Crude Extract Of Stem Bark Research Articles

Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Bark Extract of Miliusa velutina (Dunal) Hook. f. & Thomson

The main objective of the current research was phytochemical and biological studies of the stem bark of Miliusa velutina (Dunal) Hook. f. & Thomson (Annonaceae). Four purified compounds i.e., friedelin, lupeol, β- sitosterone and caffeic acid were isolated by repeated chromatographic separation and purification of M. velutina. The compounds were identified by analysis of NMR spectral data. The crude dichloromethane extract of stem bark of M. velutina (DEMV) along with its Kupchan partitionates i.e., petroleum ether (PESF), ethyl acetate (EASF), chloroform (CSF) and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fraction were screened for antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic and antibacterial activities. During the antioxidant activity assay, the AQSF revealed maximum activity with IC50 value of 71.67 μg/ml. The cytotoxicity of plant samples was determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay, where the maximum cytotoxic activity has been observed for EASF (LC90 = 9.01 μg/ml). In the thrombolytic activity test, the crude dichloromethane extract demonstrated significant efficacy with 46.27% inhibition of clot lysis. In antibacterial screening, the CSF exhibited noticeable inhibitory activity against Shigella boydii with the zone of inhibition 15 mm compared to the standard ciprofloxacin (zone of inhibition = 47 mm).
 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(2): 125-131, 2020 (December)

GC-MS Analysis and Antimicrobial Spectrum of Stem Bark Extracts of Ficus sycomorus

Aim: This work investigated the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy of methanolic extract and antimicrobial spectrum of acetone and aqueous crude extracts of Ficus sycomorus stem bark.
 Place and Duration of the Study: Department chemistry research laboratory and microbiology laboratory, Yobe State University, Damaturu between April 2019 and August, 2019.
 Methodology: Pure isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariae, proteus spp, Pseudomonas auruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and a fungi, Candida albicans were collected from National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State. The plant was collected and the extract was used in preliminary phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and reconstituted for antimicrobial activities testing.
 Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed presence of saponin, flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycoside and tannin. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of heterocyclic members of pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, thiazole and 1, 3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-hethylhexyl) ester. Acetone extract showed the greatest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Shigella spp while the aqueous extract produced antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans. Both acetone and aqueous extracts of both stem bark extracts did not exhibit any activity against Escherichia coli. All the extracts were tested at 100mg/ml concentration. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) (125 – 250 mg/ml) of both extracts were higher than those of ciprofloxacin (5.0 mg/ml).
 Conclusion: There is scientific basis for the uses of F. sycomorus in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases as prescribed earlier on and stronger basis for recommendation for its cautious use for the presence of 2-ethylhexyl which could be Carcinogenic. This is first study to identify 2-ethylhexyl from F. sycomorus stem bark extract and recommend cautious use.

Antidiabetic effect of partitioned methanol extract of Boswellia dalzielii (Frankincense tree) in rats

Medicinal plants have been the major source of bioactive phytochemicals employed for the treatment and management of disease since time immemorial. The present study was aimed at investigating the antidiabetic potentials of various partitioned portions of crude methanol extract of Boswellia dalzielii in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Fresh leaf of Boswellia dalzielii was air-dried, pulverized and extracted using cold maceration method with 85% methanol and concentrated to dryness. The crude methanol extract was partitioned using n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol to afford portions encoded BMENH, BMECM, BMEEA, BMENB respectively, and were screened for phytochemicals. The portions were evaluated for their anti-diabetic effects on alloxan-induced rats. The phytochemical studies of the crude methanol leaf, stem and root bark extracts revealed the presence alkaloids, cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The partitioned crude methanol leaf extract yielded 14.12 % ( w/w) n-hexane, 6.85 % (w/w) chloroform, 4.18% (w/w) ethyl acetate and 36.40 % (w/w) n-butanol extracts respectively. Antidiabetic activity of fractions BMEH, BMEC, BMEE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bd wt. produced significant (p<0.05) % inhibitions of glycaemia of 13.51, 18.91, 53.36 and 71.21 respectively, as the highest inhibitions at 400 mg/kg bwt. compared to 52.67 % of Glibenclamide 2.0 mg. (a standard drug). Thus, the leaf of Boswellia dalzielii possesses potent antidiabetic activity which increases as the extract is purified. The anti-diabetic effect of the plant in rats may likely be due to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids.

