Cruise Missiles Research Articles

The value of the Long-Range Standoff (LRSO) cruise missile in an uncertain future environment

The current U.S. nuclear-armed cruise missile, the AGM-86B, is quickly approaching the end of its extended service life, which has led to increased debate about the need for and price of its proposed replacement, the Long-Range Standoff (LRSO) weapon. This article contributes to the debate by assessing the claims of U.S. officials for the need of a replacement nuclear-armed, air-launched cruise missile, what the prospective characteristics of LRSO may be, and the LRSO’s potential value in the future security environment. The article concludes that, given the LRSO’s prospective range, stealth, and other characteristics, its main value for the U.S. defense strategy will be in the areas of maintaining the deterrent effect of the bomber leg of the nuclear triad, imposing additional costs on adversaries’ defenses, and contributing to assurance—all at a reasonable cost.

Methodology for evaluating effectiveness of air defense missile system (ADMS) information resources when detecting a hypersonic cruise missile, with account for the dynamic target scattering crossover

The study introduces a method that evaluates the effectiveness of information resources of an air defense missile system when detecting a hypersonic cruise missile. The method takes into account the dynamic target scattering crossover. The efficiency is evaluated by conducting statistical tests on a simulation model and constructing a vertical section of the detection zone. In this case, the effective target scattering crossover of a hypersonic cruise missile is calculated depending on the parameters of its movement around the center of mass relative to the ground - based detection radar and its line of sight

Defending Europe: How Converging Technology Strengthens Small Powers

NATO’s frontline states cannot prevent a Russian invasion using current operational concepts and equipment. Further, there is increasing uncertainty about America’s commitment to defending these states as well as the willingness of European peoples to fight. Fortunately, by applying new operational concepts that combine different training for reservists with emerging small, smart, and inexpensive weapons systems, frontline states can create a porcupine defense to defer and, if necessary, defeat a Russian invasion. Other NATO nations can reinforce the frontline states by purchasing relatively inexpensive, long-range cruise missiles that can provide immediate support to the frontline forces. However, to implement this concept, nations will have to rethink how they train, equip, and employ their military forces.

Terminal Guidance Based on Bézier Curve for Climb-and-Dive Maneuvering Trajectory With Impact Angle Constraint

To improve the penetration capability and the damage effectiveness of cruise missiles, maneuvering trajectory with specific impact angle is applied in terminal guidance. In this paper, an innovative online method for terminal guidance is presented, which can guide the cruise missile to a stationary target along a climb-and-dive maneuvering trajectory while meeting the expected impact angle. The basic principles of the proposed guidance method are the Bezier curve theory and the missile inverse dynamics. The maneuvering trajectory is shaped by a third-order Bezier curve based on the missile current state, the target position, and the impact angle constraint. The real-time guidance command represented by attack angle $\alpha $ is obtained based on the missile inverse dynamics. The shape of flight trajectory can be modified by regulating the Bezier parameters $b_{1}$ and $b_{2}$ to satisfy different tactical requirements without changing the boundary conditions. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method applied in cruise missile terminal guidance.

Высокоточное конвенциональное оружие большой дальности и контроль над ядерными вооружениями

The article studies the development, production and deployment of high-precision long-range conventional weapons by the world’s leading military powers – the USA, Russia, and China. These weapons include non-nuclear systems with a range of more than 600 km capable of hitting the target by a single warhead with a probability of 0.5. The article focuses on air-, sea- and ground-based ballistic and cruise missiles, as well as hypersonic systems. The latter comprise cruise missiles with a scramjet engine and boost-glide complexes which rely on stages of ballistic missiles to boost a glide vehicle to hypersonic speeds. Hypersonics are less vulnerable for interception by missile defense systems. However, they also have a number of disadvantages of both technical and military-political nature. Existing high-precision long-range conventional weapons – with the exception of a massive attack scenario which is extremely unlikely in the absence of a full-scale war – can hardly have a significant impact on the balance of strategic nuclear forces. In the future, however, improvements in weapons performance, including hypersonic ones, will make it possible to transfer the core functions of strategic deterrence from nuclear to non-nuclear arms. Moreover, systems in question may aggravate strategic uncertainty due to their dual nature: they can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads and utilize support infrastructure for both conventional and nuclear military operations. Therefore, the use of highprecision long-range conventional weapons bears a high risk of a rapid escalation of an armed conflict all the way up to a massive nuclear exchange. The difficulty lies in the fact that traditional arms control measures are not applicable to high-precision conventional weapons. Their regulation should take a form of an incremental process with the final result likely to be less ambitious compared to nuclear arms control arrangements. A legally binding arms control regime for these systems would be hard to achieve mostly because it is virtually impossible to establish an effective verification regime. A more realistic alternative would be some form of parallel political statements on partial quantitative restriction for deployed long-range non-nuclear weapons and possibly limited data exchanges.

