Crude Seeds Research Articles

Subcritical hydrolysis and supercritical methylation of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Jatropha oil

This study investigates supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2) extraction of triglycerides from powdered Jatropha curcas crude seeds followed by subcritical hydrolysis and supercritical methylation of the oil extracted by scCO 2 to obtain biodiesel. Effects of the reaction temperature, the reaction time and the solvent to feed ratio on free fatty acids in the hydrolyzed oil and fatty acid esters in the methylated oil via two experimental designs were also examined. Supercritical methylation of the hydrolyzed oil following subcritical hydrolysis of the scCO 2 extract yielded a methylation reaction conversion of 98.3%. The activation energy of hydrolysis and trans-esterified reactions were 50.2 and 23.9 kJ/mole, respectively. This study demonstrates that supercritical methylation preceded by subcritical hydrolysis of the scCO 2 oil is a feasible two-step process in producing biodiesel from powdered Jatropha seeds.

Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography with UV Detection for Analysis of Strychnine and Brucine in the Crude Seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica and Their Processed Products

An easy and rapid method based on hydrophilic-interaction chromatography has been developed and validated for measurement of two major alkaloids, strychnine and brucine, in Strychnos nux-vomica plant seeds and preparations. The seeds were processed in different ways. Separation was performed at ambient temperature on a carbohydrate column with acetonitrile–water 90:10 (v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. Detection was at 254 nm. Calibration plots were linear over the range 0.1–200 μg mL−1 for both compounds. Average recoveries of strychnine and brucine from spiked samples were 99.9 and 98.5%, respectively.

Chromatographic Analysis for Fatty Acids and Lipid-Soluble Bioactives of Derris indica Crude Seed Oil

A combination of column chromatography (CC), gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography (LC) techniques were performed to analyze lipid classes, fatty acids and fat-soluble bioactives of Derris indica crude seed oil. Hexane extract of Derris indica oilseeds was found to be 56%. Level of neutral lipids in the crude seed oil was the highest, followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Linoleic followed by α-linolenic, palmitic and oleic were the major fatty acids in the crude seed oil. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was higher in neutral lipid classes than in the polar lipid fractions. The oil was characterized by a relatively high amount of phytosterols, wherein the sterol markers were β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. γ-Tocopherol was the major tocopherol while the rest being α-tocopherol. In consideration of potential utilization, detailed knowledge on the composition of Derris indica oil is of major importance.

Influence of alcoholic extract crude fenugreek seeds on fertility in male mice eggs

These dust designed to identify the extent of the impact of alcohol Almstkhalss saponin from fenugreek seeds on fertility in male mice eggs by tracking some physiological changes and tela that may occur to some members of the device Altcatherthe

Glycaemic variations after administration of <I>Irvingia gabonensis</I< seeds fractions in normoglycemic rats

The action of Irvingia gabonensis seed fractions in reducing or slowing down the intestinal absorption of glucose was evaluated in normoglycaemic rats. The crude seeds (CS), the defatted seeds (DS) and the protein fraction (PF) were administered at dose of 400mg/ kg body weight to normoglycemic rats submitted to oral glucose test (OGTT) with glucose (2g/kg body weight). The results obtained show a significant reduction of the postprandial glucose level after a glucose load of (2g/kg body weight) as well as fasting blood glucose levels with the three fractions. Keywords: antihyperglycaemic, blood glucose, solubles fibres, Irvingia seeds fractions African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines Vol. 3(4) 2006: 94-101

Effect of addition of grit made of crude and expanded amaranth seeds on the quality of canned meat.

Grit made of crude and expanded amaranth seeds was added to meat-fat batter in order to determine its effect on its quality. Amaranthus cruentus seeds were expanded by the nonpressure method and graded by density (degree of expansion) into three fractions: 341, 208 and 135 kg/m3; crude seed density was 800 kg/m3. Then the seeds were ground to a homogeneous mass with granulation of 0.8 mm. The water-holding capacity and viscosity of grit made of crude and expanded seeds were determined. Class II pork was used for the production of meat-fat batter. Cooking losses were determined in model meat-fat batter, pasteurized and sterilized cans. The texture and color parameters of canned meat were also determined, and a taste-panel evaluation was made. It was found that expanded seed grit was characterized by worse hydration and gelling properties than crude seed grit. Grit made of crude amaranth seeds had a positive effect on the water-holding capacity of stuffing and allowed to reduce the cooking losses in cans. Better water-holding capacity resulted in an improvement in the tenderness, juiciness and taste of canned meat. Its quality deteriorated when large amounts of highly-expanded seed grit were used.

Influence of alkaloids and oligosaccharides from white lupin seeds on utilization of diets by rats and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

