Cultural Orientation Research Articles

CSR Communications: The Effects of CSR Activities and Communication Channels

ABSTRACTThis study seeks to address the existing gap by examining how consumer responses vary based on the type of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity and communication channels through two experimental studies. Study 1 investigates the effects of CSR activity on CSR perception and moral elevation, while also exploring the moderating role of cultural orientation, specifically individualism versus collectivism. Study 2 focuses on the influence of CSR activity and communication channels on consumer attitudes, moderated by consumer skepticism. The findings indicate that CSR activity significantly shapes consumer perceptions and moral elevation. Additionally, individualism and collectivism were found to moderate the impact of CSR activity on CSR perception. Furthermore, the interaction between CSR activity and communication channels differentially affects consumer attitudes depending on the level of consumer skepticism. Lastly, CSR perception and moral elevation emerged as important mediators in the relationships between CSR activity and consumer citizenship behaviors.

AI-MDD-UX: Revolutionizing E-Commerce User Experience with Generative AI and Model-Driven Development

E-commerce applications have emerged as key drivers of digital transformation, reshaping consumer behavior and driving demand for seamless online transactions. Despite the growth of smart mobile technologies, existing methods rely on fixed UI content that cannot adjust to local cultural preferences and fluctuating user behaviors. This paper explores the combination of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies with Model-Driven Development (MDD) to enhance personalization, engagement, and adaptability in e-commerce. Unlike static adaptation approaches, generative AI enables real-time, adaptive interactions tailored to individual needs, providing a more engaging and adaptable user experience. The proposed framework follows a three-tier architecture: first, it collects and analyzes user behavior data from UI interactions; second, it leverages MDD to model and personalize user personas and interactions and third, AI techniques, including generative AI and multi-agent reinforcement learning, are applied to refine and optimize UI/UX design. This automation-driven approach uses a multi-agent system to continuously enhance AI-generated layouts. Technical validation demonstrated strong user engagement across diverse platforms and superior performance in UI optimization, achieving an average user satisfaction improvement of 2.3% compared to GAN-based models, 18.6% compared to Bootstrap-based designs, and 11.8% compared to rule-based UI adaptation. These results highlight generative AI-driven MDD tools as a promising tool for e-commerce, enhancing engagement, personalization, and efficiency.

Why did ageing countries fare differently amid COVID-19? A configurational analysis

ABSTRACT This study explores how five conditions – a delayed public-health response, the risk of healthcare capacity being overwhelmed, trust in government, individualistic cultural orientation, and population density – have jointly contributed to high versus low older adults’ mortality rates during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic across 39 ageing countries. A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) identifies four configurations associated with high and an additional five configurations linked to low older adults’ mortality rates. The study underscores the absence of a one-size-fits-all ‘playbook’ that ageing countries can adopt to protect their seniors. They must customize their pandemic response policies to align with their specific cultural and demographic circumstances.

Decoding Global Palates: Unveiling Cross-Cultural Flavor Preferences Through Online Recipes

Navigating cross-cultural food choices is complex, influenced by cultural nuances and various factors, with flavor playing a crucial role. Understanding cultural flavor preferences helps individuals make informed food choices in cross-cultural contexts. We examined flavor differences across China, the US, and Germany, as well as consistent flavor preference patterns using online recipes from prominent recipe portals. Distinct from applying traditional food pairing theory, we directly mapped ingredients to their individual flavor compounds using an authorized database. This allowed us to analyze cultural flavor preferences at the molecular level and conduct machine learning experiments on 25,000 recipes from each culture to reveal flavor-based distinctions. The classifier, trained on these flavor compounds, achieved 77% accuracy in discriminating recipes by country in a three-class classification task, where random choice would yield 33.3% accuracy. Additionally, using user interaction data on appreciation metrics from each recipe portal (e.g., recipe ratings), we selected the top 10% and bottom 10% of recipes as proxies for appreciated and less appreciated recipes, respectively. Models trained within each portal discriminated between the two groups, reaching a maximum accuracy of 66%, while random selection would result in a baseline accuracy of 50%. We also explored cross-cultural preferences by applying classifiers trained on one culture to recipes from other cultures. While the cross-cultural performance was modest (specifically, a max accuracy of 54% was obtained when predicting food preferences ofthe USusers with models trained on the Chinesedata), the results indicate potential shared flavor patterns, especially between Chinese and US recipes, which show similarities, while German preferences differ. Exploratory analyses further validated these findings: we constructed ingredient networks based on co-occurrence relationships to label recipes as savory or sweet, and clustered the flavor profiles of compounds as sweet or non-sweet. These analyses showed opposing trends in sweet vs. non-sweet/savory appreciation between US and German users, supporting the machine learning results. Although our findings are likely to be influenced by biases in online data sources and the limitations of data-driven methods, they may still highlight meaningful cultural differences and shared flavor preferences. These insights offer potential for developing food recommender systems that cater to cross-cultural contexts.

