Screening Of Cultivars Research Articles

Variation of Major Chemical Composition in Seed-Propagated Population of Wild Cocoa Tea Plant Camellia ptilophylla Chang.

Excessive intake of high-caffeine tea will induce health-related risk. Therefore, breeding and cultivating tea cultivars with less caffeine is a feasible way to control daily caffeine intake. Cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla Chang) is a wild tea plant which grows leaves with little or no caffeine. However, the vegetative propagation of cocoa tea plants is difficult due to challenges with rooting. Whether natural seeds collected from wild cocoa tea plants can be used to produce less-caffeinated tea remains unknown, because research on the separation of traits among the seed progeny population is lacking. The present study was set to investigate the variation of caffeine and other chemical compositions in seed-propagated plant individuals using colorimetric and HPLC methods. It shows that there were great differences in chemical composition among the seed-propagated population of wild cocoa tea plants, among which some individuals possessed caffeine contents as high as those of normal cultivated tea cultivars (C. sinensis), suggesting that the naturally seed-propagated cocoa tea seedlings are not suitable for directly cultivating leaf materials to produce low-caffeine tea. Therefore, the cocoa tea plants used for harvesting seeds for growing low-caffeine tea plants should be isolated in order to prevent their hybridization with normal cultivated C. sinensis plants. Interestingly, the leaves of cocoa tea seedlings contained high levels of gallocatechin gallate (GCG) and would be a good source of leaf materials for extracting more stable antioxidant, because GCG is a more stable antioxidant than epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the dominant component of catechins in normal cultivated tea cultivars. Some plant individuals which contained low levels of caffeine along with high levels of amino acids and medium levels of catechins, are considered to be promising for further screening of less-caffeinated green tea cultivars.

Screening for low phosphorus-tolerant soybean cultivars from the Japanese core collection

Screening for low phosphorus-tolerant soybean cultivars from the Japanese core collection

Rice tolerance to acetochlor with a fenclorim seed treatment

AbstractRice producers in the United States need effective herbicides to control problematic weeds. Previous research has demonstrated that acetochlor can provide in-season weed control in rice; however, undesirable injury is common. Thus, trials were initiated in 2020 and 2021 to evaluate 1) rice cultivar tolerance to microencapsulated (ME) acetochlor with the use of a fenclorim seed treatment at 2.5 g ai kg−1 of seed; 2) a dose-response of a fenclorim seed treatment with ME acetochlor; and 3) rice tolerance to fenclorim and ME acetochlor under cool, wet conditions. For all trials, acetochlor was applied delayed-preemergence (4 to 7 d after planting). In the dose-response trials and in the presence of acetochlor, the fenclorim seed treatment rate of 2.5 g ai kg−1 reduced rice injury and increased rice plant heights and shoot numbers relative to acetochlor without fenclorim, and plant heights and shoot numbers were comparable to those of the nontreated control in all evaluations. In the cultivar screening, 14 of 16 cultivars exhibited <20% injury with acetochlor at 1,260 g ai ha−1 and fenclorim at 2.5 g ai kg−1 2 wk after emergence (WAE) at the Pine Tree Research Station (PTRS). At the Rice Research and Extension Center (RREC) 2 and 4 WAE and at PTRS 4 WAE, all cultivars exhibited <20% injury with acetochlor and fenclorim. The fenclorim seed treatment in the presence of acetochlor provided comparable rice plant height, shoot numbers, groundcover, and rough rice yield to that of the nontreated control. Under cool, wet conditions, rice injury without fenclorim ranged from 15% to 60% with acetochlor at 1,050 g ai ha−1, whereas injury from acetochlor with the fenclorim seed treatment ranged from 0% to 20%. Based on the results of these experiments, the fenclorim seed treatment appears to safen an assortment of rice cultivars from injury caused by ME acetochlor.

Cultivar assortment index (CAI): a tool to evaluate the ozone tolerance of Indian Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) cultivars.

