Crude Protein Grain Research Articles

The effectiveness of using the laboratory samples based on bacteria of the genus Streptomyces on peas in the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region

Data on productivity, fungal diseases and the quality of seed peas grown on sod-podzolic medium-clay soil in 2021–2023 using pre-sowing seed treatment separately and in combination with plant vegetation treatment with experimental preparations based on local strains of the genus Streptomyces (A4 and 8A1-3) are presented. The comparison drugs were the chemical fungicide Pioneer, KS and the biological drug Pseudobacterin-2, J. The assessment of the biological effectiveness (BE) of the drugs was carried out on cultivars of peas of various morphotypes bred by the FARC North-East: ‘Falensky yubileiny’, ‘Falensky usaty’, ‘Falensky kormovoy’. The biological effectiveness of all tested preparations in protecting peas from root rot and ascochitosis was determined by the weather conditions of the year of research. In 2021, a significant decrease in the development of root rot compared with the control (38.4 %) was facilitated by seed treatment with a preparation based on S. antimycoticus 8A1-3 strain (29.0 %). A significant reduction in the development of pea root rot in 2022 was achieved by seed treatment with the chemical fungicide Pioneer (by 9.1 %), the reference bio-drug Pseudobacterin-2 (by 9.9 %) and the test strain S. antimycoticus 8Al-3 (by 7.1 %). In protecting peas from ascochitosis in 2022, the strain Streptomyces A4 (BE 72.7 %) proved itself as a Pioneer chemical fungicide (BE 72.7 %), and the strain Streptomyces 8A1-3 (BE 84.1 %) significantly surpassed them in effectiveness. The effect of drugs on the yield of peas in the years of research (HTC = 0.77–0.83 with an average long-term HTC = 1.4) was estimated as insignificant. Treatment with both experimental and commercial preparations of seeds and vegetative plants did not adversely affect the grain size and the content of crude protein in it. The ‘Falensky usaty’ was distinguished among the studied cultivars by large seeds: the mass of 1000 grains was 258.8±18.5 g. The ‘Falensky kormovoy’ and the ‘Falensky jubileiny’ cultivars proved to be medium-seeded ones (174.7±23.1 and 147.9±37.1 g, respectively). The content of crude protein in grain was negatively affected by the development of root rot on peas (correlation coefficient r =-0.77). The maximum crude protein content was recorded during the joint treatment of seeds and plants with a preparation based on S. castalarensis A4 (24.0±2.6 %) in the ‘Falensky jubileiny’ cultivar, with Pseudobacterin-2 (23.1±2.0 %) in the ‘Falensky kormovoy’ cultivar, with a preparation based on S. antimycoticus 8A1-3 (21.1±1.7 %) in the ‘Falensky usaty’ cultivar.

Maize cultivar mixtures increase aboveground biomass and grain quality via trait dissimilarity and plasticity

Despite being visually cryptic, conspecific cultivar mixtures increase diversity and can increase productivity in agricultural systems. However, the mechanisms underlying this increase are unclear. In natural systems, differences in traits among species and among ecotypes correspond with diversity-increased productivity, but whether these attributes are important in cultivar mixtures is still unclear. To explore how cultivar mixtures affect agroecosystem productivity and the roles of trait dissimilarity, we conducted a four-year (2017–2020) field experiment in Northeast China with maize. The experimental treatments included eight single cultivar monocultures, four two-cultivar mixtures, one four-cultivar mixture, one six-cultivar mixture and one eight-cultivar mixture. Experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Across the four years, all cultivar mixture combinations increased aboveground biomass and crude protein in grain by 7.0% and 4.1%, respectively, compared to the average of the eight monocultures. Grain yield, aboveground biomass, and grain crude protein in overyielding cultivar combinations increased by 2.0–9.0%, 13.0–20.0% and 4.8–10.7%, respectively, compared to the average of the component monocultures of each mixture over four years. We calculated positive complementarity effects for grain yield, aboveground biomass and grain crude protein. All selection effects of cultivar mixtures were negative or neutral. There were strong positive correlations between complementarity effect and functional trait dissimilarity in cultivar mixtures, based on grain yields (P< 0.010), aboveground biomass (P< 0.001) and grain crude protein (P< 0.050), whereas there were no such positive relationships between selection effects and functional trait dissimilarity. Moreover, we found higher levels of trait dissimilarity for shoot diameter, leaf area and specific leaf area in cultivar mixtures than in monocultures. Also, the shoot diameter, leaf area and specific leaf area of specific cultivars were higher in mixtures than in monocultures. Our results indicated that niche complementarity derives from functional trait dissimilarity, and strong complementarity effects correlate with greater functional trait dissimilarity in cultivar mixtures. These findings provide evidence that plasticity in traits, rather than only inherent traits, contributed to the diversity effects, and the greater functional trait dissimilarity among cultivars in mixtures can increase crop productivity via increasing cryptic diversity in agroecosystems. Our results link changes to plant aboveground traits in cultivar mixtures, which shed light on yield advantages in diverse agroecosystems.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ОРГАНОМИНЕРАЛЬНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА ГУМИТОН ПРИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИИ ОВСА НА ДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТОЙ ПОЧВЕ

