Violence against nurses, particularly in emergency departments, poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems and can lead to numerous negative consequences for nursing staff. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of workplace violence against nurses in emergency departments of hospitals in Kirkuk, Iraq. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 among 240 nurses working in emergency departments of hospitals in Kirkuk, Iraq, using a census sampling method. Data were collected through self-reported demographic and occupational forms, along with a workplace violence questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 12, employing descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression model. Findings revealed that 30.96% of participating nurses had experienced some form of violence in the past six weeks. The most common type was verbal violence (22.92%), with insults being the most frequent form. The primary perpetrators were patients' families/companions (53.95%), and most incidents occurred during evening and night shifts (88.61%). Sexual violence was reported by 4.62% of nurses, while 5.46% experienced racial violence. Notably, 65.38% of nurses did not report violent incidents. Multiple linear regression analysis identified significant associations between violence exposure and variables such as emergency department type, job satisfaction, and workplace relationships (P<0.05). The study highlights the high prevalence of violence against emergency nurses in Kirkuk, emphasizing the role of occupational and cultural factors. Recommendations include public awareness campaigns on nurses' roles, addressing patient/family needs and cultural differences, and implementing educational interventions, improved reporting systems, and organizational support to reduce violence in emergency settings.

This systematic review examined the relationship between various leadership styles and organizational performance, drawing on 42 studies published between 2019 and 2025. Although extensive research exists, the literature remains fragmented due to inconsistent contexts, overlapping constructs, and diverse performance indicators. The review aimed to (1) determine which leadership styles are most strongly linked to performance outcomes, (2) identify mediating and moderating factors that shape this relationship, and (3) highlight gaps for future research. Guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework, relevant studies were systematically gathered from Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Emerald Insight, and Google Scholar. A narrative synthesis approach was used to integrate both quantitative and qualitative evidence. Findings revealed that transformational leadership most consistently enhances innovation, employee engagement, and long-term organizational performance. Transactional leadership contributes to short-term efficiency and goal attainment, while servant leadership fosters ethical cultures and supports employee well-being. Emerging models, remarkably adaptive and distributed leadership, are gaining prominence in post-pandemic and digital work environments. The results also indicate that leadership effectiveness is context-dependent, with cultural and sector-specific differences influencing outcomes. Overall, the review concludes that no single leadership style universally guarantees organizational success. Instead, a blended approach incorporating transformational, servant, and adaptive elements appears most effective in promoting resilience and sustainable performance. These insights offer valuable implications for leadership development, organizational policy, and innovation strategies in rapidly evolving environments.

Sibling sexual abuse: What do we know about professional responses? Stage 2 analysis of a 2-stage scoping review.

The purpose of this study was to develop a qualitative model explaining how neuromarketing influences customer purchase decision-making in the context of FMCG industry. This research employed a qualitative phenomenological design with an interpretive approach. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 13 experts in psychology, neuroscience, and marketing, selected via purposive snowball sampling from a pool of approximately 50 specialists located in District 6 of Tehran. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and verified by participants. Data analysis followed grounded theory principles and the coding framework of King and Horrocks (2010), moving from descriptive coding to interpretive coding and thematic integration. Credibility and trustworthiness were ensured through prolonged engagement, triangulation, peer debriefing, and member checking, applying the four criteria of Guba and Lincoln—credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The analysis yielded 146 initial codes that were categorized into contextual, causal, strategic, and intervening conditions, with outcomes integrated under a central category of neuromarketing. Contextual conditions emphasized content structuring and emotional engagement, while causal conditions highlighted the role of sensory stimuli such as packaging, color, and music. Strategies included storytelling, multisensory experiences, and visual displays, whereas intervening conditions revealed cultural differences, conflicting information, and brand switching behaviors as mediators of consumer response. Outcomes indicated increased purchase intention, brand trust, emotional stimulation, and consumer satisfaction. Collectively, the findings illustrate how subconscious cognitive and emotional mechanisms shape purchasing behavior in supermarket settings. Neuromarketing provides a powerful framework for understanding and influencing consumer behavior by integrating sensory, emotional, and cognitive dimensions into marketing strategies. This study highlights the importance of tailoring neuromarketing interventions to cultural and contextual factors while emphasizing trust and ethical responsibility in fostering sustainable consumer–brand relationships.

Evaluating the Factor Structure of the Preliminary Version of EuroQol Health and Well-Being Instrument in China: A Replication of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Early life adversity and physical health implications in adulthood: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

This study explores user satisfaction with the coastal promenade in Yomra, Trabzon, completed in 2021, and how tourist presence affects that satisfaction. Survey data indicate that most users are local residents who are generally pleased with the new coastal area. However, the presence of tourists—particularly from culturally different backgrounds—lowers overall satisfaction. Yomra has become a major destination for Arab tourism over the past 20 years, contributing to rapid development but also creating challenges in the shared use of public spaces. The findings highlight the importance of coastal areas in the city–coast relationship, while also showing that cultural differences among users can weaken this connection. As a result, coastal planning should not only focus on user needs and participatory approaches but also consider the cultural and social dynamics of tourism to ensure inclusive and sustainable public space management.

