Exploring the application and development of biomass materials in the field of special engineering in line with the principles of green development. This work investigates the mechanical and thermal properties response of bamboo scrimber (BS) with different densities and resin contents at room temperature and ultra-low temperatures (-196 °C). The results showed that ultra-low temperatures significantly enhanced the modulus of rupture (increase of 143.9 %), modulus of elasticity (125.0 %), compressive strength (150 %), and shear strength (165 %) of BS due to the cell shrinkage at low temperature and physical phase transition of internal water. The failure modes of BS at ultra-low temperatures transitioned from ductile to brittle, compared with that at room temperature. Furthermore, BS with lower-density exhibited better thermal insulation (thermal conductivity < 0.55 W/mK) and dimensional stability (CTE < 6 1/k−6). These findings established a research base for broadening the application areas of BS for cryogenic engineering applications.