Based on the data of a field experiment on sod-podzolic sandy loam soil in the Kaluga Region, it was shown that the use of the organo-mineral complex Gumiton had a positive effect on the biometric indicators of growth and development of oat plants, yield and quality of vegetative mass. When oats were treated with Gumiton in the boot-up phase, the vegetative mass yield increased by 13 %, in the earing phase - by 46 %, and with a double treatment of plants in both these phases - by 48 %. A single treatment with Gumiton in the boot-up phase did not lead to an increase in grain yield, but increased the straw mass by 21.5 % in relation to the control; when treated in the earing phase of oats, the grain yield increased by 17 %, and the straw mass - 23.5 %. Treatment of crops with Gumiton in the oat boot phase contributed to an increase in the ash content in grain by 12 %, double treatment – by 18 %. The content of crude protein in grain did not change either with a single application of Gumiton in different phases of plant development or with double spraying. The fiber content in grain increased with the use of Gumiton in the boot phase of oats by 21.5, at the panicle stage – by 13, and with double treatment – by 31 %. Double spraying of oat crops with Gumiton led to a 17 % decrease in the fat content in the grain.

A new winter common wheat VARIETY ‘Sultan’

Winter wheat occupies significant areas in the fields of the Republic of Tatarstan. The purpose of the current paper was to develope a new winter common wheat variety ‘Sultan’ and to identify its ability to produce not only high yields, but also grain quality in the conditions of the Republic. The study was carried out on the fields of the TatRIA, a separate structural subdivision of the FRC KazSC RAS on gray forest soil when sown on bare fallow at the optimal time for this area. The paper has presented the characteristics of the variety according to economically valuable traits during the years of study (2018–2020). The variety was developed by the method of individual selection from a hybrid population (Kazanskaya84 х Moskovskaya39) х Kazanskaya 285. According to the productivity, the new variety ‘Sultan’ has exceeded the standard variety ‘Kazanskaya 560’ by 0.75 t/ha. There has been established that the large productivity of the variety ‘Sultan’ is formed due to the density of the productive stem, large number and weight of grain per ear. The variety is characterized by high frost-winter resistance (90 % on average over three years of trials), can withstand a temperature decrease at the level of the tillering node to minus 20°C in winter. The variety has a high reparation ability in spring. The variety ‘Sultan’ forms well-filled grain with a grain unit of 780–801 g/l. Crude protein in grain is of 14.9–15.6 %, and 26.8–28.5 % of gluten. The variety has high values of rheological properties, namely the specific work of dough deformation according to the alveograph (flour strength) is 275 e.u., the valorimetric value is 60 %. On average, over the three years of the study, the volume yield from 100 g of flour was 576 ml3, the general baking assessment was 4.6 points. The variety can be recommended for cultivation in the south-east of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Формування продуктивності люпину білого в сучасних кліматичних умовах