Maternal Health Literacy Among Migrant Women: A Co-Design Study in Portugal

With the impact of globalization, business interactions between China and France have deepened continuously, yet negotiation obstacles caused by cultural differences still persist. Based on Edward Halls high-context and low-context culture theory and Brown-Levinsons politeness strategy theory, this paper combines their intersection points and conducts discussions through theoretical analysis and illustrative examples. Focusing on the pragmatic differences between Chinese and French negotiators, it explores three aspects: language, non-language, and "face". It is found that Chinese negotiators are characterized by an indirect, implicit, and interpersonal relationship-oriented communication style under high-context culture, while French negotiators adopt a direct, clear, and task-centered communication mode typical of low-context culture. These differences may lead to misunderstandings between Chinese and French negotiators regarding price, controversial issues, and interpersonal relationship building. In response to the above reasons, this paper proposes a hierarchical solution based on "cognition-strategy-process", namely conducting in-depth cross-cultural training, facilitating bilateral adaptive communication, and establishing cultural buffer zones during negotiations, so as to ensure effective communication channels for Sino-French business negotiations.

Nursing care that aims to improve quality of life requires a holistic and human-centered approach. Katharine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory supports this perspective by placing comfort as the core of nursing care, encompassing physical, psycho-spiritual, social, and environmental dimensions. This literature review explores the philosophical foundation, application, and outcomes of Comfort Theory across various nursing settings. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, including publications from 2015–2024 in the form of research articles, books, and policy documents. The selected literature was analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring themes related to the application, benefits, and challenges of Comfort Theory in nursing practice. The findings indicate that Comfort Theory supports patient-centered nursing interventions, such as postoperative music therapy, spiritual support for terminal patients, peer support for individuals with chronic illness, and improvements in the hospital environment. Several studies reported increased patient satisfaction, reduced anxiety, and shorter hospital stays. Identified challenges included limited nursing time, cultural differences, and insufficient training. Despite existing barriers, effective leadership, supportive institutional policies, and continuous education were found to facilitate successful implementation of Comfort Theory. Overall, the theory demonstrates strong relevance in contemporary nursing practice by promoting holistic comfort and contributing to improved patient quality of life.

This paper conducts a comparative study of ancestor worship systems in Africa and pre-Qin China. Through in-depth analysis of the belief systems, ritual practices, social functions, and historical evolution of ancestor worship in these two cultural contexts, it is found that despite significant regional and cultural differences, ancestor worship in both Africa and pre-Qin China played similar core roles in maintaining social order and strengthening cultural identity. The study reveals that African ancestor worship exhibited a stronger pragmatic tendency and practical interactivity, while pre-Qin Chinese ancestor worship was institutionalized and formalized into rituals earlier, becoming an important source of legitimacy for political power. This comparison not only helps to understand the commonalities of early human religious thought but also provides a new perspective for cross-cultural studies.

The rapid growth of the K-Pop industry has intensified the negative impact of dating scandals on parasocial relationships between fans and idols. This study examines cultural differences in how Indonesian and South Korean K-Pop fans respond to such scandals, which may lead to parasocial breakups. Based on parasocial relationship theory and employing a qualitative comparative design, six participants, three from each country, were recruited through convenience sampling. Findings reveal that fans experienced both positive and negative emotions, including acceptance and endorsement. South Korean fans tended to respond more negatively, whereas Indonesian fans displayed greater positivity and support toward their idols. By highlighting significant cultural differences, these findings provide insights into the dynamics of fan–idol relationships and emphasize the importance of fostering supportive and healthy fan cultures to mitigate the psychological impact of dating scandals on idols.

ABSTRACT Tang and Song Dynasty gardens hold a significant place in the history of Chinese gardens, forming an indispensable link in the development of Chinese gardens. Current research on the spatial differences and evolution of Tang and Song gardens remains insufficient. This study utilizes text mining techniques and logistic regression to extract garden-related elements from Tang and Song poetry, constructing a logistic regression model containing 321 factors. By analyzing the odd ratios and significance value of each factor, the spatial differences and evolution of Tang and Song Dynasty gardens were explained from four dimensions: region, ecology, architecture, and human behavior. The study reveals that Tang and Song Dynasty gardens were geographically distributed along waterways. In terms of garden ecology, Tang and Song gardens each possessed unique characteristics. Regarding garden architecture, Tang dynasty gardens were grand and imposing, while Song Dynasty gardens were small and exquisite. Finally, human behavior within the gardens of both dynasties changed due to differences in economic culture and aesthetic tastes. In conclusion, studying the spatial differentiation and multi-dimensional evolution of Tang and Song gardens helps to understand the construction paradigms of gardens in these two dynasties and provides methodological support for the sustainable design of modern gardens.