A phenanthridin-6(5H)-one derivative and a lanostane-type triterpene with antibacterial properties from Anonidium mannii (Oliv). Engl. & Diels (Annonaceae)

The chemical investigation of Anonidium mannii root extract by column chromatography techniques led to the isolation of eight compounds among which two previously unreported compounds; a lanostane-type triterpene, lanosta-7,9(11),23-triene-3β,15α-diol 1 and an alkaloid, 9-hydroxy-8-methoxyphenanthridin-6(5H)-one 2 along with six known compounds: lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-3β,21-diol 3, oxoanolobine 4, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 5, stigmasterol 6, β-sitosterol 7 and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-stigmasterol 8. Their structures were established from spectral data, mainly HR-ESIMS, 1 D and 2 D NMR and by comparison with literature data. The crude root and stem bark extracts (AMR and AMB) and the isolated compounds (1–8) were tested against nine Gram-negative bacteria using rapid p-iodonitrotetrazolium chloride ≥97% (INT) microdilution technique. It was found that AMR, AMB and compound 5 were active against the nine tested bacteria with MIC values ranging from 64 to 1024 µg/mL. Compounds 1–4 had selective antibacterial activities whilst 6–8 were not active.

Anticholinergic and adrenergic activities of a dichloromethane fraction of a crude ethanol extract of stem bark of Piliostigma reticulatum Horscht D.C (Ceasalpiniaceae)

The objective of the present study was to investigate the anticholinergic and adrenergic activities of a dichloromethane fraction of a crude ethanol extract of stem bark of P. reticulatum, on isolated rabbit duodenum contractions. In the first study, the dichloromethane fraction was tested on the isolated rabbit duodenum contractions at increasing concentrations (0.13; 0.26; 0.39 and 0.52 mg/mL) after addition of acetylcholine. In the second study, the dichloromethane fraction was tested on the isolated rabbit duodenum contractions ten minutes after addition of prazosin or propanolol at increasing concentrations (10-4, 10-3 and 10-2 mg/mL). The amplitude and tone induced by acetylcholine were significantly inhibited by the dichloromethane fraction. At a concentration of 0.52 mg/mL, the amplitude induced by the acetylcholine was 0.42±0.05g. The relaxation induced by the dichloromethane fraction was significantly inhibited by prazosin and propanolol as well. At a concentration of 10-2 mg/mL, prazosin and propanolol inhibited the relaxation induced by the dichloromethane fraction at rates of 18.6±2.42 and 17.4±0.7 % respectively. Results showed that the dichloromethane fraction of crude ethanol extract of stem bark of Piliostigma reticulatum exhibited anticholinergic and adrenergic properties that could at least explain and back up its traditional use against diarrhea.

English

Escherichia coli has carved its niche in the urinary tract with the formation of a formidable matrix called biofilm. This biofilm is not only recalcitrant to the body’s immune system but also resistant to antibacterial agents. Senna siamea (Lam) Irwin and Barneby is a medicinal plant with established antibacterial effect against planktonic cells of many bacteria. An attempt was made herein to evaluate the effect of its leaf extract and fractions on biofilm of E. coli isolates. Crude extracts of leaf, stem bark and root of this plant were prepared using ethanol as the solvent for the cold extraction. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the three extracts. Two E. coli strains from different antenatal patients attending General Hospital, Kafanchan, Kaduna were donated to us by a researcher from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and the reference strain, E. coli, WDCM 00013 (from Germany) were tested for biofilm production using the Congo red method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the crude extracts against the isolates was carried out using the agar diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined for the leaf extract of the plant using micro broth dilution and agar diffusion methods respectively. In order to establish the antibiofilm activities of the leaf extract of the plant, sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) were used against the test isolates in the remaining assays in the work. Column chromatography backed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to fractionate leaf extract (having the best antibacterial activity) of the plant, using different ratios of a combination of hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol as fractionating solvents. MIC and MBC of the leaf extract were and 50 mg/ml respectively. High values of percentage biofilm inhibition were observed against all the bacterial isolates from the antibiofilm assay. Combination of solvents in the increasing order of polarity enhanced the antibiofilm activity of the various fractions of the leaf extract of Senna siamea. In conclusion, further fractionation of Senna siamea leaf extract increases its antibiofilm activities. Key words: Biofilm, Senna siamea, column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, Escherichia coli.