Goal. To evaluate the influence of weather conditions in the years of research on the duration of interphase periods and the growing season of white lupine of Chabansky variety, generative development, the formation of the level of yield, and its quality. Methods. Field, weighing and laboratory research methods were used to assess plant growth and development, as well as product quality. By B.A. Dospekhov method of correlation and regression analysis, they identified variability and relationships between these indicators and weather conditions. Results. Weather conditions, which developed in 2016–2020 in the period from sowing to full maturity of white lupine plants, differed significantly over the years of research and affected the duration of the period sowing-seedlings, growing season, plant growth and development, and ultimately — the level of the crop harvest. The most favorable conditions for the formation of the crop were formed in 2016, as evidenced by the highest yield of 4.18 t/ha and the index of conditions of the year 0.69; less favorable in 2018 — 3.95 t/ha and the index of conditions of the year 0.46; in 2019 — 3.60 t/ha and 0.11; in 2017 — 3.14 t/ha and 0.35 respectively. 2020 was the most unfavorable, as indicated by the minimum yield of 2.57 t/ha and the index of annual conditions — 0.92. Weather conditions also affected the quality of the obtained products — the content of crude protein in grain ranged from 33.4 to 36.0%, and its collection depended on the level of crop yield and amounted to 1.48–0.86 t/ha. Conclusions. Peculiarities of interphase periods and duration of growing season of the variety Chabansky of white lupine, plant development, yield level, and grain quality differed depending on meteorological conditions that developed during the growing season during the research years (2016–2020). To reduce the impact of these factors, as well as to obtain a stable grain yield, it is necessary to create varieties that are resistant to adverse conditions, and also to use anti-stress agents and plant growth stimulants.

ЯКІСТЬ ЗЕРНА ЯЧМЕНЮ ЯРОГО ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ПІДЖИВЛЕННЯ РОСЛИН МІНЕРАЛЬНИМ АЗОТОМ

The influence of root feeding on the quality indicators of spring barley grain on podzolized chernozem of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine has been investigated. It has been established that the use of root feeding of spring barley plants with mineral nitrogen simultaneously with an increase in grain yield also contributes to an increase in the quality of feed. At the same time, the crude protein and the amount of sugars increase, and the amount of fiber in the grain decreases. The amount of crude protein in spring barley grain on average for 2018–2020 varied depending on the dose of nitrogen when carrying out root fertilization with nitrogen. In the control without fertilizers, it was 12.9 %, when root feeding of plants with nitrogen at a dose of 20 kg/ha – 13.2 %; 30 kg/ha – 14.5 %; 60 kg/ha – 15.8 %; 90 kg/ha – 15.9 %. At the same time, it is observed that the crude protein in barley grain increases with an increase in the nitrogen dose to 60 kg/ha, and a further increase in the nitrogen dose is not accompanied by an increase in crude protein in barley grain. Simultaneously with an increase in the content of crude protein in the grain of barley, the percentage of fiber in the grain decreases during the root feeding of plants with mineral nitrogen. The percentage of mineral salts in barley grain during root feeding with nitrogen remained at the control level. The amount of sugars increases when using root feeding of spring barley plants with mineral nitrogen. If in the control the sum of sugars was at the level of 5.20 % for the air dry matter of barley grain, then in the variants of root feeding with nitrogen it reached the level of 5.31 ... 5.56 percent. Consequently, an increase in the level of crude protein in barley grain during root feeding with nitrogen was not accompanied by a deterioration in the sugar-protein ratio in feed. This is very important for increasing livestock productivity. The studied method of root feeding of barley plants with mineral nitrogen promoted an increase in protein in barley grain. On the control, 358.9 kg of protein was obtained from 1 hectare of spring barley crops, 533.2 kg of protein per 1 hectare was collected on the root application with nitrogen 60 kg/ha, and 568.5 kg of protein was collected on the version of root feeding with nitrogen 90 kg/ha. per hectare.

Effectiveness of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of spring barley of the Novichok variety

The results of the research were obtained in 2019-2020 on sod-podzolic middle-loam soil in the conditions of EuroNorth-East of the Russian Federation. There were studied 18 variants of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers in the range from 30 to 150 kg of active ingredient per hectare. Under the conditions of 2019 growing season, nitrogen fertilizers influenced the value of yield of Novichok barley variety to a greater extent (Y = 0.67 - 0. 11x2 + 1.33x, R2 = 0.92), in 2020 - phosphorus fertilizers (Y = 1.48 - 0.02x2 + 0.48x, R2 = 0.99). On average, over 2 years of research, the yield in the control variant without the use of fertilizers was 0.87 t/ha. Yield increase of barley grains because of enlarged fertilizer doses ranged from 1.38 to 3.90 t/ha. The payback of 1 kg of active ingredient of fertilizers with increase of barley yield decreased due to enlarged doses: from 15.3 (N30P30K30) to 8.3 kg (N150P150K150). On average for two years of the research the increasing doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers had no significant effect on technological properties of spring barley seeds. The content of crude protein in grain grew with increase in fertilizer doses (r = 0.55). To obtain grain of the 2nd class of quality it is necessary to apply not less than 90 kg of active ingredient/hectare of ammonium nitrate. According to the content of crude cellulose, the 1st class of grain quality has been obtained, and this indicator did not depend on the application of fertilizers. High profitability of cultivation of the Novichok spring barley variety (from 54.2 to 59.1 %) has been recorded by application of mineral fertilizers in doses N60P60N120, N60P60K60 and N120P120K120.