Barriers to Diagnosis and Treatment for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): A Scoping Review.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a significant public health challenge. While research has increased over the past decade, barriers to PMDD diagnosis and treatment persist. This paper explores the global barriers to diagnosis and treatment for PMDD. A scoping review of the literature was performed using the PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL Plus databases to compile existing data on barriers to PMDD diagnosis and treatment. Eligibility criteria for articles included original research published within the last 10 years, written in English, and focused on PMDD with explicit assessment of at least one barrier to diagnosis and/or treatment. Findings were organized into four domains: individual, medical, cultural, and structural barriers. At the individual level, barriers include internalized norms and stigma that deter help-seeking; medical trauma and mistrust; feelings of fear, shame, self-blame, and confusion; and diminished autonomy and increased side effects from prescribed PMDD treatments. Medical barriers include limited provider knowledge, nonadherence to diagnostic and treatment guidelines, and negative patient-provider interactions. Cultural barriers include reproductive and mental health stigma; gender and cultural norms; and cultural preferences for alternative medicine that reduce access to pharmacological treatment. At the structural level, barriers include fragmented healthcare and limited access to health services. These findings highlight the many diagnostic and treatment barriers for individuals living with PMDD, underscoring the need for future research and intersectional approaches to improve health outcomes for this population.

When research relies on wildlife samples obtained from communities: a case study on local cultural contexts of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) harvesting in Tuktoyaktuk, NT and Arviat, NU

Each community across Inuit Nunaat has specific histories, geography, and cultural norms or practices when it comes to beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) harvesting. These coastal communities across Inuit Nunaat range over vast distances but share some similarities. Wildlife samples obtained from Inuit harvesters provide much of the data for current scientific literature in the Arctic. We use beluga as a case study to demonstrate the importance and value of including local contexts in wildlife research by focusing on Arviat, NU and Tuktoyaktuk, NT and their local cultural contexts of beluga harvesting and sampling. Local harvesters were interviewed about beluga to characterize the beluga hunting season, beluga harvest preference and selection, which cuts are preferred, how to examine beluga health, and research priorities. There were marked differences in all these areas between communities, except for how harvesters assess beluga health, which were similar. We also highlight potential research directions raised during the interviews. These findings confirm that there are cultural differences in beluga harvesting between these two communities. These harvest preferences should be accounted for in scientific interpretations of the data, which are often entirely derived from hunter-harvested animals. It follows then that local cultural preferences can result in biases for certain animals (size, colour), as we have shown, illustrating the importance of considering local contexts when conducting wildlife research.

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ISSUE OF ANESTHESIA OF CHILDBIRTH

