a regulator of the everyday culture of Tuvans, Teleuts and Kazakhs", the following provisions are proved: the genesis and role of the 12-year calendar in the everyday culture of the Teleuts, Tuvans, Kazakhs is substantiated on the basis of identifying typical features, features of the functioning of the model of sacred time in the context of the culture of these peoples, the uniqueness, the manifestation of the sacred time in their daily life is determined by the features;; comparative, semiotic analysis of traditions, customs and holidays, age groups, family life of the Turks of Southern and Western Siberia, based on a 12-year-old animal.on the calendar corresponding to the biorhythms of nature.The 12-year animal calendar of the Turkic nomadic peoples of Southern and Western Siberia, having an archetypal unity of origin, after the adoption of Islam by the Kazakhs and the penetration of Buddhism into the Sayano-Altai Highlands was transformed into the corresponding ideological systems.

Assessing the Ethanologenic Potential of Xylose-Fermenting Yeasts Scheffersomyces stipitis UCM Y-2810

Background. Enhancing the efficiency of second-generation (2G) bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is crucial for advancing sustainable biofuel technologies. However, the conversion of biomass into 2G bioethanol faces substantial challenges, necessitating a comprehensive investigation of microbial agents. Objective. To evaluate the effect of glucose and xylose concentrations, as well as cultivation duration, on the efficiency of ethanologenesis using the model organism Scheffersomyces stipitis UCM Y-2810, and to determine the optimal conditions for achieving maximum ethanol yield. Methods. The effects of glucose and xylose concentrations and cultivation time on ethanologenesis efficiency were evaluated using S. stipitis UCM Y-2810 as a model organism. The experimental design included three levels of factors: xylose concentration (3, 16.5, and 30 g/l), glucose concentration (1, 5.5, and 10 g/l), and cultivation durations (1, 2, and 3 days). Statistical analysis of the experimental data was conducted using a three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design. Results. Under submerged cultivation of the strain of S. stipitis UCM Y-2810 in model media, optimization of the ethanologenesis process resulted in a maximum ethanol yield of 7.74 g/l. The optimal conditions for this yield were identified as follows: xylose concentration of 16.5 g/l, glucose concentration of 7.75 g/l, and a cultivation time of 3 days. Conclusions. The application of the Box–Behnken design revealed that the statistically significant factors influencing ethanologenesis efficiency were xylose concentration, yeast cultivation duration, and the linear-quadratic interaction between these two factors.

BrnQ Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transporters Influence Toxin Production by, but Not Growth of, Clostridium perfringens Type A Strain ATCC3624.

By producing alpha toxin (PLC) and perfringolysin O (PFO), Clostridium perfringens type A strains are the most common cause of traumatic gas gangrene. C. perfringens cannot synthesize branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), so BCAA transporters are essential for C. perfringens growth and survival. C. perfringens type A strain ATCC3624 encodes the BrnQ1, BrnQ2, and BrnQ3 BCAA transporters. RT-PCR analyses showed that, with increasing culture time in TY broth, brnQ2 and brnQ3 expression levels remained stable but brnQ1 expression levels declined. Single null mutants unable to produce one of the BrnQ proteins grew and survived similarly as wild type. However, these mutants all showed altered PLC production, especially in the early culture stage, and those effects were reversible by complementation. Therefore, the presence of BrnQ proteins impacts toxin production levels, even though they are not necessary for growth. Interestingly, a triple mutant that was unable to produce any BrnQ protein also grew similarly as ATCC3624. Since BCAA uptake is essential for C. perfringens, this strain must produce another (still to be identified) BCAA transporter.