Physiological features of northern soybean ecotype varieties cultivated in the conditions of the central black earth region

In 2017–2019 on 7 soybean varieties and 2 breeding lines of FSBSI «Federal Scientific Center of Legumes and Groat Crops» (FSBSI FSC LGC) the physiological mechanisms of adaptive reactions of soybean plants in contrasting meteorological conditions, influencing the formation of productivity, have been studied. The optimal area of soybean leaves for the formation of high grain productivity in unfavorable conditions of lack of heat and excess of moisture is 50 thous. m 2 /ha; in favorable conditions of a warm year with sufficient moisture supply, this indicator increases to 100 thous. m 2 /ha. In favorable weather conditions, the proportion of leaves and beans in the total plant mass increases. The adaptive reactions of the pigment complex consist in an increase in the content of chlorophyll b and carotenoids under conditions of drought and excessive illumination and carotenoids under high humidity and lack of heat and light. Two groups of varieties have been identified: 1. early ripening Lantsetnaya, Krasivaya Mecha, Osmon', distinguished by a balanced distribution of plastic substances in conditions of excessive moisture and forming a grain yield at the level of 2.5–2.8 t/ha; 2. middle-ripening Zusha, Mezenka, L-85, under these conditions, forming a large area of leaves and a mass of nodules, which leads to a decrease in grain productivity to 1.9– 2.2 t/ha. The early ripening varieties Lantsetnaya and Krasivaya Mecha have a balanced distribution of plastic substances and are able to form a high yield, both with an excess of moisture and a lack of heat, and in arid conditions. Line L-85, characterized by high values of photosynthetic and symbiotic parameters, formed the maximum yield of dry matter (12.3 t/ha) and grain (2.8 t/ha) on average over 3 years. The greatest amount of nitrogen in the vegetative organs of soybeans and in the grain accumulates in years with high humidity in comparison with favorable conditions of the growing season. Effective assimilation activity of leaves, active nitrogen fixation of nodule bacteria lead to increased accumulation of nitrogen in the grain. By the amount of crude protein in grain, the varieties Krasivaya Mecha (42.5%), Shatilovskaya 17 (41.2%) and the L-216 line (41.3%) were distinguished; for the collection of protein with a grain of 1.1 t/ha — Krasivaya Mecha and line L-85. A high positive correlation was found between the yield of the aboveground mass and the photosynthetic potential and leaf area at the level of r = 0.8–0.9; with a mass of nodules at the level — r = 0.6–0.8 for all 3 years of research. A close relationship between grain productivity and photosynthetic and symbiotic indicators was noted in a favorable 2018 at the level of r = 0.7–0.8.

Estimation of the efficiency of application of complicated-mixed mineral fertilizers in the conditions of Perm region

The efficiency of using complex-mixed fertilizers FertiM N9P14S10, FertiM N10P10K10S9, FertiM N16P8K8S12, FertiM N20P10K10S12 produced by Terminal-Lysva LLC on spring wheat of the Gornouralskaya variety and spring rape of the Podmoskovny variety has been studied. Fertilizers of Terminal-Lysva LLC were compared with traditional ammonium nitrate and complex Azophos (N16P-16K16) fertilizers. The influence of fertilizers on the yield and quality of wheat products has been studied. The maximum wheat grain yield of 4,0 t/ha was obtained with the introduction of FertiM N20P10K10S12, which is 0,3 t/ha higher than with the application of complex fertilizer N16P16K16 and 0,8 t/ha higher than in the control variant. The use of the complete mineral fertilizer FertiM N10P10K10S9 and FertiM N20P10K10S12 ensured a higher crop yield (by 0,3-0,5 t / ha) than the application of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) or nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers (FertiM N9P14S10). An increase in the content of crude protein in grain from 9.1 to 10.9% was noted with the addition of FertiM N10P10K10S9. The yield of spring rapeseed with FertiM application increased by 0.2-0.3 t / ha. The use of FertiM significantly increased the content of crude protein in rapeseed, and tendencies of an increase in crude fat and total phosphorus were noted. The results were obtained on the effect of complex-mixed fertilizers FertiM on soil fertility indicators. The application of complex-mixed fertilizers FertiM increased the content of mineral nitrogen in the soil by 1,1-1,3 times. No deterioration in the indicators of the soil-absorbing complex was observed.