Background Occupational balance (OB) is a subjective feeling of having the right amount and variety of occupations. Aims/objectives The study aims to translate the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11) into Chinese (OBQ11-C) and to examine its psychometric properties for people with depression in Taiwan. Material/methods The OBQ11 was translated and reviewed by 10 experts. Subjects with depression were referred from two psychiatric outpatient clinic in central Taiwan. Cognitive debriefing involved 10 subjects, while 161 subjects (average age = 39.2 ± 14.0, 66.5% female) were assessed for reliability and validity using classical test theory by PASW 20.0 and Rasch analysis by Winsteps 5.3.0. Results The OBQ11-C showed good content validity, internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90), item–total correlation (0.49–0.77) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.90). Rasch analysis results supported the four-point Likert scale, unidimensionality, item separation (3.95), item reliability (0.94), person separation (2.87) and person reliability (0.89), and may have cultural and population differences compared with other language versions. Conclusions The OBQ11-C is a valid tool for assessing OB in Chinese-speaking individuals, particularly those with depression in Taiwan. Significance This study validates a tool designed to assess OB as a foundation for creating individualised, occupation-based programmes for individuals with depression.

Markus and Kitayama identified two types of self-construal, namely interdependent and independent, that reflect cultural differences in self-perception. Based on this framework, research has shown that self-construal influences many aspects of behavior. To investigate causal hypotheses related to culture, researchers have developed various methods for priming self-construal, such as using cultural icons. Given that music is a cultural product that conveys cultural values, it holds potential as a means to prime interdependent and independent self-construals. This study explored whether music could serve as a self-construal priming manipulation. Thirty bicultural participants (ethnically Chinese Singaporeans) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a control condition, a Chinese music condition, or a Western music condition. Mixed-model ANOVA results showed significant main effects but no significant interaction effects. Specifically, participants reported significantly lower scores for both interdependent and independent self-construals at the post-test compared to the pre-test, regardless of the music condition. Further analysis revealed significant changes in particular self-construal dimensions, including self-direction vs. reception to influence, consistency vs. variability, and self-interest vs. commitment to others, between pre-test and post-test across all music conditions. These findings underscore the complexity of using music to prime self-construals, which may explain why no studies to date have utilized this priming method. Nonetheless, this study highlights the profound impact listening to music, and even silence, can have on self-perception and identity. Further research is needed to establish the reliability of music-based priming and understand its underlying mechanisms.

This study examines the similarities and differences in the marketing strategies of vegan restaurants in the U.S. and Canada. Analyzing the websites of 108 vegan restaurants across major cities, the research applies McCarthy & Perreault's 4P framework (Product, Place, Price, Promotion) to assess appeals to ethical consumption and consumer conscientiousness. Findings show a strong emphasis on health, quality, and organic products, with over 70% promoting organic items, aligning with the demand for ethical and eco-friendly choices. Cultural differences emerged: Canadian restaurants emphasize local sourcing, community, and environmental impact, while U.S. establishments focus more on health and wellness messaging. Mentions of animal welfare and spirituality were rare, despite being key to vegan values. While marketing strategies were similar overall, national differences such as health in the U.S. and local sourcing in Canada suggest the need for tailored strategies. The study concludes that ethical and conscientious consumption serves as both a competitive advantage and a core value, and restaurants aligning with these principles can boost consumer loyalty and thrive in the growing market.

Purpose Recent studies in the Middle East have highlighted challenges related to children's physical activity (PA) and active play due to environmental factors and sociocultural barriers. However, no study has yet explored the perspectives of young children. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the socio-cultural and personal barriers to PA and active play from children's perspectives in Abu Dhabi Emirate (AD), United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods This study was a qualitative research using the grounded theory approach to explore PA in young children. Eleven focus group discussions were conducted involving 64 children aged 4−8 years (nursery to gradeschool). Each session lasted for 20−30 minutes, and reflexivity exercises were performed to address cultural bias. The audio transcripts were coded iteratively by multiple researchers. Results Children often delay playtime because of homework, waiting for cooler temperatures, fear of playing outside at night, or preference of digital entertainment instead of engaging in active play. The findings of the current study indicates significant cultural differences between Emirati and expatriate children regarding play time, play activities, and playmates. Community and organizational factors such as play locations and school environments also play a role in child PA participation. Safety concerns, lack of parental supervision, weather, and academic responsibilities were identified as being the major barriers to active play. Moreover, school policies and children’s perception of school as a place for study rather than play further limit participation in PA by the children. Conclusion These findings from the children’s perspectives underscore the importance of addressing both cultural attitudes and structural barriers to promote active play and PA among young children in AD. Interventions involving families, schools, and communities are essential to create supportive environments that balance academic priorities with children’s need for safe and engaging play opportunities.