Understanding Putin's Nuclear "Superweapons"

Peculiar as they may appear to Westerners, the novel nuclear delivery systems announced by Vladimir Putin on March 1, 2018 complement Russia's overall nuclear strategy. These weapons can be divided into two groups that serve different purposes. The novel "assured retaliation" weapons such as the Poseidon intercontinental nuclear-powered torpedo and the Burevestnik nuclear-powered ground-launched cruise missiles appear to be a component of a dissuasion strategy aiming to convince US decisionmakers to forgo strategic missile defenses. Russian leaders may believe that the extreme nature of these systems signals their resolve and determination to neutralize any possible threat to their retaliatory capability posed by future advances in counterforce targeting and missile defenses. The theater-range hypersonic missiles such as Kinzhal and Tsirkon, by contrast, serve a more quotidian purpose: increasing the complexity of integrated air and missile defense for potential adversaries. Armed with conventional warheads, these weapons can help attain practical military objectives in subnuclear conflict.

“Tailored” Country Strategies in the U.S. Nuclear Posture Review

The new Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), published in January 2018, stipulates a “tailored” strategy towards each country which Washington sees as presenting a nuclear challenge to the United States. Yet each “tailored” strategy is based on the same reiterated assumption that the U.S. measures and programs are developed in response to external hostile actions. The NPR cites other countries’ aggressive behavior and military buildup as the reason to reinstitute the role of nuclear weapons as the key component of the U.S. deterrent, modernize the U.S. strategic triad and dual-capable aircraft, develop new small-yield warheads, create sealaunched cruise missiles, and reinforce the C3 systems to support them. These initiatives go along with the new expanded understanding of “extreme circumstances” which allow for a U.S. nuclear response to a non-nuclear attack, as well as with other new features of the U.S. nuclear doctrine: the creation of “more usable” types of nuclear weapons, the integration of nuclear and conventional elements of planning and operations, the enhanced focus on cyber threats, and the prioritization of “flexibility,” “uncertainty,” and “hedging” – which all increase the danger of an actual use of nuclear weapons. The NPR presents Russia as a higher threat compared to China, while China – as a major challenge to the United States in the Asian region. Yet the NPR does not call these two states “adversaries” and stresses the need to avoid confrontation and an arms race. Besides Russia’s “aggressive policies,” military programs and bellicose declarations, the NPR focuses on its alleged adherence to the concept of “escalation for de-escalation” – early first use of nuclear weapons to end a conventional conflict on favorable terms – a notion that the NPR sets to counteract. The requirements formulated by the NPR towards Iran and North Korea include ensuring their non-nuclear status, countering their growing influence in the respective Middle East and Asia-Pacific regions, preventing the transfer of nuclear and missile technologies and sensitive materials to third parties and states, and convincingly demonstrating that their aggression, including a conventional one, would be met with resolute action by the United States and its allies. Yet, in a shuffle of a kind, opposite to how the Obama Administration renounced military solution to the Iran problem and chose negotiations with this country with no preliminary condition, – and at the same time preferred the tactics of isolating North Korea and disregarding its claims, – now it is with Seoul that Washington may engage with, while simultaneously demonstrating a tough line towards Teheran. Yet the shifts towards a settlement on the Korean Peninsula, along with certain signs of restraint in the NPR, offer some grounds to hope that – given political will and active international efforts – the worst-case scenarios and further deterioration of international situation may successfully be avoided.

Design, manufacture and flight test of an Electric Ducted Fan (EDF) powered cruise missile

The purpose of this paper is to find the most optimal design for the PASOPATI cruise missile regarding its endurance, maneuverability, and easy manufacture process. Using pre-sizing methods to design and ANSYS Fluent to simulate the cruising condition, it is possible to find the optimal design for this iteration of the PASOPATI cruise missile. The simulations and flight test yielded several data of the design, such as the flight altitude, endurance, and cruising speed for this iteration. The final prototype design of the missile obtain has a specification as follows: 130 km/h average velocity, 13.33 minute endurance, and 280 meter flight altitude.

O Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 30 anos após a sua assinatura:

No contexto dos 30 anos da assinatura e vigência do Tratado das Forças Nucleares de Alcance Intermediário (Tratado INF), o artigo tem como objetivo discutir os conceitos de controle de armas e desarmamento, bem como analisar o conteúdo do tratado que resultou na eliminação de todos os mísseis balísticos e de cruzeiro, lançados de terra, com alcance compreendido entre 500 e 5.500 quilômetros, pertencentes às duas superpotências da Guerra Fria.

The V1 (Flying Bomb) attack on London (1944–1945); the applied geography of early cruise missile accuracy

In a 291 day period in the latter stages of WW2 (1944–45) 10,386 V1 cruise missiles were launched against the UK from ground ramps in France and Holland, and from modified He-111 bombers flying off the south and east coasts of England. The attack mainly targeted London and despite a highly effective British campaign of in-flight interception, 2420 V1 missiles (23% of those launched) made explosive impact on the London target area resulting in significant loss of life and massive damage to London's housing stock. Using data from The National Register of 1939 we reconstruct the target geography of London and utilising a vast body of archival data from The National Archives we also reconstruct the V1 impact geography; in doing so we evaluate the accuracy of the V1 attack. Most missiles struck near the centre of the London target in areas of high population density; 40% of the missiles fell on the County of London forming the inner core of the London Civil Defence Region containing 38% of its 1944 population in only 16% of its area. The overall Mean Point of Impact is within 3.5 km of the centroid of the County of London. V1 impact density showed similar Clarke-like distance-decay relations to population density in relation to an assumed Central London aiming point. We also determine the accuracy metrics for the V1 attack. Our results verify the idea that high-resolution accuracy is moot when missile systems with relatively low accuracy are launched against large area targets, such as large cities. Although compared to modern missile systems the V1 was “inaccurate”, we find that the German cruise missile system fulfilled the operational accuracy requirements to achieve its terror and urban damage objectives.

The numerical simulation of damage characteristics of the bridge under cruise missile attack

Bridge is an important transport network, and is an key target of breaking and blockade battlefield. In order to provide reference information for reinforcement scheme after damage at war, it is necessary to study damage characteristics of bridges which undertake main transportation task. The paper is to study damage Characteristics of The Bridge which is serving through numerical simulation. Create the model of cruise missile and real model of major bridge through pre-process software. Set two speed to realize contact explosion and penetration explosion; Adjust attack position and the amount of TNT. Be solved through the software LS-DYNA. Obtain dynamic response and different degrees of damage effect of certain important position of the bridge. The results can be used to provide certain reference as antiknock design of and safety assessment after damage long-span bridges.

A multi-objective optimization of ballistic and cruise missile fire plans based on damage calculations from missile impacts on an airfield defended by an air defense artillery network

This paper presents a new methodology for optimizing missile fire plan parameters in order to maximize the damage caused to an airfield by the impacts of ballistic and cruise missiles that leak through an air defense artillery network using weaponeering calculations. This new methodology models the damage to the airfield runway, fuel infrastructure, and parked aircraft caused by both unitary and submunition warheads carried by the ballistic and cruise missiles. It then uses the airfield damage models paired with an air defense simulation in a multi-objective optimization to find the non-dominated frontier of missile fire plan parameters that inflict the greatest damage to the different parts of the defended airfield. It demonstrates the methodology for three increasingly sized ballistic and cruise missile fire plans.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ЯДЕРНОГО СДЕРЖИВАНИЯ