Model analysis of the significant drop in protein content in Danish grain crops from 1990-2015

Abstract The content of crude protein in grain decreased 2.4–2.9 percentage points (dry matter basis) in Denmark between 1990 and 2015. The aim of this model analysis was to quantify to which extent the reduced crude protein content in winter wheat and spring barley was caused by a) changed N-response in new varieties, b) changed fertilizer norms, field management and N-deposition, c) decreased N-mineralization due to structural changes in Danish farming, and d) warmer and wetter weather. The analysis was carried out using the plant-soil-atmosphere model DAISY. It was possible to simulate most of the observed change in protein content. For winter wheat, changes in fertilizer regulations driven by environmental concerns and accompanied by a drop in aerial deposition of nitrogen explained between 50 and 70 % of the total simulated decline in crude protein content. The changed N-response of new varieties explained 15–20 %. For spring barley, the changed N-response accounted for 45–60 % of the observed change under mineral fertilization and 40–45 % in scenarios receiving slurry. Warmer and wetter weather accounted for around 20 % of the change for both crops. On the more clayey soils, reduced mineralisation influenced the protein content, and this effect was probably underestimated in the study.

Physiological and biochemical response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to TiO2 nanoparticles in phosphorous amended soil: A full life cycle study

Nanoparticles (NPs) application in soil as nano-fertilizers to increase crop yield is getting attention due to their higher efficiency and less environmental risks. This study investigated the interactive effects of variable titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) levels (0, 30, 50 and 100 mg kg−1) superimposed to phosphorus (P) fertilizer application in soil at the rates of 0, 25 and 50 mg kg−1 on wheat crop. Physiological parameters of plants, their antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, POD), and contents of crude protein, H2O2, MDA and metals/nutrients (Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu) were measured. Data on physiological traits revealed that application of 50 mg kg−1 of TiO2-NPs without P fertilizer significantly enhanced the root and shoot length by 63 and 26%, respectively. Increased contents of nutrients in the shoots, viz., Ca (316%), Cu (296%), Al (171%) and Mg (187%) with 50 mg kg−1 TiO2-NPs treatment reflected improvement in crop growth and grain quality. Furthermore, P contents in plant tissues were raised up to 56% with 50 mg kg−1 of TiO2-NPs even in the absence of P fertilizer. In the soil, concentration of phytoavailable P was significantly increased up to 63.3% in the presence of 50 mg kg−1 TiO2-NPs as compared to control. Contents of crude protein in grain were also enhanced by 22.8% (at P50) and 17.4% (at P25) with 50 mg kg−1 TiO2-NPs application. Along with P application, TiO2-NPs triggered the activities of SOD (2.06–33.97%) and POD (up to 13.19%), and H2O2 production (50.6–138.8%). However, MDA contents were not elevated significantly at any level of TiO2-NPs, and remained at par with control. It was noteworthy that highest level of TiO2-NPs, viz., 100 mg kg−1 exhibited plant and nutrients response lower than that with 50 mg kg−1. Further, TiO2-NPs triggered the bioavailability of micronutrient heavy metals (Zn, Cu and Fe) and Al, which could have toxicity at higher concentrations. These results suggested that TiO2-NPs might have some affinities with phosphate compounds and metal ions in the soil to bring them in soluble form, which enhanced their bioavailability. Although it improved the crop yield and quality, but toxic or negative impact of TiO2-NPs was also apparent at higher dose. Therefore, investigations on the potential interactions of NPs with other nutrients and toxic metals are needed to enhance our understanding for the safer application of nano-fertilizer.