The influence of quinolizidine alkaloids and oligosaccharides from white lupin seeds was studied on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine and utilization of diets by rats. The source of oligosaccharides and alkaloids was the ethanol extract from high- and low-alkaloid seeds. The respective content of alkaloids in the extracts was 118.7 and 7.9 g kg −1 d.m., and of oligosaccharides 546.5 and 867.9 g kg −1 d.m. The alkaloid fraction obtained from the ethanol extract of high-alkaloid seeds by fractionation with organic solvents and ion exchange chromatography was also used. A distinct reduction of true protein digestibility (from 95.7% to 90.5%) was found in the experiment in which oligosaccharides were added to the casein diet in the amount of 17.09 g kg −1 (the amount contained in the diets with 150 g kg −1 low-alkaloid white lupin seeds). An adverse influence of alkaloids on casein digestibility was found only for the highest addition of alkaloids (0.32 g kg −1), corresponding to their level in the diet with 500 g kg −1 low-alkaloid lupin seeds. Using the perfusion technique, it was found that oligosaccharides decreased the absorption rates of glucose and methionine in the rat small intestine. Application of 203.53 mg of oligosaccharides during 1-h perfusion, i.e., the amount present in the 24-h diet with 100 g kg −1 lupin seeds decreased the absorption of glucose (from 88.42 to 66.21 mg h −1) and methionine (from 0.332 to 0.116 mg h −1) from the perfusion fluid compared to the control fluid. Glucose and methionine absorption did not correlate with alkaloid content in the perfusion fluid, whereas it correlated with oligosaccharide content in this fluid: r=−0.561 ** and r=−0.645 **, respectively. Extraction of alkaloids and oligosaccharides resulted in an increase of the utilization of protein from lupin seeds. The highest PER (2.40) was noted for the diet with extracted low-alkaloid seeds, which contained low levels of alkaloids and oligosaccharides: 0.09 and 1.13 g kg −1, respectively. Significantly lower PER was noted for the diet containing crude seeds of low-alkaloid lupin variety (alkaloid level 0.16 g kg −1) and the highest amount of oligosaccharides (29.2 g kg −1).

Isolation of a mannose-binding and IgE- and IgM-reactive lectin from the seeds of Artocarpus integer

A mannose-binding lectin, termed champedak lectin-M, was isolated from an extract of the crude seeds of champedak ( Artocarpus integer). On gel filtration chromatography, the lectin eluted in a single peak at elution volumes corresponding to 64 kDa. SDS-PAGE showed the mannose-binding lectin to be composed of 16.8 kDa polypeptides with some of the polypeptides being disulphide-linked to give dimers. When tested with all isotypes of immunoglobulins, champedak lectin-M demonstrated a selective strong interaction with human IgE and IgM, and a weak interaction with IgA2. The binding interactions of lectin-M were metal ion independent. The lectin was also shown to interact with horseradish peroxidase, ovalbumin, porcine thyroglobulin, human α 1-acid glycoprotein, transferrin and α 1-antitrypsin. It demonstrated a binding preference to Man α1–3Man ligands in comparison to Man α1–6Man or Man α1–2Man.

Reactions in reactive sintering of aluminium-titanium diboride composites: J. Duszczyk et al.(Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)

A mannose-binding lectin, termed champedak lectin-M, was isolated from an extract of the crude seeds of champedak (Artocarpus integer). On gel filtration chromatography, the lectin eluted in a single peak at elution volumes corresponding to 64 kDa. SDS-PAGE showed the mannose-binding lectin to be composed of 16.8 kDa polypeptides with some of the polypeptides being disulphide-linked to give dimers. When tested with all isotypes of immunoglobulins, champedak lectin-M demonstrated a selective strong interaction with human IgE and IgM, and a weak interaction with IgA2. The binding interactions of lectin-M were metal ion independent. The lectin was also shown to interact with horseradish peroxidase, ovalbumin, porcine thyroglobulin, human α1-acid glycoprotein, transferrin and α1-antitrypsin. It demonstrated a binding preference to Manα1–3Man ligands in comparison to Manα1–6Man or Manα1–2Man.

ChemInform Abstract: S‐4‐Chlorotryptophan: Its Synthesis via Resolution, Determination of the Absolute Stereochemistry, and Identification in the Crude Seed Protein of the Pea, Pisum sativum.

AbstractRacemic 4‐chlorotryptophan (±)‐(VIIIb) is synthesized as outlined in the reaction scheme.

SOME EFFECTS OF CRUDE PETROLEUM ON NITRATE PRODUCTION, SEED GERMINATION, AND GROWTH

SOME EFFECTS OF CRUDE PETROLEUM ON NITRATE PRODUCTION, SEED GERMINATION, AND GROWTH

Poisoning by Sikimitoxin

Chinese Bastard Anise, Mang T'sao, commonly known under the colloquial name T'zu Ta Liao, and identified as the fruit of Illicum religiosum, Sieb., has long been known to be poisonous. It is chiefly used as a condiment in preparing Chinese meat dishes. Fatal poisoning by these seeds is not an uncommon occurrence. The chemical nature of its toxic principle was first investigated by Eykman who, working with the Japanese anise, or sikimi-no-ki, also identified as Illicum religiosum, Sieb., isolated from the seeds a crystalline body which he named “Sikimin” and claimed for it a powerful toxic action. 12.5 mgm. of Sikimin killed a young dog in 3 hours. This crystalline body or sikimin, has never since been isolated by other workers; crude seeds, or aqueous extracts, being generally employed for the physiological study of this poisonous plant., , In a recent chemical study of Mang T'sao, the writer isolated from the seeds an amorphous poisonous principle with definite chemical and physical characters. Given to cats, 0.2 mgm. of this amorphous substance per kilogram of body weight was found to be fatal, less than 0.1 mgm. of substance per kilogram of body weight was sufficient to produce the same poisoning symptoms as those produced by the crude seeds, i. e., salivation, vomiting defecation, convulsion and death. The name “Sikimitoxin” is suggested for the new toxic principle to distinguish it from Eykman's Sikimin from which it differs in its physical and chemical properties, and also in its much higher toxicity. Properties of Sikimitoxin. It is a feebly acid nitrogen-free body and occurs as a white amorphous powder without definite melting point. When slowly heated, it sinters at 63° C., then gradually increases its volume as the temperature rises, and finally becomes a clear liquid at 135° C.