BackgroundThis study aimed to understand the relationship between e-health literacy, health perception, cyberchondria, and health anxiety among foreign university students in Turkey. International students often face unique challenges such as language barriers, cultural differences, and limited familiarity with local healthcare systems, which may lead them to rely more heavily on online health information and shape their responses to health-related uncertainty and stress. Understanding these dynamics is essential from a public health perspective, as this population represents a vulnerable group whose health behaviors and digital engagement have important implications for both individual well-being and broader community health.MethodsA cross-sectional design was used in the study. The sample consisted of 352 foreign students selected through the convenience sampling method. The study data were collected from a university in the Western Black Sea Region in Turkey between June 2024 and November 2024. A serial multiple mediation analysis was applied to examine the direct and indirect effects of health perception on e-health literacy.ResultsThe findings show that health perception positively affects e-health literacy, but cyberchondria and health anxiety have important mediating roles in this relationship. Findings suggest that individuals with negative health perception are more likely to exhibit behaviors such as increased health-related information-seeking, which may be associated with elevated levels of cyberchondria and health anxiety. The serial mediating role of cyberchondria and health anxiety further exacerbates the negative impact of negative health perception on e-health literacy.ConclusionsThe study highlights the complex interplay between psychological factors and digital health behaviors among foreign students. Improving e-health literacy requires addressing health perception and mitigating anxiety-related behaviors. The findings suggest the importance of developing culturally tailored digital health literacy programs to support informed decision-making and reduce vulnerability to online health misinformation.

The study explores the concept of the X-Minute City, an evolution of the 15-min city paradigm, as an operational tool for sustainable urban regeneration in Europe. Starting from the goal of ensuring daily accessibility to key services within 5–20 min on foot or by bicycle, the research analyses how this proximity model can respond to contemporary environmental, social, and infrastructural challenges. Through a comparative approach between Amsterdam and Milan, chosen for their regulatory and cultural differences, the study combines documentary analysis, urban policy evaluation, and the construction of a grid of multidimensional indicators relating to proximity, sustainable mobility, spatial reuse, and social inclusion. In conceptual terms, the X-Minute City is understood here as a flexible and governance-oriented extension of the 15-min city, in which proximity is treated as an adaptive temporal band (5–20 min) and as an infrastructure of multilevel urban governance rather than a fixed and universal design rule. The findings highlight that in the Netherlands, the model is supported by a coherent and integrated regulatory framework, while in Italy, innovative local experiments and bottom-up participatory practices prevail. The analysis demonstrates that integrating the X-Minute City with multilevel governance tools and inclusive policies can foster more equitable, resilient, and sustainable cities. Finally, the research proposes an adaptable and replicable framework, capable of transforming the X-Minute City from a theoretical vision to an operational infrastructure for 21st-century European urban planning. The limitations of this predominantly qualitative, document-based approach are discussed, together with future directions for integrating spatial accessibility modelling and participatory methods.

The aim of this review was to discuss the effect of dental fear and anxiety on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children, based on recent literature. Oral health is an important part of general health and allows individuals to eat, speak, and interact socially without pain or discomfort. Quality of life includes physical, emotional, and social well-being. The concept of OHRQoL combines these two areas and is especially important in pediatric dentistry, as oral problems can strongly affect children’s daily lives. Dental fear is a common emotional response to the dental environment, while dental anxiety refers to persistent worry about dental treatment. The prevalence of dental fear and anxiety in children varies widely across studies due to differences in age, culture, and assessment methods. Children who experience dental fear and anxiety often avoid visiting the dentist. As a result, oral health problems such as dental caries may remain untreated and worsen over time, leading to pain and infection. The article highlights a bidirectional relationship between dental fear and oral health. Poor oral health, especially tooth decay and toothache, can increase dental fear and anxiety. At the same time, dental anxiety causes children to avoid dental care, which further worsens oral health. This negative cycle affects several aspects of OHRQoL, including chewing ability, speech, appearance, emotional well-being, and social interaction. Consequently, children may experience reduced self-confidence and lower overall quality of life. Parental factors, particularly maternal dental anxiety, play an important role in the development of dental fear in children. Low socioeconomic status, lower educational level, irregular dental visits, and negative previous dental experiences are also associated with higher anxiety levels. The review emphasizes the importance of early detection of dental fear and anxiety. Positive dental experiences, regular dental visits, and appropriate behavioral guidance techniques can help reduce anxiety and improve cooperation. In conclusion, early intervention and effective management of dental fear and anxiety are essential to improve children’s oral health and enhance their oral health-related quality of life.