Crude Fiber Research Articles

Impact of ginger powder (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on the performance, biochemical parameters, antioxidant status, and rumen fermentation in Ossimi rams.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has great potential as a growth promoter and immunostimulant in ruminant nutrition. This study assessed the impact of ginger powder supplementation on Ossimi rams' rumen fermentation, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant levels. Fifteen Ossimi rams, aged 10 ± 1.3 months and weighing 30 ± 1.5 kg. Rams were randomly divided into three experimental groups: The control group (G1) received standard feed, while ginger powder (5 g and 7 g/kg body weight [BW] for G2 and G3, respectively) mixed in water was administered to groups G2 and G3 before their standard feed. The control group recorded higher dry matter (DM) intake values (p < 0.05) than the ginger-treated groups. The ginger-treated groups showed superiority (p < 0.05) in weight gain and feed conversion compared to the control group. The digestion coefficients of DM, crude protein, and crude fiber were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by a high dose (7 g/Kg BW) of ginger supplementation, whereas organic matter, ether extract, and nitrogen-free extract digestibility remained unchanged. Compared to the control group, the rams given 5 g of ginger had significantly less (p < 0.05) total protein and globulin in their serum, but the rams given 7 g of ginger had significantly more (p < 0.05) of these proteins. In the ginger groups, these levels were significantly (p < 0.01) lower than those in the control group for serum creatinine, uric acid, urea, total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Rams given ginger had significant growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, total superoxide dismutase, GSH-Px, TAC, immunoglobulin (Ig) A, and IgG enhancement (p < 0.01), and a decrease (p < 0.01) in malondialdehyde concentration compared to the control group. Significant increases in total short-chain volatile fatty acids, acetic, propionic, and isovaleric acids (p < 0.05), and significant decreases in NH3N and protozoa (p < 0.01). Ginger powder (5 g and 7 g) can improve growth, immune responses, antioxidant status, and ruminal parameters in rams. Further study is needed to evaluate the effect of ginger on different types of animals (cow, buffalo, and goat) to develop new feed additives.

Effect of Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Bio Fertilizers on the Growth and Development of Cereal Fodder Crops: A Review

Livestock contributes significantly to the agricultural and National GDP (gross domestic product). India is known as one of the most important countries containing a larger livestock population. Hence, to sustain the livestock population, the production of quality forage is the most important factor. Currently, the lack of dry and green forage yield is increasing day by day due to an insufficient supply of required fertilizers to the fodder crops and farmers are not willing to cultivate fodder crops as it provides smaller net returns. Moreover, the availability of smaller land holdings is another cause of the fodder deficit in the country. In cereal fodder crops, nitrogenous fertilizers have an immense role in determining the crude protein and fibre content of the plant when it is applied with appropriate doses that differ from crop to crop. Moreover, biofertilizers are products that contain stains of different microorganisms. Inoculation of biofertilizers such as Azospirrilum, Azotobacter, Acetobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Clostridium, etc. to the cereal fodders (sorghum, maize, oat, barley, ryegrass, etc.) leads to a considerable increase in yield attributes as well as the quality of the yield can be sustained also without deteriorating the soil fertility. Again, the combined application of both i.e., biofertilizers and nitrogenous fertilizers at a suitable proportion provides the maximum possible quality yield with higher net profit. Therefore, it is necessary to apply fertilizers (nitrogen and biofertilizers) at the time of crop requirement for maximum production. Hence, this study is conducted to observe the performance level of cereal fodders under the impact of nitrogenous fertilizers and biofertilizers.

Performance, nutrient utilization and meat quality traits in Bos indicus cattle: a meta-analysis examining the effect of residual feed intake.