The adverse impact of climate change on crop yield has accelerated the need for identification of crop cultivars resistant to abiotic stress. In the present study, a cultivar assortment index (CAI) was generated for the evaluation of forty Amaranthus hypochondriacus cultivars response to elevated ozone (EO) concentrations (AO + 30ppb) in Free Air Ozone Enrichment (FAOE) facility using the parameters viz. foliar injury, gaseous exchange attributes, namely, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular carbon dioxide, and water use efficiency along with above ground biomass and grain yield attributes. The dataset was used to identify key indicator parameters responsive to EO through principal component analysis (PCA) and further transformed to obtain linear score and weighted score. The CAI varied from 70.49 to 193.43. Cultivars having CAI value less than 151 were ozone tolerant (OT) whereas cultivars with CAI values between 150 and 170 were moderately tolerant (MOT). The cultivars exhibiting CAI values above 170 were ozone sensitive (OS). The cultivars exhibited differential sensitivity to EO with IC-5994 (CAI = 187.26) being the most affected cultivar whereas IC-5576 (CAI = 83.38) and IC-5916 (CAI = 70.49) being the least affected ones. The CAI, based on linear score and weighted score, offers easy identification of ozone sensitive (OS) and ozone tolerant (OT) cultivars. This index could help researchers to define a clear and strong basis for identification of OT cultivars which will reduce the time required for preliminary screening and further evaluation of crop cultivars for the development of climate smart crops.

Presence of RBDV-resistant associated markers within raspberry cultivars from Siberian and Uralian breeding programs

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) is one of the most harmful viruses infecting raspberry and cause significant reduction of harvest. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) may help in breeding RBDV-resistant cultivars. At present some molecular markers distinguishing resistant and susceptible cultivars with high accuracy have been developed. In our research screening of raspberry cultivars from siberian and uralian breeding programs was carried out by two markers - rasp_N_gene_1202 and BC615_553_Alu I. It is found out that 7 of 28 cultivars have bands associated with resistance to RBDV. These are ‘Avrora, ‘Za zdravie, ‘Ogonek, ‘Rubinovaya, ‘Fantaziya, ‘Vysokaya, ‘Muza’ and ‘Arochnaya, They have different origin and wild and cultivated relatives of red raspberry was within their ancestors. This research is just only molecular-genetic assessmnent of potential sources for resistance to RBDV within raspberry cultivars from siberian and uralian breeding programs and its results need in additional checking. However, the obtained data may help in further researches of RBDV-resistance and also in breeding of new cultivars.

Comparative analysis of differentially expressed miRNAs in leaves of three sugarcanes (Saacharum officinarum L.) cultivars during salinity stress.

Sugarcane is an important industrial plant cultivated mostlyin the arid and semiarid regions. Due to climate change and anthropogenic activities, the sugarcane fieldsare prone to be damagedas a result of salt deposition. The consequence of such phenomena is turning to become a major thread in sugarcane cultivation. To address this issue, the identification of salinity tolerant cultivars would be a suitable strategy to minimize yield loss in the area. It is well known thatthe expression of abiotic stress-responsive genes including noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) and their codingtargetscould lead to enhancement of stress tolerance in crops. Therefore, the expression study of those noncoding and coding genes under stress conditions is an appropriate approach to screen the tolerant cultivars. In addition, the examination of the expression of miRNA's target genes could provide deeper insight into the molecular stress mechanism and facilitate the identification of tolerant cultivars. We aimedto assess the expression of nine candidate miRNAsand their corresponding targeted genes among the studied sugarcane cultivars under high salinity conditions, leading to the identification of the salt-tolerant cultivar. To achieve our goal, a two-factorial experiment with three sugarcane cultivars (CP-48, CP-57, CP-69) and two salinity levels (0 and 8 ds/m) was conducted. The result indicated significant differences in expression with in miRNAs and also their target genes. The highest reduction of miRNAs expression occurred in miR160 while the lowest oneappeared in miR1432. The data also indicated that the higher and the lowest expression of targeted genes occurred in miR160 and miR393 respectively. Among studied cultivars, the CP-57 showed poor performance while CP-69 expresses a superior tolerance to salt stress. Taken together, these results suggested that the monitoring of microRNA expressioncould provide a new approach forthe screening of well-adapted cultivars under salt conditions. Such an approach would be the appropriate solutionto combat plant stress inhigh salinity region/soil. Our result indicated that the miR160 generates sugarcane tolerant to salt stress, can be potentially be used as a biomarker to salt stress.