YIELD VARIABILITY OF GRAIN CROP VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STEPPE ZONE OF WESTERN SIBERIA

The work presents the results of research into the yield and quality of grain obtained from crop varieties of different maturity types, namely spring common wheat varieties (mid-early Pamyati Aziyeva, mid-late Baganskaya 95 and Omskaya 28), spring barley (early-ripening Bagan, mid-ripening Acha and Signal) and spring oats (early-ripening Krasnoobsky, mid-ripening SIG, mid-late Ural 2). The study was conducted in the conditions of the steppe zone of Western Siberia (North Kulunda), the climate of which is extremely continental, and is characterized by signifi cant variability of agrometeorological conditions of the vegetation period by years and a drought during the fi rst half of summer. It was established that sowing of midripening and mid-late varieties of wheat and barley resulted in the increase of the grain yield by 0.47-1.07 t/ha or by 24-30%, compared with the more early-ripening varieties. Among various biotypes of oats, the highest yields of grain were formed by sowing of the mid-ripening variety, which was by 0.60-0.87 t/ha or 19-30% higher than the early and mid-late varieties, whereas the highest yield of green mass was achieved by sowing of the mid-late variety. All varieties of barley, oats and mid-early wheat were characterized by signifi cant variability in grain yields by years (with coeffi cient of variation being 24-38%), while midlate varieties of wheat were characterized by medium or small variability in grain yields (coeffi cient of variation being 3-12%). The content of crude gluten in the grain of wheat varieties varied considerably depending on agrometeorological conditions (coeffi cient of variation being 20-25%). On average, over the years of research, the highest content of gluten (34.0%) was in the grain of the mid-early variety Pamyati Aziyeva, the lowest content (27.4%) was in the mid-late Baganskaya 95. The maximum amount of crude gluten in the wheat grain (33.6-40.0%) was observed in the dry year, the minimum (19.9-26.4%) was in the year with favorable humidity. The content of crude protein in the barley grain varied in the experiment from 11.6 to 14.9% (coeffi cient of variation being 9-14%) and did not differ signifi cantly by varieties (12.5-12.9%). The greatest amount of crude protein in the grain of all varieties of barley (13.7-14.9%) was recorded in the dry year.

Efecto del residual de estiércol avícola o residual de fertilizante mineral en el rendimiento y la calidad de camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz)

El interés por el cultivo de camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] para alimentación animal y biocombustible se está incrementando. Se condujo un ensayo en invernadero y tiestos con camelina cv. Calena después de un primer cultivo de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.), con el fin de estudiar el efecto de la fertilización residual de gallinazas y mineral en el rendimiento y la calidad del grano. Los tratamientos aplicados en el cultivo anterior de cebada fueron: gallinaza o fertilizante mineral, N-P-K en dosis 0, 1, 1.5 y 2 (0, 60, 90,120 unidades fertilizantes de nitrógeno). Las variables estudiadas fueron: peso seco de biomasa aérea, peso seco de grano, peso de 1,000 granos, porcentaje de nitrógeno en biomasa aérea, porcentaje de nitrógeno en grano, porcentaje de proteína bruta en grano y porcentaje de grasa bruta en grano. Los tratamientos y dosis fueron significativamente diferentes. La interacción tratamiento*dosis fue significativa (P&lt;0.05) para las variables estudiadas excepto para peso grano y peso de 1,000 granos. Para la gallinaza y el mineral los valores más altos en peso de grano se obtuvieron con dosis de 1 y 1.5, con rendimientos equivalentes en grano de 1,547 kg/ha y 1,504 kg/ha, para proteína bruta en grano fueron para dosis 1.5 en ambos tratamientos con 455.08 y 478.72 kg/hay para grasa bruta del grano fueron los más altos, para dosis de 1 y 1.5 con 481.27 y 454.06 kg/ha. En general, la camelina tuvo una buena respuesta a la fertilización residual con fertilización a partir de la gallinaza o mineral en rendimiento y calidad de grano.