Introduction. Labor is directly associated with pain. Although its perception is normal, pain relief is required by many women in labor. There has been a significant increase in interest in non-pharmacological methods of pain relief (NMO) during labor. This change is driven by a number of factors, including growing evidence regarding the side effects and risks of pharmacological interventions, which contributes to the increased interest in NMOs that relieve pain and allow women to participate more actively in the labor process.The aim of the study is to summarize current literature on the use of FMO and NMO in labor, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge that require further research.Material and methods. The authors searched for publications in the electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar and ELibrary. The search was conducted using the following keywords in Russian and English: "drug pain relief in labor", "non-drug pain relief in labor", "neuraxial methods of pain relief in labor", "anesthesia in obstetrics", "pharmacological pain management methods", "non-pharmacological pain management techniques", "anesthesia in obstetrics". All papers were published between 2001 and 2024.Results and discussion. Although the pharmacological approach to pain relief in labor is generally accepted in modern practice, it is associated with side effects and financial costs, which, together with the personal and cultural preferences of the patient, may prompt the choice of NMO. NMO methods use the body's natural pain relief mechanisms and promote relaxation, reduce anxiety and increase satisfaction with childbirth. However, limitations such as insufficient analgesic effect, low prevalence, lack of knowledge and skills create obstacles to their use.Conclusion. Neuraxial analgesia is a method that provides the best level of pain relief during labor, associated with minimal risks of side effects. NMO should be integrated in cases where patients prefer to avoid NAR and FMO. NMO is a good addition to FMO, potentially contributing to the improvement of the labor process and a decrease in the incidence of side effects. FMO can be used to relieve pain in patients for whom NAR is contraindicated. The decision on the choice of pain relief method should be the result of joint work of a multidisciplinary committee, including an obstetrician-gynecologist, anesthesiologist-resuscitator, and neonatologist.

How does perceived overqualification hinder employees’ intention to share knowledge?

Facilitating voluntary knowledge transfer and identifying the motivational factors behind it are essential aspects of human resource management (HRM) research. However, the extent to which overqualified employees can serve as potential knowledge sources in sharing remains uncertain, with inconsistent conclusions in the literature. This study explores how perceived overqualification affects employees’ intention to share knowledge, by integrating equity theory and self-categorization theory. Specifically, we propose that perceived overqualification impedes employees’ intention to share knowledge through two motivation mechanisms: reduced affective commitment (organization-oriented) and increased interpersonal conflict (coworker-oriented). Additionally, we examine the moderating role of power distance orientation. Data from 264 Chinese employees collected at two timepoints reveal that perceived overqualification negatively affects intention to share knowledge through reduced affective commitment and increased interpersonal conflict. Furthermore, a high-power-distance orientation mitigates the negative indirect effect of perceived overqualification on intention to share knowledge via affective commitment. These findings contribute to the understanding of the motivational factors underlying knowledge sharing and practical insights for fostering effective knowledge flow. The moderating effect of power distance orientation, as a crucial individual difference, also offers actionable guidance for HRM practitioners and team supervisors in effectively managing employees with diverse cultural value orientations.

Study on cultural differences in user engagement of short video platforms —— based on the transnational comparison between TikTok and Douyin

This study investigates the cultural differences in user engagement between the short video platforms TikTok and Douyin, analyzing their impact on content creation and dissemination in the context of globalization. Employing a mixed-methods approach—including questionnaire surveys (1,000 users), case studies (50 representative content samples), and SPSS-based quantitative analysis—the research reveals distinct cultural dynamics. TikTok fosters global content diversity through algorithm-driven recommendations, encouraging cross-cultural innovation and user interaction. In contrast, Douyin prioritizes local cultural adaptation, with user engagement heavily influenced by localized algorithms and regional identity. The study proposes a "culturally adaptive user participation model," highlighting how cultural contexts shape interaction patterns and platform strategies. Key findings demonstrate that 75% of TikTok users exhibit higher creativity in globally oriented content, while Douyin’s localized approach achieves 30% higher click-through rates for region-specific content. The model provides actionable insights for optimizing platform operations, such as tailoring incentive mechanisms and content strategies to align with cultural preferences. These results underscore the importance of balancing global diversity with local adaptability to enhance user activity and commercial outcomes, offering theoretical and practical guidance for the sustainable development of short video platforms in multicultural environments.