Time-Series Monitoring of Transgenic Maize Seedlings Phenotyping Exhibiting Glyphosate Tolerance

Glyphosate is a widely used nonselective herbicide. Probing the glyphosate tolerance mechanism is necessary for the screening and development of resistant cultivars. In this study, a hyperspectral image was used to develop a more robust leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) prediction model based on different datasets to finally analyze the response of LCC to glyphosate-stress. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) was used to dynamically monitor the photosynthetic physiological response of transgenic glyphosate-resistant and wild glyphosate-sensitive maize seedlings and applying chemometrics methods to extract time-series features to screen resistant cultivars. Six days after glyphosate treatment, glyphosate-sensitive seedlings exhibited significant changes in leaf reflection and photosynthetic activity. By updating source domain and transfer component analysis, LCC prediction model performance was improved effectively (the coefficient of determination value increased from 0.65 to 0.84). Based on the predicted LCC and ChlF data, glyphosate-sensitive plants are too fragile to protect themselves from glyphosate stress, while glyphosate-resistant plants were able to maintain normal photosynthetic physiological activity. JIP-test parameters, φE0, VJ, ψE0, and M0, were used to indicate the degree of plant damage caused by glyphosate. This study constructed a transferable model for LCC monitoring to finally evaluate glyphosate tolerance in a time-series manner and verified the feasibility of ChlF in screening glyphosate-resistant cultivars.

Comparison of crown and root inoculation method for evaluating the reaction of sugar beet cultivars to Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2 IIIB

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is the second major economically important sugar-yielding crops in the world and the US ranked third in world sugar beet production. Sugar beet crown rot and root rot are caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Khün) is a serious threat for sugar beet production and processing. Prior to the adoption of Roundup Ready® sugar beet (RRSB) cultivars, crown rot was a serious problem caused by mechanical tillage operations required for weed control. Following the introduction and large-scale cultivation of RRSB, however, crown rot was reduced but root rot became severe. This necessitated reassessment of screening methods for development of Rhizoctonia resistant cultivars. In this study we evaluated two inoculation methods, viz. crown inoculation and root inoculation methods for development of Rhizoctonia root rot and assessed their efficacy to differentiate the reaction of sugar beet cultivars. The results of this study demonstrated that the root inoculation method is optimal for consistent disease rating of the germplasms in the greenhouse. It was concluded that use of root inoculation method is convenient and accurate for screening of RRSB cultivars in a resistance breeding program.

Screening of tomato cultivars against leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) infesting tomato in mid-hills of Meghalaya, India

Screening of tomato cultivars against leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) infesting tomato in mid-hills of Meghalaya, India

Screening of cultivars against cassava brown streak disease and molecular identification of the phytopathogenic infection-associated viruses

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) has been reported as a serious and significant constraint on the cassava crop in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), especially in its eastern part, South Kivu, where cassava has exceedingly high socio-economic value in small-holder farming systems. The recent rapid spread and damage of CBSD are alarming. Compared to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) which causes yield losses of up to 70% in very susceptible cassava cultivars, CBSD destroys whole the field causing 100% crop loss, including immediate and direct losses of tuberous roots, planting material, and quality of leaves. The study gathered information on the circulation of viral species present in the region, and screening of cassava cultivars against CBSD. Here we evaluated the disease incidence (DI) and severity (DS), whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci parameters including number of nymphs and adults. Thereat, the work consisted of quantifying the pressure of the disease to find performing cassava cultivars, which may still be recommendable for farmers. Thirty-one improved and local Congolese cassava cultivars were selected. Disease assessment focused more specifically on morphological, epidemiologic studies, and advanced molecular diagnostic techniques for virus detection. The mean extreme values of disease incidence and severity ranged respectively from 0.0 to 59.44%, and 1 to 2.86, root infection up to 100%, whiteflies up to 2 adults, and 68 nymphs per plant. Accordingly, the viral species identified in circulation are Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) (picornalike (+) ssRNA viruses, Ipomovirus, Potyviridae). Varieties like Cibongoyoka, Dorothea, Kamegere, Korengo, Liyayi, M’Bailo, Nabana, Rav, and Siri showed no symptoms of necrosis on the roots. Some cultivars are even less susceptible or not to the disease and may be recommended in this time of the lack of planting material for farmers.