This meta-analysis aims to investigate the effects of residual feed intake (RFI) phenotype on performance, nutrient utilization and meat quality traits in Zebu (Bos indicus) cattle. Twenty-three peer-reviewed publications with 37 treatment means were included in the dataset. Weighted mean difference analysis compared animals categorized into low RFI (more efficient) versus medium or high RFI (less efficient) groups. Data heterogeneity via meta-regression and subgroup analysis, considering variables such as animal age, sex class, experimental duration, RFI group, dietary concentrate, and estimated metabolizable energy intake were also explored. The predominant genetic group of cattle in the dataset was Nellore (89.18%), followed by Brahman (10.81%). More efficient animals (low RFI phenotype) exhibited less dry matter intake (DMI; P < 0.010) than medium or high RFI animals (-0.95kg vs. -0.42kg/d). Cattle dietary crude protein and fiber digestibility were consistent across RFI groups (P > 0.05), while dietary ether extract digestibility tended to decrease (P = 0.050) in low RFI animals (-13.20g/kg DM). Low RFI animals tended to increased (P = 0.065) ribeye area (REA) compared to the high/medium RFI groups, while carcass backfat thickness (BFT) decreased (P = 0.042) compared to high/medium RFI groups. Moreover, there was an increase (P < 0.001) of 0.22kg in Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and a reduction (P < 0.001) in the myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) in low RFI animals. Meat color parameters (lightness [L*] and yellowness [b*]) and visual marbling scores were consistent (P > 0.05) across RFI groups. In conclusion, Zebu cattle classified as efficient (low RFI) exhibited reduced DMI, which improves their feed efficiency. However, BFT and meat quality parameters such as tenderness (WBSF and MFI) and redness [a*] were compromised by low RFI phenotype, highlighting the challenge of enhancing feed efficiency and meat quality traits in Zebu cattle.

Chemical properties, sensory characteristics, and antibacterial activity to Staphylococcus aureus of tempeh gembus fermented with Mosaccha inocula

The study examined the impact of varying concentrations of Mosaccha inocula (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% w/w) on the chemical properties, sensory characteristics, and antibacterial activity of tempe gembus. Employing a Complete Randomized Block Design with four replications, the research used 0.2% Raprima inoculum (tempeh inoculum commonly used in making tempeh in Indonesia) as a control. The best treatment was determined using Least Significant Difference analysis and the de Garmo weighting effectiveness test. Results revealed that Mosaccha inocula concentration significantly influenced the chemical properties (excluding fat content), sensory attributes, and antimicrobial efficacy of tempe gembus. Optimal outcomes were achieved with 0.3% Mosaccha inoculum, yielding tempe gembus that was favorably received by sensory panelists. Specifically, this formulation produces tempeh with β-glucan content (0.62%), antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition diameter 9.42 mm), protein content (8.75%), and crude fiber content (4.36%) higher than controls (0.07%, 8.52 mm, 5.03%, and 3.33% respectively).

Enhancing the nutritional quality and digestibility of citronella waste (Cymbopogon nardus) for ruminant feed through ammoniation and fermentation techniques.

Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) waste, produced by distilling citronella to produce essential oil, has a high potential for use as animal feed. However, the presence of high lignin content could limit its digestibility, prompting the need for treatment to improve its quality. This study aimed to improve the nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of ammoniated and fermented citronella waste (CW). The treatments of CW included CW without treatment as a control (T0), ammoniation of CW with urea (T1), fermentation of CW with Trichoderma harzianum (T2), and a combination of ammoniation and fermentation (amofer) of CW (T3). This study employed a randomized block design with five replicates for each of the four treatments. If there was a significant effect (p < 0.05), a post hoc Duncan's multiple range test was performed to analyze the variance of the data. The process of ammoniation and fermentation led to a notable increase in crude protein (2%-6%) while decreasing crude fiber (2%-6%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (5%-14%), acid detergent fiber (ADF) (5%-9%), lignin (4%-9%), and cellulose (2%-10%). The treatments enhanced the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter (OM), NH3, and total volatile fatty acid by 4%-12%, 6%-19%, 0.9-10 mM, and 35-142 mM, respectively. The decrease in NDF, ADF, acid detergent lignin (ADL), and cellulose fractions was accompanied by an improvement in dry matter and OM digestibility in CW. Ammoniated-fermented (amofer) CW, followed by fermentation with T. harzianum and ammoniated urea treatment, significantly enhanced the nutritional content and in vitro digestibility. The decrease in NDF, ADF, ADL, and cellulose fractions led to an improvement in dry matter and OM digestibility in CW. The application of amofer treatment with T. harzianum maximizes CW's nutritional value and digestibility, making it the most efficient preservation method. Research is needed to explore the potential use of Aspergillus spp. and Pleurotus spp. for fermenting CW as ruminant fodder.