It would be difficult to find a term that has been more frequently used in international security discourse than “nuclear deterrence”. During the last three decades, U.S. and Russian nuclear forces have been reduced by 6-7 times in warheads number, and strategic balance is more stable than it has ever been in the past 30 years in its classic sense – the mutual unfeasibility of a first (disarming) strike. However, the main present paradox is that the threat of nuclear war between the two leading powers is now higher than any time during the last three decades. Also the understanding of the notion of stability and nuclear deterrence by the two nations has diverged far apart. It is noteworthy that the main strategic document of Donald Trump’s administration – “Nuclear Posture Review” of January 2018 – makes the nuclear stance of the two powers more symmetric. In contrast to the previous administration of Barack Obama, the new U.S. government is emphasizing the growing importance of nuclear arms and nuclear deterrence for American and international security. While the democrats were reducing reliance on nuclear deterrence and promoting long-range conventional defensive and offensive weapons, the republicans have approved a massive program of modernization of all legs of strategic triade, development of new sea-based and airbased nuclear cruise missiles and introduction of low-yield nuclear warheads. However, this new symmetry is not a guarantee for a new beginning of the U.S.-Russian nuclear arms control dialogue or removal of the danger of nuclear war. The main threats of an armed conflict between the United States and Russia stem from several directions. One is the probability of an uncontrolled crisis escalation in Eastern Europe or Syria. Another is the possibility of the employment of conventional long-range precision-guided cruise and boost-glide missiles in attacking nuclear forces and command-control system of the opponent in line with the strategic concepts of “conventional (or pre-nuclear) deterrence”. Yet another threat is the deployment and possible employment of low-yield nuclear weapons, which are assigned missions of selective nuclear strikes in line with the concept of conflict “de-escalation”. In order to remove these dangers strategic arms control negotiations should be resumed as soon as possible and in the meanwhile existing treaties must be sustained. The juxtaposed Russian and NATO armed forces in the Eastern Europe should be disengaged and limited. New understanding of the notions of nuclear deterrence and strategic stability should be forged. Acknowledgements. This article was prepared with financial support of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Science, Program No 22: “The analysis and forecast of the new global challenges and opportunities for Russia” (project “Emergence of a polycentric world order: risks and opportunities for Russia”).

Оценка возможности и условий применения высокоскоростной крылатой ракетой противоракетного маневра и радиоэлектронных помех для преодоления зоны противовоздушной обороны

На основе результатов моделирования проанализированы условия преодоления высокоскоростной крылатой ракетой (КР) зоны поражения зенитного ракетного комплекса (ЗРК) при применении противоракетного маневра (ПРМ) и активных шумовых помех (АШП) ретрансляционного типа. Приведенные результаты исследования параметров пикирования и кабрирування КС на величинупромаху зенитной управляемой ракеты (ЗУР). Показано, что величина промаха ССР и вероятность неураження КР зависят от вида, параметров КР и ВКР и расстояния между ними в момент начала маневра. Определены диапазоны расстояний между КР и ВКР в момент начала маневра, при которых достигаются необходимые значения вероятности неураження КР. Показано, что применение АШП позволяет снизить требования к параметрам ПРМ. Сформулированы основные задачи и принципы функционирования бортового комплекса противодействия, которым целесообразно оснащать КР для эффективного преодоления зон поражения современных зенитных ракетных комплексов.

Military aeronautical charts in the past and today

Abstract The history of the development of military aeronautical charts began immediately before the First World War. The first charts created at that time did not differ much from topographic maps. Air planes were fairly slow back then and had a small range of action, which meant that the charts were developed at the scale of 1:200,000. When speed of aircraft increased, it soon turned out that this scale was too large. Therefore, many countries began to create charts with smaller scales: 1:300,000 and 1:500,000. The International Map of the World 1:1,000,000 (IMW) was frequently used for continental flights prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, while 1:3,500,000 and 1:5,000,000 maps were commonly used for intercontinental flights. The Second World War brought a breakthrough in the field of aeronautical chart development, especially after 7 December 1941, when the USA entered into the war. The Americans created more than 6000 map sheets and published more than 100 million copies, which covered all continents. In their cartographic endeavours, they were aided foremost by the Brits. On the other hand, the Third Reich had more than 1,500 officers and about 15,000 soldiers and civil servants involved in the development of maps and other geographic publications during the Second World War. What is more, the Reich employed local cartographers and made use of local source materials in all the countries it occupied. The Germans introduced one new element to the aeronautical charts – the printed reference grid which made it easier to command its air force. The experience gained during the Second World War and local conflicts was for the United States an impulse to undertake work on the standardization of the development of aeronautical charts. Initially, standardization work concerned only aeronautical charts issued by the US, but after the establishment of NATO, standardization began to be applied to all countries entering the Alliance. The currently binding NATO STANAGs (Standardization Agreements) distinguish between operational charts and special low-flight charts. The charts are developed in the WGS-84 coordinate system, where the WGS-84 ellipsoid of rotation is the reference surface. The cylindrical transverse Mercator projection was used for the scale of 1:250,000, while the conformal conic projection was used for other scales. The first aeronautical charts issued at the beginning of the 20th century contained only a dozen or so special symbols concerning charts’ navigational content, whereas currently the number of symbols and abbreviations found on such charts exceeds one hundred. The updating documents are published every 28 days in order to ensure that aeronautical charts remain up-to-date between releases of their subsequent editions. It concerns foremost aerial obstacles and air traffic zones. The aeronautical charts published by NATO have scales between 1:50,000 and 1:500,000 and the printed Military Grid Reference System (MGRS), while the aeronautical charts at scales between 1:250,000 and 1:2,000,000 contain the World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF). Nowadays, modern military air planes are characterised by their exceptional combat capabilities in terms of speed, range and manoeuvrability. Aside from aircraft, contemporary armed forces make increasingly frequent use of aerial robots, drones and unmanned cruise missiles. This is why, there has been a noticeable increase, especially in NATO, in the amount of work devoted to the standardization and development of aeronautical charts, as well as deepening of knowledge of navigation and aeronautical information.