Screening of Durum Wheat Cultivars for Selenium Response under Contrasting Environments, Based on Grain Yield and Quality Attributes.

In the literature, little information is available on the effect of Selenium (Se) on durum wheat yield and grain quality performances. A field investigation was conducted to explore the effect of exogenous Se foliar supply on two types of durum wheat germplasm; i.e., 16 advanced lines and nine modern varieties. The Se effect was assessed on grain yield as well as on technological quality traits (moisture, protein and gluten contents, Zeleny sedimentation index, and deformation energy) in two contrasting environments in Tunisia, namely Kef–Boulifa (semi-arid region) and Beja (sub-humid region). The results displayed significant effects of environments, Se foliar application, and cultivars on grain yield and quality attributes. For grain yield performance, the beneficial effect of Se was more pronounced under the Kef–Boulifa environment, and conversely for the grain quality. A genetic variation was observed within and among the two environments under both Se treatments (with and without Se). Notably, the Se-treated advanced lines displayed the highest grain yield under Kef–Boulifa and Beja conditions. Although these cultivars showed better grain quality in both sites, the modern varieties valorized the Se foliar application better. Cultivars that recorded the highest values for the studies attributes were not necessarily those that valorized the Se supply better. Interestingly, some advanced lines have noted superiority compared to the modern varieties. In this study, cultivars that combine both good yield and good grain quality were determined for semi-arid (L11, L1, Dhahbi, and Maali) and sub-humid (L2, L14, L6, L3, Salim, and INRAT 100) zones. The screening results provide genetic material that could be exploited in breeding programs to improve Se use efficiency.

A Proposal for Evaluation of Seedling Emergence and Growth under Mechanical Impedance

ABSTRACT Compaction can affect the emergence and growth of seedlings and, consequently, harm the development of the culture. However, there are no standardized methodologies that allow evaluating the characteristics of seedlings grown in high mechanical impedance. Thus, the objective of this research was to develop an efficient, standardized, and reproducible methodology to assess seedling emergence and growth in response to increased mechanical impedance, using soybean as a model crop. The proposal consists of a PVC (polyvinyl chloride) column on a tray, both filled with sand of standardized granulometry. A perforated metallic disk is placed on the surface of the column, which receives loads to simulate different levels of mechanical impedance (0.15; 0.60 and 0.87 MPa). Seeds of four soybean cultivars were planted inside the holes of the discs and cultivated for 7 days. The high penetration resistance of the roots did not affect the final percentage of emergence of soybean seedlings. However, speed and uniformity of emergence; volume, length, diameter, surface area of roots; and biomass production of roots and shoots respond to treatments and provide the screening of soybean cultivars in different groups of mechanical impedance response. The methodology allows an efficient, standardized and reproducible estimation of the percentage and speed of emergence, as well as the growth characters of seedlings under increasing mechanical impedance.

QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF TERPENOID CONTENT IN SOME TEA CULTIVARS OF NORTH EAST INDIA AND THEIR IN VITRO CELL CULTURES USING AN OPTIMIZED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD

Terpenoids, which constitute one of the most diverse groups of bioactive compounds in plants, contribute to about 60% of the known natural compounds. Tea (Camellia sinensis), which is a highly preferred beverage throughout the world, is also rich in these flavor-imparting bioactive compounds. In this study, a simplified spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of terpenoids in polyphenol-rich tea plant. Furthermore, terpenoid content in leaves and flowers of tea plant and their respective in vitro cultured cells have also been estimated. Terpenoid content was found to be up to five folds higher in flowers (123.9 mg/g DW) than in leaves (24.2 mg/g DW), and up to 1.7 folds higher in cultured flower cells (184.8 mg/g DW) as compared to in vitro cultured leaf cells (110.1 mg/g DW). Additionally, comparison of terpenoid content in tea leaves across the four different plucking seasons revealed a unique pattern wherein second (42.2 mg/g) and fourth flush (42.6 mg/g) tea were found to have the highest terpenoid content. First of its kind, this study provides an inexpensive method for screening of cultivars with better flavour and defense attributes. Furthermore, it also paves a way for future research in tea flowers which have high terpenoid content and the utilization of these therapeutic bioactive terpenoids in the development of diverse products for human health and wellness.