Desenvolvimento de biscoitos com vísceras de rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus) para cães adultos

The study aimed to develop dog biscuits using bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) viscera. After sterilizing the viscera, a pâté was produced and combined with lard, wheat flour, chemical yeast, and water to make biscuits. Microbiological safety was ensured by analyzing total mesophilic aerobes, molds, and yeasts through colony counts. The chemical composition of the biscuits (moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and ash) was determined. A sensory analysis, known as a preference test, was conducted where dogs were offered both the bullfrog biscuits and a well-accepted commercial brand to evaluate their preferences based on First Choice, First Consumption, and Reason for Ingestion. The commercial biscuits also underwent microbiological analysis. Results showed that both the commercial and bullfrog biscuits met international standards for mesophilic aerobes, molds, and yeasts. The proximate composition of the bullfrog biscuits was: moisture (4.52%), crude protein (14.6%), ether extract (10%), carbohydrates (68.26%), crude fiber (0.01%), and ash (1.55%), with a caloric value of 421.66 kcal per 100g. Sensory analysis revealed no significant difference in First Choice and Intake Ratio. However, dogs preferred the bullfrog biscuits for First Consumption (64.92%) compared to the commercial biscuits (35.02%). Despite the notable preference for First Consumption, no significant differences were observed for other sensory variables, suggesting that the bullfrog biscuits were well accepted by the dogs and had the potential to be a marketable product.

Selected Physical, Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Fresh Fruit Bunches for Processing of Palm Oil

Data on engineering properties of palm fruits enable the design of machinery for optimal production of palm oil. Specific physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of fresh fruit bunches are examined in this study. Fresh palm fruit's selected mechanical, chemical, and physical characteristics were determined using standard formulas and equations. One hundred fresh fruit bunch samples were used to ascertain the physical characteristics of the fruit bunches. While the chemical properties were ascertained using suggested standard equations and formulae, the fresh fruit bunches were tested for their strength properties under compression when loaded under an INSTRON Universal Testing Machine. Using the Microsoft Excel program, statistical analysis was performed on the collected data. The average length, breadth, thickness, geometric mean, sphericity, surface area, true mass, true volume and true density mean for palm fruits were 3.35±0.48 cm, 1.92±0.32 cm, 2.24±0.33 cm, 2.42±0.25 cm, 0.73±0.08 cm, 18.61±3.62 cm2, 7.99±1.81 g, 7.01±1.72 cm3, 1.17±0.24 g/cm3 respectively. The average static coefficient of frictions for palm fruits were 0.46±0.13, 0.64±0.18, 0.57±0.21 and 0.59±0.22 while the average angle of reposes was 24.48±6.08, 31.62±9.14, 29.26±6.80, and 29.91±9.11 on wood, mild steel, glass and stainless-steel surface respectively. The energy at break, force at break, deformation at break, strain at break, and stress at break for the palm fruits were 6.87±0.95 J, 2.22±0.80 kN, 14.58±3.02 mm, 0.36±0.08 mm/mm and 123.46±44.31 MPa respectively. The moisture, ash, fat, crude fibre, crude protein, and carbohydrate contents (proximate composition) of the palm fruits were 22.80±0.02%, 0.52±0.01%, 46.47±0.06%, 18.66±0.01%, 2.4±0.21%, and 9.14±0.30% respectively. The sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus and zinc contents of the palm fruits were 58.75±0.07 ppm, 94.20±0.14 ppm, 68.45±0.64 ppm, 5.21±0.00 ppm, 1.22±0.00 ppm, 1.60±0.00 ppm and 55.70±0.28 ppm respectively. This study has provided relevant information which will help engineers to develop a more efficient palm fruit extraction machines that will in turn increase the productivity and profitability of the farmers and food processors. These measured engineering properties of palm fruits help in development of palm fruit processing machines.