Knowledge-hiding behavior in multicultural management: the impact of cultural values and the buffering effect of cultural intelligence

Graphical representation of abstract Purpose This study aims to investigate the influence of cultural orientations on managers’ knowledge-hiding behavior (KHB) through the lens of individualism and collectivism. It explores how these cultural values shape the intentional concealment of knowledge, with relationship conflict serving as a mediator and cultural intelligence (CI) acting as a moderator. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts a quantitative approach, collecting data over four months (December 2022 to March 2023) from managerial-level employees in multinational companies across various sectors in Pakistan’s major cities (Faisalabad, Lahore and Islamabad). A random sampling technique was employed to distribute questionnaires in two waves, separated by one month, to reduce common method bias. The final sample of 325 responses was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with Smart PLS 4 software. Findings The results reveal that managers with individualistic cultural values are significantly more prone to engage in KHB, whereas managers with collectivist values are less likely to do so. In addition, relationship conflict was found to mediate the relationship between collectivism and KHB, highlighting that collectivist managers may engage in KHB when relational tensions arise. Moreover, CI moderates the influence of cultural values on KHB, suggesting that higher CI can either amplify or mitigate the impact of these cultural orientations on knowledge-hiding tendencies. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by offering novel empirical insights into how cultural values, specifically individualism and collectivism, drive KHB among managers. It also sheds light on the mediating role of relationship conflict and the moderating role of CI, addressing the need for more empirical research on vertical knowledge hiding within multinational contexts. By examining these dynamics, the study fills a critical gap in understanding the cross-cultural influences on managerial behavior, particularly in the context of knowledge management.

Traditional Ethnobotanical Treatments in Bolivia

Epilepsy is a chronic and disabling disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects approximately 70 million people worldwide, with the majority residing in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) [1]. In LMICs, the epilepsy treatment gap (TG) – defined as the proportion of people with epilepsy who require but do not receive treatment – often exceeds 75%. This gap is attributed to multiple factors, including under-resourced healthcare systems, inadequate access to trained medical professionals, limited availability and affordability of antiseizure medications, transportation barriers, and pervasive sociocultural stigmas [2,3]. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the primary therapeutic options for managing epilepsy in high-income countries (HICs), but in many LMICs, traditional remedies continue to play a significant role in many communities due to their relative affordability, distrust of biomedical interventions, and cultural preferences for traditional healing practices [4].

Sustainable Signals: A Global Exploration of Environmental Green Communication Dynamics “A Cross‐Continental, Cross‐Generational, Cross‐Gender and Cross‐Qualification Study”

ABSTRACTThis study examines the determinants of green communication, which mitigates waste, transportation emissions, and other environmental externalities. Drawing on prior literature, the research identifies four key determinants of green communication: cultural orientation, technological orientation, non‐facilitating conditions, and change orientation. The data has been collected from 11 countries across four continents, comprising a sample of 999 participants (n = 999). Theoretical frameworks, including the Theories of Planned Behavior, Gender Schema, Generational Cohort in the context of the drivers of green communication, are tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings indicate that cultural orientation, technological orientation, and change orientation significantly enhance green communication behaviors, whereas non‐facilitating conditions hinder them. Among these, cultural orientation emerges as the most influential driver. Furthermore, the study dissects these effects across gender, generational cohorts, educational background, and geographical regions, revealing variations in determinant influence. These insights highlight the need for context‐specific policies to promote sustainable environmental management at both the micro and macro levels.

Corporate Social Responsibility and SME Growth: The Moderating Effects of Collaborative and Control Cultures in China

ABSTRACTCorporate social responsibility (CSR) plays a crucial role in promoting SME growth. For SMEs, cultural preferences can impact their behaviors and goal attainment. This study explores which culture—collaborative or control—is more conducive to CSR fulfillment and SME growth. The study uses ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis of 1639 Chinese listed SMEs from 2015 to 2023 and establishes a novel quantitative measurement system for corporate culture based on public databases. The findings show that CSR positively impacts SME growth, with collaborative culture strengthening and control culture weakening this effect. These findings highlight the importance of aligning corporate culture with CSR practices to foster SME growth. Especially in developing countries like China, which play a key role in economic development and employment, combining CSR with a collaborative culture can enhance competitiveness, improve sustainability, and contribute to long‐term economic stability.