Molluscicidal activity of Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) stem bark ethanolic extract against the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818): a novel plant-derived molluscicide?

Plant-derived molluscicides have been indicated as biodegradable and low-cost strategies for control of Biomphalaria spp., intermediate host for the Schistosoma. This study evaluated whether the crude ethanolic extract of the Persea americana stem bark has molluscicidal activity against embryos, newly-hatched and adults of Biomphalaria glabrata. The extract was obtained, characterized and its toxicity analyzed by snail embryotoxicity test (144 h) and acute toxicity test with newly-hatching and adult snails (96 h). Results showed the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinone heterosides, coumarins and tannins in the crude ethanolic extract, which showed molluscicidal activity against all life cycle stages of B. glabrata. The LC50 for embryos, newly-hatched and adults were 27.06, 30.60 and 55.55 ppm, respectively. Embryos exposed to the extract at 50 ppm showed hatching inhibition and at 6.2 and 25 ppm had the highest rates of morphological alterations, such as shell malformations and coagulation of the perivitelline substance. Adult snails exposed to the extract at 75 ppm showed a peak of behavioral changes, such as lethargy and shell reclusion, in addition to answers like hemolymph release in most concentrations. Further studies are required, prioritizing toxicity testing on non-target organisms and further elucidation of the active molecules.

Isolation and partial characterization of alkylferulate from Entada africana (Guill. & Perr.) stem bark extract

Investigation of the bioactive constituents of Entada africana crude extract afforded the isolation of alkylferulate. The hexane soluble portion of acetone/methanol (1:1v/v) crude stem bark extract of Entada africana was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel 60 (60-200) mesh size. Gradient column elution yielded an isolate coded AC4 with Rf value of 0.65 in hexane/diethyl ether (3:2). The isolate was characterized using IR, NMR and in comparison with literature data. The analysis of spectroscopic data and literature comparison strongly suggests that AC4 is an alkylferulate; a known hypolipidemic agent in addition to other biological uses. The isolation of alkylferulate partly lays credence to the use of Entada africana in traditional medicine practice.

IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PLANT ELAEOCARPUS TUBERCULATUS ROXB.

A majority of the population in the developing world is struggling to raise living standards and improve health-care delivery due to increasing poverty and population. According to an estimate, 70-80% of the developing world is dependent on conventional plant-obtained remedies, as pharmaceuticals are high priced, so the present study was aimed at evaluating the crude ethanolic extract of stem bark of plant Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. belonging to the family Elaeocarpaceae with in- vitro antioxidant activity by following various methods namely total reducing power and free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The crude ethanolic extract possesses significant concentration dependent inhibition of DPPH activity and concentration dependent increase in reducing power property against the standard ascorbic acid. Our findings provide evidence that the crude ethanolic extract of stem bark of Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. is a potential source of natural antioxidant.
 Keywords: Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb., 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), Total reducing power, ascorbic acid.

A Preliminary Oral Toxicity Studies on Pausinystalia Yohimbe

The oral toxicity profile of the crude aqueous stem bark extract of <em>Pausinystalia yohimbe</em> was studied in adult albino rats. The Up and Down method (AOT425statPgm version 1.0) for acute oral toxicity was carried out using a starting dose of 175 mg/kg body weight via the oral route. For the sub chronic study, 40 male albino rats weighing between 150-200 g, were grouped into three treatment groups and a control group with 10 rats in each group. A repeat dose oral toxicity study was conducted by daily oral dosing of 600 mg/kg body weight, 150 mg/kg body weight of extract dissolved in 1ml of 0.9% saline to groups 1 and 2, respectively and 30% powdered stem bark mixed with 70% rat chow (w/w) to group 3 and 1ml of 0.9% saline was administered to rats in the control group for 28 days. On day 29, blood samples for bioassay were collected by cardiac puncture under diethyl ether anesthesia. The LD50 estimate of the extract was calculated to be greater than 2000mg/kg body weight/oral route. The extract did not cause any significant difference in the body weight of the rats. Platelet count and White Blood Cell count (WBC) were significantly elevated across the treatment groups p<0.05. Total bilirubin was significantly higher p<0.05 in the 600 and 150mg treatment groups, while conjugated bilirubin was significantly higher in the 600 mg treatment group. Total protein was significantly lower p<0.05 in the 600mg treatment group. Aspartate Transaminase was significantly higher in all the treatment groups, while Alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in the 600 and 150mg treatment groups, p<0.05, respectively. Alanine transaminase was significantly higher in 600 mg treatment group. Na+ was elevated significantly, p<0.05. These results suggest incipient toxicity of the extract and indicate need for morphometric toxicity study.