The Effect of Binders on the Quality of Fermented Poultry Manure Pellets as Unconventional Feed

Poultry manure has the potential to be used as a feed ingredient because it has a high enough protein and amino acid with less growth of patoghenic microorganism. The improvement of poultry manure as pellet can help to increase the palatability and feed storaging. This study aimed to determine the influence of different binders on the chemical and physical attributes of pellets derived from fermented poultry manure. Three binders, namely tapioca flour (T1), wheat flour (T2), and cassava flour (T3), were utilized in the fermentation process, with the fermented poultry manure. A 10% binder was added into the mixture, which was subsequently processed using a pelletizer. Each treatment was replicated three times, with each replication requiring 1500 g of the pellet mixture. Laboratory analyses were conducted to evaluate chemical quality through proximate analysis and gross energy assessment, while physical quality analyses included physical characteristics, measurements of diameter, length, and density, stacking density, stack compaction density, pellet durability index (PDI), modulus of uniformity, modulus of fineness, buoyancy, and water resistance. The results indicated that variations in binders did not yield numerically differences in dry matter content, organic matter, crude fat, crude fiber, and gross energy. Notably, pellets containing a wheat flour binder exhibited the highest crude protein content numerically. Furthermore, influenced the buoyancy test, with wheat flour binder showing the best buoyancy. This study recommends the adoption of wheat flour as a binder in the production of pellets based on fermented poultry manure.

Phytochemicals Screening, Proximate composition and Antioxidants Analysis of Italian Citrus paradisi Fruits

Citrus paradise is a largely consumed fruit for nutrition and medicinal importance. This study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemicals, proximate, and antioxidants contents of Italian Citrus paradisi fruits. The phytochemicals screening and proximate analysis were performed using the methods of AOAC. Antioxidants contents and capacities of the extract were determined by DPPH and FRAP Assay. The grapefruits aqueous extract revealed the presence of various phytochemicals and contains significant (p &lt; 0.05) amount of carbohydrates (89.36 %), moisture (74.80 %), lipids (4.56 %), protein (3.36 %), crude fiber (2.36 %), and ash content (0.83 %). The extract exhibited significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in DPPH percentage inhibition of free radical scavenging activity and FRAP properties comparable to that of the standard, ascorbic acid. The grapefruits extract contains various phytochemicals, proximate nutrients, and exhibited free radical scavenging activity. The grapefruits have nutritional status, antioxidant properties, and medicinal importance.

Organoleptic Analysis Test and Proximate of Seruni Plants (Wedelia Biflora) as Animal Feed

This research was conducted in Ruteng City in February-April 2023 with the aim of determining the nutritional content of seruni leaves (wedelia biflora). This study uses a direct experimental method. The first stage is an organoleptic test and continued with a proximate analysis. The treatment to be tested is P0: Seroni leaf flour taken in Ruteng City; P1: Seroni leaf flour taken around Ruteng City. This study used the t-test to evaluate significant differences in the nutritional content of Seruni leaf flour in the area around Ruteng. The results of the proximate analysis of Wedelia biflora leaves showed that this leaf had a balanced nutritional composition, with a high content of dry matter (90%), crude protein (±16%), crude fat (±10%), crude fiber (±10%), carbohydrates (±57%), and BETN (±47%). This composition indicates that Wedelia biflora is a good source of nutrients, containing adequate protein, high enough fat, as well as dominant carbohydrates and BETN, making it an efficient source of energy. moderate content of crude fiber also contributes to digestive health. With a balanced nutritional composition and the benefits provided, Wedelia biflora has great potential as a feed additive for various types of livestock to support the growth, health, and productivity of livestock.

Effects of foaming agent types and ratio with red flesh pitaya puree on physicochemical properties of foam-mat dried powder

Red flesh pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) is a highly perishable fruit with a high content of bioactive compound. It has short shelf life due to high moisture content and water activity. In this study, red flesh pitaya (RFP) powder was produced via foam mat drying method (FMD) with egg albumen (EA) and whey protein isolate (WPI) as the foaming agents. This study aimed to investigate the effect of foaming agent types and its ratio with RFP puree on physicochemical properties of foam-mat dried RFP powder. RFP fruit was incorporated and foamed with EA and WPI at 0 %, 5 %, 15 % and 30 % w/w concentrations. The foam was dried at 65 ?C for 5 hours. The powders were analysed for its moisture content, water activity, solubility, density, colour, fiber and total soluble solid (TSS). Decreasing the puree concentration from 85% to 55% while increasing the concentration of foaming agents (0% to 30%) has decreased the value of moisture content, water activity, crude fiber and colour properties. Meanwhile, the solubility, density and TSS of the foam-mat dried RFP powder was increased with increasing the concentration of both foaming agents (decreasing the ratio of RFP puree) used. The quality of powder foamed with WPI has produced the lowest in moisture content (2.86 %) and water activity (0.18), high in solubility (71.03 %), densities (0.56 g/cm3 and 0.84 g/cm3) and high in TSS (9.61). Meanwhile, the quality of samples foamed with 5% EA and 80% of RDF puree observed high in fiber content (3.38 %) and mostly retains the colour properties. FMD technique may be applied as the preservation technique of fruit powder as it has produced the powder with low moisture content and good colour properties within a short time and is more economical.