English

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is an important characteristic for increasing the yield and quality of rice grains and reducing the use of nitrogen fertilizers. This study evaluated parameters that contribute to NUE in two tropical japonica rice varieties contrasting in nitrogen remobilization efficiency (NRE) and nitrate-uptake kinetics: IAC-47 (bred for high-input farming), and Piaui (a landrace from the state of Maranhao, Brazil). The two varieties were grown with and without N supplementation at anthesis stage. Both varieties received urea equivalent to 60 kg N ha -1 in the first ten days after planting (DAP) and a subset of the two varieties received a supplementation with 40 kg N ha -1 at anthesis stage, composing a treatment with supplementation (Ts). The control treatment (Tc) was constituted of the plants that did not receive nitrogen supplementation at anthesis. We analyzed the nitrogen soluble fractions, soluble sugars, dry matter production, total N, crude protein in grains, NUE parameters, and expression and activity of glutamine synthetase (GS). The N uptake after anthesis affected the total N content in the shoots and grains of both rice varieties. In treatments with and without N supplementation, the nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) was higher in IAC-47 than in Piaui plants. The NRE, a desirable characteristic for plants grown with low N input, was around two times higher in the Piaui plants that were not supplemented with N during anthesis. panicles of piaui plants grouwn without N supplementation presented higher expression of the glutamine synthetase gene OsGS1.3 post-anthesis. The results indicate that NRE is the primary factor contributing to NUE in rice varieties adapted to a low N supply, whereas improved varieties exhibit a higher NUpE.

Protein value of cereals and cereal by-products for ruminants: a comparison between crude protein and protein-based estimates

In situ estimates of ruminal undegraded fraction (RU) and effective intestinal digestibility (EID, corrected for microbial colonisation) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total analysed amino acids (TAA) of rye, wheat and corn grains, wheat bran, wheat and barley distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and corn gluten feed were measured on three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers using 15N labelling techniques and considering ruminal rates of particle comminution (kc) and outflow. Results indicate that not considering kc and microbial colonisation led to considerable overestimations of RU which increased with feed ruminal degradation. Microbial colonisation may be also associated with overestimations of EID, whose estimates for DM, CP and TAA were predicted from parameters related with the ruminal escape of intestinally indigestible materials. The RU estimates were higher for TAA than for CP in grains, but the opposite was observed in by-products, whereas EID estimates were higher for TAA in all feeds. To obtain accurate protein values in these feedstuffs, it is required to consider both kc and ruminal microbial colonisation. The CP-based results underestimate the intestinally digested protein in grains and the opposite is evidenced in cereal by-products. Microbial protein synthesised in the rumen is largely the major fraction of the feedstuff protein value with the exception of DDGS.

The Effect of Different Irrigation Water Levels on Grain Yield, Yield Components and Some Quality Parameters of Silage Maize (&lt;i&gt;Zea mays indentata &lt;/i&gt;Sturt.)

This research was conducted in Bursa, Marmara region, Turkey, in order to determine grain yield and some morphological traits which affect the silage maize response to different irrigation water amounts. The grains’ percentage of crude oil and of crude protein were determined. Field experiments were planned following randomized complete block design with three replications and included six irrigation treatments. Irrigation treatments were created as water levels of pan evaporation (Epan) applied via drip irrigation [1.25 × Epan (I125), 1.00 × Epan (I100), 0.75 × Epan (I75), 0.50 × Epan (I50), 0.25 × Epan (I25) and 0 × Epan (I0)]. The highest value of grain yield was found to be 18,268 kg ha-1 in the I125 treatment, which represents excessive water. A quadratic relationship between grain yield and irrigation water applied was obtained. Deficit irrigation decreased grain yield and yield components except the percentage of crude oil and crude protein of grain, but improved the efficient use of irrigation water. Relationships between the grain yield and each yield component were positively significant. The highest correlation coefficient in the research gave the relationship between grain yield and plant height (r=0.957**). The results revealed that 1.25 × Epan and 1.00 × Epantreatments are preferable for higher yield. The results of this study also suggest that if water is limited, the application of 0.75 × Epan can be recommended as optimal treatment, because the best compromise among yield, yield components, quality and irrigation water use efficiency for maize was achieved with this application.

The Effect of Different Irrigation Water Levels on Grain Yield, Yield Components and Some Quality Parameters of Silage Maize (&lt;i&gt;Zea mays indentata &lt;/i&gt;Sturt.)