THE CHANGING STAGE OF (DIGITAL) SELF-PRESENTATION: INTERNET MEMES AND THE BARBENHEIMER

The expanding influence of the internet and social media networks increasingly digitizes individual representations. This new structure, where the boundaries between the virtual and non-virtual (real) worlds blur, also eliminates the distinction between producer and consumer in the context of content creation. This digital universe, characterized by the features of a productive network, fosters creativity while enabling a digitized communication environment through accessible, fluid, easily transferable, and adaptable content as a system. One of the most significant elements of this digitalized shared space is internet memes, which generally consist of a combination of textual and visual elements and function through repetition and adaptation. Memes, which are studied within the framework of political-social movements or advertising and marketing in the relevant academic literature, have not been sufficiently addressed in terms of (digital) self-presentation, including users’ cultural preferences, desires, and expectations. Instead, the focus has largely been limited to studies on selfies and representations of the body. The simultaneous release of the films Barbie and Oppenheimer on July 21, 2023, not only broke box office records but also sparked numerous debates, giving rise to a new concept that originated among cinema audiences and gradually influenced broader audiences. The term Barbenheimer, created by combining the names of these two films, became a medium for digital self-presentation, particularly on social media platforms such as Twitter (now X). This new concept and framework, which has persisted since July 2023, constitutes the focus of our study, specifically in the context of the use of internet memes. Our research focuses on the fluid and evolving nature of the relationship between internet memes, visual communication, and digital self-presentation, based on a content analysis of 250 tweets containing the keyword Barbenheimer and drawing on the emerging literature.

Market Potential & Consumer Behavior Towards Nonalcoholic Wines

The worldwide beverage industry is witnessing a paradigm shift as fitness-aware customers increasingly choose non-alcoholic alternatives to standard alcoholic beverages. Among these, non-alcoholic wines have emerged as a significant segment, driven by changing lifestyles, wellness trends, and regulatory concerns regarding alcohol consumption (Rehm et al., 2023). This study explores the market potential and consumer behaviour toward non-alcoholic wines, highlighting key factors influencing purchasing decisions, market trends, and potential growth opportunities. The demand for non-alcoholic wines is growing due to multiple factors, such as increasing health awareness, the adoption of sober-curious lifestyles, religious and cultural preferences, and expanding government regulations on alcohol consumption (Kucherenko & Uspalenko, 2023). Consumers, particularly millennials and Gen Z, are seeking healthier beverage alternatives that offer a premium experience without the adverse effects of alcohol (Shaw et al., 2023). Additionally, individuals who wish to moderate their alcohol consumption without compromising on taste and social experiences are contributing to this shift in demand (Deroover et al., 2021).

Transitional Settlement Strategy post Disaster - A Comparative Study of Aceh Tsunami and Yogyakarta Earthquake Disaster

Abstract In the aftermath of major disasters, the provision of adequate shelter for displaced populations is a critical and complex challenge. This paper examines and compares the transitional settlement strategies implemented following two significant disasters in Indonesia: the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh and the 2006 Earthquake in Yogyakarta. Through a detailed analysis of the sociocultural contexts, intervention strategies, and outcomes in both cases, we demonstrate the importance of context-specific approaches to transitional settlements that go beyond mere physical shelter provision. Our findings highlight the crucial roles of leveraging local leadership structures, maintaining community bonds, and integrating livelihood development in the recovery process. The contrasting experiences in Aceh and Yogyakarta underscore the need for adaptive strategies that respect local social dynamics and cultural preferences. This comparative study provides valuable insights for improving disaster preparedness and response mechanisms, particularly in diverse sociocultural settings. Transitional settlement not only serve as an emergency safe place during and aftermath of a disaster, but also a healing place for recovery, and reconstruction. A good strategy in transitional settlement development is an important part of disaster management and could become a significant investment for speedy recovery, and building a better more resilient society.

Digital transformation in youth owned MSMEs: A mixed method exploration on the impact of contemporary social commerce on sustainable performance

This study explores the adoption of contemporary social commerce (s-commerce) among Gen-Z-owned Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Nigeria, focusing on factors influencing adoption and its impact on performance. It addresses gaps in existing research by integrating the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework with Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT), examining the role of emerging technologies like AI and social media analytics. An exploratory sequential mixed-method design is employed, integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the first phase, focus group discussions explore the ‘why’ and ‘how’ aspects of the research questions. In the second phase, a quantitative approach tests the proposed hypothetical model using structural equation modeling. The findings reveal that AI integration, innovation culture, and entrepreneurial orientation significantly influence the adoption of s-commerce among Gen-Z-owned MSMEs. However, customer social media proneness, social media analytics integration, and government support show insignificant effects. The adoption of s-commerce positively impacts MSME performance, leading to improved sales, customer engagement, and business growth. This research extends the TOE framework by incorporating previously unexplored factors and integrates DCT to provide a nuanced understanding of s-commerce adoption, offering new insights into the Sub-Saharan African context.