Toxicological studies and bioactivity-guided identification of antimicrobially active compounds from crude aqueous stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii.

Objective:The main objective of this study is to isolate, identify, and quantify the active antimicrobial compounds present in the crude aqueous stem bark extract of B. dalzielii using some common pathogenic microorganisms as well as toxicological profile.Material and Methods:Crude aqueous stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii (CASEB) was partitioned by preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) using chloroform–methanol–water, 8:2:1 (v/v). The resulting bands were extracted using chloroform–methanol (50:50). The extract of each band was evaluated for antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans by disc diffusion. Compounds in the most antimicrobially bioactive fraction (MAAF) were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Toxicological profile of the CASEB was evaluated by studying its effect in albino Wister rats.Results:PTLC produced five bands/fractions of which the MAAF was identified as RF2-fraction being active against all the isolates except E. coli and K. pneumoniae. HPLC of the MAAF revealed seven components; FT-IR revealed 17 functional groups; GC-MS revealed five compounds of which 93.18% are Oleic acid (44.88%), Squalene (34.16%), and n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.14%). The acute toxicity showed LD50 > 3,000 mg/kg. Sub-chronic toxicity showed that higher doses of the CASEB caused significant changes in liver function indices and a fatty change with lymphocytic infiltration (sign of acute hepatitis) in the liver tissues, but none of these changes were observed in the kidneys.Conclusion:The antimicrobially active compounds in CASEB were Oleic acid, Squalene, and n-Hexadecanoic acid. These can be further purified and used as precursors of new antimicrobial agents for treating infections especially those due to fungi and Pseudomonas spp. that are known to resist wide array of antimicrobial agents. The LD50 of CASEB is >3,000 mg/kg in rats. However, long-term consumption of CASEB is associated with significant liver damage.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic and ethyl acetate stem bark extracts of Copaifera multijuga (Fabaceae) in mice

ABSTRACT The properties of oil-resin of copaiba, Copaifera multijuga are commonly mentioned in the literature, but there are few studies on extracts from its stem bark. We evaluated the antioxidant effects of ethanolic (EE) and ethyl acetate (EA) crude stem bark extracts from copaiba and compared them to rutin in a paracetamol (PCM)-induced oxidative stress model in mice. All test comparisons differed significantly. Hepatic catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity decreased in the PCM group, and there was an increase of protein carbonyls in the liver, kidney and brain. However, the protein carbonyls decreased in the liver for the PCM + EE group, in the kidneys for the PCM + EA and PCM + Rutin groups, and in the brain for all treatments. Hepatic GSH decreased in the PCM group and increased in the PCM + EE group. The extracts showed a positive effect on ascorbic acid (ASA), since they were able to restore the levels of parameters that had been changed by PCM. There was an increase of ALT and AST activity in the plasma within the PCM group. Even though ALT decreased in the PCM + Rutin, PCM + EE and PCM + EA groups, EE and EA did not have an effect on AST. The strongest antioxidant effect was observed for EE, due to the presence of the phenolic compounds epicatechin and epiafzelechin, as well as the highest concentration of total phenols and an excellent antioxidant potential observed in the DPPH· test.