Temperature tolerance threshold and mechanism of oxidative damage in the leaf of Coffea arabica ‘Typica’ under heat stress

ABSTRACT Coffea arabica, an economically important crop, accounts for most of the coffee consumed globally. Increasing temperature due to climate change can cause a decrease in productivity in many crops, including coffee plants. The maximum temperature at which damage is induced has been reported for many crops, but it remains unclear in coffee plants. Here, we investigated the effect of different temperatures and the physiological damage induced by heat stress using both leaf disks and intact plants of Coffea arabica ‘Typica’. In the experiment using intact plants, we observed leaf damage by a decrease in soil plant analysis development value, and an increase in electrolyte leakage after exposure to 45°C for 96 h, whereas no leaf damage was observed for 72 h. The leaf surface temperatures after exposure to 45°C for 72 and 96 h were 44.0 and 46.3°C, respectively. Thus, a tolerance threshold in leaves of C. arabica ‘Typica’ under heat stress are likely between 44.0 and 46.3°C. The activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased at 45°C in both leaf disks and intact plants. The decrease in the activities of SOD and CAT under heat stress may be responsible for the increased levels of reactive oxygen species, such as O2 − and H2O2, and the resulting cellular damage. Our findings provide valuable insights into the physiological responses of Coffea arabica ‘Typica’ to heat stress, which may contribute to the breeding and screening of tolerant cultivars in the future.

Rice bacterial blight resistant cultivar selection based on visible/near-infrared spectrum and deep learning

BackgroundRice bacterial blight (BB) has caused serious damage in rice yield and quality leading to huge economic loss and food safety problems. Breeding disease resistant cultivar becomes the eco-friendliest and most effective alternative to regulate its outburst, since the propagation of pathogenic bacteria is restrained. However, the BB resistance cultivar selection suffers tremendous labor cost, low efficiency, and subjective human error. And dynamic rice BB phenotyping study is absent from exploring the pattern of BB growth with different genotypes.ResultsIn this paper, with the aim of alleviating the labor burden of plant breeding experts in the resistant cultivar screening processing and exploring the disease resistance phenotyping variation pattern, visible/near-infrared (VIS–NIR) hyperspectral images of rice leaves from three varieties after inoculation were collected and sent into a self-built deep learning model LPnet for disease severity assessment. The growth status of BB lesion at the time scale was fully revealed. On the strength of the attention mechanism inside LPnet, the most informative spectral features related to lesion proportion were further extracted and combined into a novel and refined leaf spectral index. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed wavelength combination were verified by identifying the resistant cultivar, assessing the resistant ability, and spectral image visualization.ConclusionsThis study illustrated that informative VIS–NIR spectrums coupled with attention deep learning had great potential to not only directly assess disease severity but also excavate spectral characteristics for rapid screening disease resistant cultivars in high-throughput phenotyping.

Identification of Causal Agent Inciting Powdery Mildew on Common Bean and Screening of Resistance Cultivars

Powdery mildew is one of the severe diseases on common bean in Southwestern China, but the identity of the pathogen inciting this disease is unclear. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent of common bean powdery mildew and to screen resistant cultivars. The pathogen was identified through morphological identification, molecular phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity tests. Resistance of common bean cultivars was evaluated by artificial inoculation at the seedling stage. The common bean powdery mildew isolate CBPM1 was obtained after pathogen isolation and purification. Morphological identification confirmed that the isolate CBPM1 belonged to the Oidium subgenus Pseudoidium and germinated Pseudoidium-type germ tubes. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate CBPM1 and Erysiphe vignae isolates from different hosts were clustered into a distinct group. The pathogenicity and host range tests revealed that the isolate CBPM1 was strongly pathogenic to common bean, multiflora bean, lablab bean, cowpea, and mung bean, but not to soybean, adzuki bean, pea, faba bean, chickpea, lentil, pumpkin, and cucumber. In addition, 54 common bean cultivars were identified for resistance to powdery mildew, and 15 were resistant or segregant. Based on the morphological, molecular and pathogenic characteristics, the causal agent of common bean powdery mildew was identified as E. vignae. This is the first time E. vignae has been confirmed on common bean. Cultivars with different resistance levels were screened, and these cultivars could be used for disease control or the breeding of new resistant cultivars.