Exploring the impact and challenges of tele-ICU: A qualitative study on nursing perspectives.

Exploring the impact and challenges of tele-ICU: A qualitative study on nursing perspectives.

Cultural Blueprints of Emotion: How Societal Norms Shape Expression, Regulation, and Well-Being

Emotional regulation is intimately tied to cultural practices, however, research regarding this correlation across socioeconomic lines remains scant. The need to understand cultural context as it regards emotional expression and regulation for the sake of psychological wellness remains salient. To explore cultural norms and emotional regulation strategies in the context of emotional wellbeing with a consideration of the moderating effect of socioeconomic status. A cross-sectional study design with a sample of 300 participants obtained through convenience sampling. The participants completed The Cultural Orientation Scale (Triandis & Gelfand, 1998), the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003), and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (Tennant et al., 2007). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation, independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA to determine demographic differences. Found strong positive correlations between cultural norms and emotional expression (r = .88, p < .01), as well as cognitive reappraisal and emotional well-being (r = .78, p < .01). Males demonstrated greater self-reported scores on cognitive reappraisal relative to females (t (288) = 3.12, p = .002). Also, socio-economic status served as a significant predictor of reported cultural norms (F (2,297) = 4.89, p = .008) and emotional wellbeing (F (2,297) = 5.90, p = .003). Emotional regulation strategies and the general well-being of an individual are shaped by cultural values which are of immense importance. These relationships, which have been affected by socioeconomic differences, present an opportunity for culturally specific psychological treatment programs.

The role of parenting stress and perceived social support in affecting family function among families of patients with cleft lip and/or palate: a path analysis based on the family adjustment and adaptation response model

ObjectivesFamily function is important for the normal operation of the family and the development of children. However, existing studies have limited explorations on family function among families of patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). This study aims to validate a hypothesized model of family function based on the family adjustment and adaptation response model, and identify key variables affecting family function among families of patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in China.Materials and methodsThe cross-sectional study enrolled 248 families with CL/P patients from two centers in China. The demographic, clinical, family function, resilience, hope, perceived social support, optimism, parenting stress, and coping data were collected. Path analysis was used to investigate the key variables of the family function.ResultsFamily functions among families of CL/P patients were higher than the Chinese norm in conflict, moral-religious-emphasis, and control. Furthermore, they were lower in expressiveness, independence, achievement orientation, intellectual, cultural orientation, active recreational orientation, and organization. The fitness of the modified path model was evaluated using various measures, including CMIN/DF = 1.954, GFI = 0.914, RFI = 0.801; IFI = 0.919;TLI = 0.909; CFI = 0.917; RMSEA = 0.065. The path analysis showed that perceived social support and parenting stress have a direct positive effect (β = 0.186) and negative effect (β = -0.384), respectively. Hope, optimism, perceived social support, coping, and resilience indirectly affect family function. The effects from highest to lowest are hope (β = 0.260), optimism (β = 0.203), perceived social support (β = 0.085), coping (β = 0.055), and resilience (β = 0.009). The overall effects of different variables on the family function are as follows: parenting stress (β = -0.384), perceived social support (β = 0.271), hope (β = 0.260), optimism (β = 0.203), coping (β = 0.055), and resilience (β = 0.009).ConclusionsThe family functions of families with CL/P patients are worthy of attention in China. This study showed that parenting stress and perceived social support are key factors that directly affect family function. Coping, hope, resilience, and optimism could indirectly affect family function through parenting stress and perceived social support. Therefore, strategies targeting these two key factors should be implemented to facilitate family function among families with CL/P patients.