Multi-Objective Cooperative Salvo Attack Against Group Target

This paper proposes a solution for the problem of cooperative salvo attack of multiple cruise missiles against targets in a group. Synchronization of the arrival time of missiles to hit their common target, minimizing the time consumption of attack and maximizing the expected damage to group targets are taken into consideration simultaneously. These operational objectives result in a hierarchical mixed-variable optimization problem which includes two types of subproblems, namely the multi-objective missile-target assignment (MOMTA) problem at the upper level and the time-optimal coordinated path planning (TOCPP) problems at the lower level. In order to solve the challenging problem, a recently proposed coordinated path planning method is employed to solve the TOCPP problems to achieve the soonest salvo attack against each target. With the aim of finding a more competent solver for MOMTA, three state-of-the-art multi-objective optimization methods (MOMs), namely NSGA-II, MOEA/D and DMOEA-eC, are adopted. Finally, a typical example is used to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method. A simple rule-based method is also employed for comparison. Comparative results show that DMOEA-eC is the best choice among the three MOMs for solving the MOMTA problem. The combination of DMOEA-eC for MOMTA and the coordinated path planning method for TOCPP can generate obviously better salvo attack schemes than the rule-based method.

Doppelter Boden: Die SALT-Verhandlungen 1963–1979

<i>Doppelter Boden: Die SALT-Verhandlungen 1963–1979</i>

‘Cruising toward nuclear danger’: Canadian anti-nuclear activism, Pierre Trudeau’s peace mission, and the transatlantic partnership

In March 1982, news broke that the US Air Force planned to test cruise missiles in Canada. The issue brought the Euromissiles Crisis home to Canada, as Canadians took to the streets in record numbers to oppose the tests. Anti-nuclear activists linked their ‘refuse the cruise’ protests to anti-nuclear demonstrations taking place across the West. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau too saw testing in a transatlantic context, insisting they were part of Canada’s NATO obligations. Neither European nor American, the Canadians had an unusual place in NATO. Often, this translated to being completely ignored: transatlantic issues, including the decade-long Euromissiles Crisis, tended to be seen as US–Western European issues. This article considers the ways in which the Euromissiles Crisis came home to Canada and situates Canada in a broader transatlantic landscape. The Euromissiles Crisis framed Canadian debates over cruise missile testing, encouraging activists and politicians to think about how the threat of nuclear war could be reduced.

Построение многоцелевой системы крылатых ракет в условиях многофакторной неопределенности

Построение многоцелевой системы крылатых ракет в условиях многофакторной неопределенности

O Emprego dos astros 2020 e sua subordinação: uma opção viável

The Brazilian Army has been modernizing in recent years. In this context, one of its Strategic Projects is the Astros 2020, a launching platform for missiles and rockets of use of exceptional ability to provide fire support. Particularly, when this material is endowed with the AV-TM 300 tactical cruise missile the question of its subordination comes into play. The Doctrinal coordination note number 03, 2015 - Employment of Long Range Missile Artillery, which is the most updated doctrine document about the System, sees it as having to be subordinate to the Land Force. However, this is a system with more&nbsp;strategic and operational possibilities of employment that, properly, of tactical level. This point of view stems from the fact that the logistics for thetactical cruise missile and your deployment on field, the coordination for employment, the targets of interest and the coordination measures that allow its use with safety and efficiency, indicate as possible and feasible the subordination of this System directly to the Operation Theater Commander, in the form of Operation Theater Artillery Command, for example. To demonstrate this is the purpose of this article, which does not exclude subordination to the Land Force in some cases, but proposes another acceptable option. And, to request an attempt, a methodology that is used of the comparison of NCD with manuals that are already in use and approved by the Ministry of Defense (MD) and the Brazilian Army (EB), approved to the process of technical construction, as recommended in the Terrestrial Military Doctrine System (SIDOMT, EB10-IG-01.005) and in the General Instructions for Standardized Publications of the Army (EB10-IG-01.002).