This research was conducted in Bursa, Marmara region, Turkey, in order to determine grain yield and some morphological traits which affect the silage maize response to different irrigation water amounts. The grains’ percentage of crude oil and of crude protein were determined. Field experiments were planned following randomized complete block design with three replications and included six irrigation treatments. Irrigation treatments were created as water levels of pan evaporation (Epan) applied via drip irrigation [1.25 × Epan (I125), 1.00 × Epan (I100), 0.75 × Epan (I75), 0.50 × Epan (I50), 0.25 × Epan (I25) and 0 × Epan (I0)]. The highest value of grain yield was found to be 18,268 kg ha-1 in the I125 treatment, which represents excessive water. A quadratic relationship between grain yield and irrigation water applied was obtained. Deficit irrigation decreased grain yield and yield components except the percentage of crude oil and crude protein of grain, but improved the efficient use of irrigation water. Relationships between the grain yield and each yield component were positively significant. The highest correlation coefficient in the research gave the relationship between grain yield and plant height (r=0.957**). The results revealed that 1.25 × Epan and 1.00 × Epantreatments are preferable for higher yield. The results of this study also suggest that if water is limited, the application of 0.75 × Epan can be recommended as optimal treatment, because the best compromise among yield, yield components, quality and irrigation water use efficiency for maize was achieved with this application.

English

This experiment aimed to study the effects on grain and forage productivity in dual-purpose wheat cv. BRS Taruma under cutting handlings and nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was conducted in area of ​​Rhodic Hapludox in the city of Marechal Cândido Rondon, Parana State, in a randomized block design with 12 treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of surface nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) and number of cuttings accomplished ​​(0, 1 and 2). The topdressing was split in two applications for handling of just a cutting (27 and 65 days after sowing - DAS), and three applications for handling with two cuttings (27, 65 and 96 days after sowing - DAS). Data were subjected to analysis of variance (p≤0.05). The use of one or two cuttings and the comparison between the first and second cuttings were done by F test (5%) whereas nitrogen doses were studied by regression analysis. For all variables, there was significant interaction of nitrogen doses in surface and the number of cuttings. Grain yield and its yield components were responsive to levels of nitrogen fertilization in surface as well as forage production and its quality, but the same factors were reduced with the use of cuttings. This handling increased the dry matter content and crude protein in grains. Key words: Crop-livestock integration, Triticum aestivum, nitrogen, yield components, proximate composition.

Influência da consorciação com Brachiaria ruziziensis e do nitrogênio residual na cultura do milho

The no tillage feasibility and implementation in the Brasilian Cerrado region has been limited by the difficulty of obtaining and maintaining adequate mulching on the soil. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the influence of residual nitrogen, applied to common beans, in the leaves number active photosynthetically, the agronomic characteristics and crude protein in corn grains, intercropped or not. We can be concluded there was no residual effect of nitrogen rates application, applied previously in common bean, on the vegetative and reproductive development in corn and corn intercropped with Brachiaria ruziziensis, there was increase in the leaf senescence and reduced crude protein in grains, final population density, spikes number per area, total leaf nitrogen, rachis diameter, kernels number per row and 100 grains weight, without to affect yield.

The Effect of Wheat Mixtures on the Powdery Mildew Disease and Some Yield Components

Mixtures composed of five wheat cultivars, Jingshuang 16, Jing 411, Jingdong 8, Lunxuan 987, and Baofeng 104, with different levels of resistance against powdery mildew were tested for their potential containment of the disease development in the field and for the influence on grain yield and the content of crude protein in the years 2007 and 2010. The plots were inoculated artificially with mixed isolates collected in the fields and propagated in the greenhouse and the disease was scored in 7 d interval during the two growing seasons. It was indicated that certain combinations, e.g., Jingdong 8: Lunxuan 987, Jingdong 8: Baofeng 104, and Jing 411: Jingdong 8: Baofeng 104, showed positive efficacy on the mildew. The cultivar combinations tested in 2007 showed increase of grain yield, while most of the combinations tested in 2010 did not show the increase. The differences of the increases or decreases were not statistically significant except combinations Jing 411: Jingdong 8: Baofeng104, Jingshuang16: Jingdong8: Lunxuang 987 and Jingshuang 16: Jingdong 8: Lunxuan 987: Baofeng 104, which showed the decrease of the grain yield. The mixtures did not show influence on the content of crude protein in grain. More cultivar combinations need to be tested.