Aspidosperma pyrifolium, a medicinal plant from the Brazilian caatinga, displays a high antiplasmodial activity and low cytotoxicity

BackgroundSeveral species of Aspidosperma plants are referred to as remedies for the treatment of malaria, especially Aspidosperma nitidum. Aspidosperma pyrifolium, also a medicinal plant, is used as a natural anti-inflammatory. Its fractionated extracts were assayed in vitro for activity against malaria parasites and for cytotoxicity.MethodsAspidosperma pyrifolium activity was evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum using extracts in vitro. Toxicity towards human hepatoma cells, monkey kidney cells or human monocytes freshly isolated from peripheral blood was also assessed. Anti-malarial activity of selected extracts and fractions that presented in vitro activity were tested in mice with a Plasmodium berghei blood-induced infection.ResultsThe crude stem bark extract and the alkaloid-rich and ethyl acetate fractions from stem extract showed in vitro activity. None of the crude extracts or fractions was cytotoxic to normal monkey kidney and to a human hepatoma cell lines, or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; the MDL50 values of all the crude bark extracts and fractions were similar or better when tested on normal cells, with the exception of organic and alkaloidic-rich fractions from stem extract. Two extracts and two fractions tested in vivo caused a significant reduction of P. berghei parasitaemia in experimentally infected mice.ConclusionConsidering the high therapeutic index of the alkaloidic-rich fraction from stem extract of A. pyrifolium, it makes the species a candidate for further investigation aiming to produce a new anti-malarial, especially considering that the active extract has no toxicity, i.e., no mutagenic effects in the genototoxicity assays, and that it has an in vivo anti-malarial effect. In its UPLC-HRMS analysis this fraction was shown to have two major components compatible with the bisindole alkaloid Leucoridine B, and a novel compound, which is likely to be responsible for the activity against malaria parasites demonstrated in in vitro tests.

Bioactivity of Crude Extracts of Stem Bark of Vetillariaparadoxa

Bioactivity of Crude Extracts of Stem Bark of Vetillariaparadoxa

In Vivo Trial of Combretum molle Stem Bark Crude Extract as Anthelminthic in Sheep

Gastrointestinal nematodes remain a major constrain to productivity of livestock including sheep. Ethno veterinary practices using a wide variety of indigenous plants have been employed for the effective control of these parasites. However, little is known in the application Combretum molle bark in the treatment of Haemonchosis. This study was therefore conducted to determine anthelminthic efficacy of crude extract of Combretum molle against experimental Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep in vivo. Eighteen (18) helminth free lambs were randomly divided into three groups (A, B and C) of six animals each and were artificially infected with 10,000 larvae of Haemonchus contortus. The lambs were treated orally 7 days post infection. Here, Group A was treated with crude extract of C. molle at 200 mg /kg, B with Albendazole at 200 mg /kg and C with water at 5 ml/kg. Anthelminthic activity was assessed by comparing the number of eggs recovered from the treated lambs. Results revealed that the mean fecal eggs output per gram for groups A, B and C after treatments were 716.67, 96.67 and 12080 respectively. The depolarization produced by C. molle was significant (p&gt; 0.05). The results of this study supported the ancient uses of some of the tested plants in the treatment of intestinal helminthoses. Hence, the active crude of C. molle could be a potential source of anthelminthic agent against H. contortus of sheep. Further pharmacological and toxicological studies are required to establish their use in the sheep production industry..

English

A novel prenylfuroquinoline alkaloid capensenin (1), an alkaloid confusameline (2), two furanocoumarins psolaren (3) and bergapten (4), were isolated from hexane and dichloromethane crude extracts of stem bark, leaves and fruit pericarp of Calodendrum capense. Limonin (5) was also isolated from the stem bark, while limonin diosphenol (6) was isolated from the seeds. Capensenin (1) showed weak antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, while the leaves, stem bark and fruit pericarp crude extracts exhibited activity against Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis and P. citrinum. Hexane pericarp extract showed slight cytotoxicity to Vero cell E199 in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and infra-red spectroscopy. Key words: Capensenin, 4-hydroxyfuroquinoline, furanocoumarin, Calodendrum capense, alkaloid, Rutaceae.

A STUDY ON PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL AND α-ΑMYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF THE STEM BARK OF PISONIA GRANDIS, R.BR

Objective: The aim of the present study is to determine the phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and α-amylase inhibitory activity of the crude hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanolic stem bark extract of Pisonia grandis.Methods: The evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid content were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl, Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent, and aluminum chloride assay, respectively. The antidiabetic activity was assessed for porcine pancreatic α-amylase for the stem bark of P. grandis. Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids in all the three extracts. The antioxidant activity showed 148.2 μg/ml, total phenolic content (gallic acid equivalent), 0.0665±0.0002 mg/g, flavonoid content (quercetin equivalent), 0.6061±0.1817 mg/g, and inhibitory concentration 50% values were found to be 40.42 μg/ml and showed better in ethyl acetate extract. The antidiabetic activity exhibited mimic action with insulin due to the presence of pinnatol in the stem bark and leaves of P. grandis. Conclusion: P. grandis stem bark crude ethyl acetate extract showed strong antioxidant activity, high phenolic, and flavonoid content. The antimicrobial activity was studied in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains against ampicillin and rifampicin as reference drugs. Antidiabetic activity shows effective result by α-amylase inhibitory activity.

GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of stem and root bark of Kirganelia reticulata for bioactive components

Objective: To identify the bioactive components present in the stem and root bark extracts of Kirganelia reticulata.Methods: The soxhlet extracted crude methanolic extracts of stem and root bark of Kirganelia reticulata wereanalysed by GC-MS. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 27 and 24 potential bioactive components instem and root bark extract of Kirganelia reticulata respectively. These components were mostly esters, phenols,flavonoids, aldehydes, alkaloids, sterols and terpenoids with biological activity. Conclusion: Many of the bioactivecomponents identified in the study are multifunctional in nature with potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal,antiviral, candidicide, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-androgenic, antiasthma, diuretic andhepatoprotective in nature justifying the use of this plant in traditional medicine for treating various ailments and alsoproviding an opportunity for identification of potential drug candidates

Determination of Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Boswellia dalzielii against Some Common Pathogenic Microorganisms

Phytochemical screening by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) of crude aqueous extract of stem bark of B. dalzielii was performed and its antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans was evaluated. The result of HPLC analysis revealed 10 components with major ones at peaks 3, 2, 4, 5, 8 and 6 with peak areas of 33.43%, 13.75%, 13.43%, 9.35%, 8.53% and 8.50% respectively; FT-IR revealed 18 functional groups which included amines, amides, a,β–unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, aromatics, aromatic and aliphatic amines; while the GCMS revealed 9 compounds with major ones as n- Hexadecanoic acid, Stearic acid, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, 1,E-11,Z-13-Octadecatriene with peak areas of 39.40%, 24.28%, 23.38% and 7.73% respectively. The susceptibility test showed that the extract at 50mg/ml to 5mg/ml was active against all the test isolates with higher zones of inhibition of 19±0.00mm for S. typhi and 18±0.30mm for P. mirabilis and 18±0.41mm for P. aeruginosa at 50mg/ml concentration each. Resistance was observed in E. coli and S. pyogenes at 2.5mg/ml concentration. Similarly, lowest MIC values of 12.5mg/ml were obtained for S. typhi and S. aureus and 25mg/ml for C. albicans, P. Mirabilis and P. aeruginosa. K. pneumoniae, E. coli, S. pyogenes and E. faecalis had MIC values of 50mg/ml each. The MBC/MFC values did not exceed the corresponding MIC values by more than a factor of 2. Conclusively, stem bark of B. dazielii contains many antimicrobial active compounds which can be purified and used as precursors for new antibiotics.

Antimicrobial activities screening of some phytochemicals from the stem bark extracts of Bersama abyssinica (Fresen)

Currently, drug resistance among bacterial species is a serious problem in public health thus the discovery and development of new antimicrobial drugs from plants sources would be one of the most exciting areas of pharmacological research. The present study extends the efforts of discovering drug templates from a local medicinal Kenyan plant. The work investigated the phytochemistry and antibacterial activities of stem bark extract of Bersama abyssinica by disc diffusion method. The stem bark of B. abyssinica was extracted at an increasing gradient of organic solvents (n- hexane, dichlomethane, ethyl acetate and methanol). Phytochemistry analysis results confirmed the presence of four main compounds sitosterol, sitosterol glucoside, stigmasterol, and lupeol. Evaluation of antibacterial activities of crude stem bark extracts and the isolated compounds of B. abyssinica carried out through disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. B. abyssinica methanol stem bark extract exhibited much higher antibacterial activity against the tested pathogenic bacteria. The dichloromethane extract showed mild and moderate antibacterial activity. Results proved that B.abyssinica stem bark possessed antipotential bacterial activity. It was concluded that B. abyssinica contains secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The result of antibacterial activities the plant extracts justifies its continued use in Ethnomedicine.