Screening of bottle gourd cultivars against alternaria leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata under natural epiphytic conditions at Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan

Screening of bottle gourd cultivars against alternaria leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata under natural epiphytic conditions at Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan

Evaluating the Waterlogging Tolerance of Wheat Cultivars during the Early Growth Stage Using the Comprehensive Evaluation Value and Digital Image Analysis

The accurate and efficient screening of waterlogging-tolerant cultivars is an effective way to mitigate waterlogging damages. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of 28 wheat varieties mainly planted in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, under control and waterlogging conditions. When the 15-day waterlogging that was initiated at the third-leaf stage was completed, the aboveground dry weight, plant height, leaf number on main stem, culm number, leaf area, and SPAD readings of wheat seedlings were significantly decreased by 14%, 11%, 6%, 13%, 14%, and 15% compared with the control treatment (maintaining approximately 80% of field capacity), respectively. The results showed that the percentage reductions in the dry weight and leaf area under stress accurately represented the influence of the majority of the measured agronomic traits and were significantly negatively correlated with the respective dry weight and leaf area of different cultivars under waterlogging. This suggests that dry weight and leaf area can be used as agronomic traits for screening waterlogging-tolerant cultivars. The comprehensive evaluation value of waterlogging tolerance (CEVW) was closely related to the percentage reduction in dry weight, plant height, culm number, leaf area, and SPAD reading. The range of CEVW was 0.187–0.819, indicating a wide variation in the waterlogging tolerance of the wheat cultivars. Comparing the top-view images, the phenotypic texture parameters (dissimilarity, homogeneity, and angular second moment (ASM)) extracted from the side-view images better reflected the dry weight, plant height, and leaf area under different water treatments. The percentage reduction in ASM had the strongest correlation with CEVW (root mean square error = 0.109); thus, the ASM is recommended as a suitable phenotypic parameter to evaluate waterlogging tolerance. The present results provide references for the rapid and intelligent screening of waterlogging-tolerant wheat cultivars, but future studies need to consider the stress evaluation of the adult plants.

Screening of rice cultivars for Cr-stress response by using the parameters of seed germination, morpho-physiological and antioxidant analysis

Rice is the most important crop for the majority of population across the world with sensitive behavior toward heavy metals such as chromium (Cr) in polluted regions. Although, there is no information on the Cr resistancephenotyping in rice. Herein, two different groups of rice cultivars (normal, and hybrid) were used, each group with 14 different rice cultivars. Firstly, seed germination analysis was conducted by evaluating various seed germination indices to identify the rice cultivars with greatest seed germination vigor. Furthermore, exposure of chromium (Cr) toxicity to 28 different rice varieties (NV1-NV14, HV1-HV14) caused noticeable plant biomass reduction. Subsequently, NV2, NV6, NV10, NV12, NV13 (normal type), HV1, HV4, HV8, and HV9 (hybrid types) were pragmatic as moderately sensitive varieties, while NV3, NV4, NV9, and NV14 (normal type), HV3, HV6, HV7, and HV13 were observed as moderately tolerant. Although, NV7, and HV10 were ranked most sensitive cultivars, and NV11, and HV14 were considered as most tolerant varieties as compared to the other rice (both groups) genotypes. Afterward, Cr induced reduction in chlorophyll pigments were significantly lesser in HV14 relative to NV11, NV7, and especially HV10, and as a result HV14 modulated the total soluble sugar level as well as reduced ROS accumulation, and MDA contents production by stimulating the antioxidant defense mechanism conspicuously which further reduced the electrolyte leakage as well. Our outcomes provide support to explore the Cr tolerance mechanism in cereal crops as well as knowledge about rice breeding with increased tolerance against Cr stress.

Repeatability and the optimal number of measurements for screening of soybean cultivars under water deficit

Repeatability and the optimal number of measurements for screening of soybean cultivars under water deficit