Ethno Medicinal, Phyto-Chemical and Physico-chemical Characterization of Selected Endangered Medicinal Plants of Indravati National Park, Bijapur, Chhattisgarh, India

Medicinal plants are beneficial for curing several ailments among traditional healers, indigenous people, local practitioners and forest dwellers. If harnessed, traditional knowledge of the ethnomedicinal plants can play a pivotal role in drug discovery and development. In many cases a single medicinal plant can be of multiple uses also, different plant parts of the same plant can be utilized for more than one disease condition. The Ethno-botanical, Phytochemical and physico-chemical characterization of five selected medicinal plants viz., Nyctanthes arbor – tristis, Andrographis paniculata, Cissus quadragularis, Plumbago zeylania and Costus specious is an essence and has been carried out to assess bioactive potential and to establish traditional belief in the light of scientific interpretation. Fresh leaves were collected from Indravati National Park, Bijapur, Chhattisgarh, India, dried and powdered for phytochemical and Proximate, ultimate, and compositional analysis. Study revealed that the highest concentration of Ash Content (18.513%), Moisture Content (8.56%), Carbon content (48.77%), Hydrogen Content (24.490%), Nitrogen Content (23.860%) was observed to occur in Plumbago zeylanica leaf than other experimental plants. In Cissus quadrangularis, the percentage composition of fat content (0.230%), extractive content (1.05%), Lignin Content (5.53%) was higher than others. Fat content (0.230%), Moisture Content (8.56%), Vit. C content (64.63%) and Oxygen contents (36.655 %) were observed to be higher in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf than others. The concentrations of Crude Fibre (14.49 %), Moisture Content (8.56%), Protein content (12.16%), Carbon content (75.66 %), Cellulose content (47.63 %) were observed to be highest in Costus speciosus species than others. Carbon content (48.77%) and Hydrogen Content (24.490%) were higher in Andrographis paniculata than in others.

Formulation and Evaluation of Amaranthus dubius herbal gel

The medicinal plants find application in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agricultural and food industry. The use of the medicinal herb for curing disease has been documented in history of all civilization. Plant contains active principles, which are responsible for curative action of the herbs. Amaranthus dubius (Amaranthaceae) is an important medicinal plant much used in ayurveda and other traditional medicines in many parts of the world. Amaranth really shines when it comes to skincare working to hydrate, detoxify soothe, improve elasticity and reduce wrinkles. The present study was carried out pharmacognostical screening, phytochemical and formuation of and evaluation of amarathus leaves. In the pharmacognostical screening Macroscopy, microscopy identified the characters of the leaf. Physical evaluation like ash value (Total ash, acid insoluble ash, extractive value (Pet ether soluable, chrloroform soluble and Ethanol soluble) and crude fiber content was performed. Formulation and evaluation of amarathus gel was performed.

Comprehensive quality evaluation of Indian chili powder using physiochemical indicators coupled with multivariate analysis

Chili is an important spice prone to economically motivated adulteration. This study aimed at verifying regulatory compliance of chili powder available in the Indian market. A total of 123 samples from different regions of India were analyzed for specific quality and safety requirements laid down in Indian regulations like moisture, total ash, non-volatile ether extract (NVEE), crude fiber content, and added color. Non-compliance was seen in 43 % of branded samples, with 17 % exhibiting deviation in NVEE and 16 % testing positive for non-permitted Sudan dye. Amongst non-branded samples, 65 % were non-conforming and 51 % of samples were adulterated with Sudan dye. Principle component analysis was carried to understand the percentage variability of the target variable with respect to its principal components derived using feature variables. The total variance explained by the first two components was 88.13 % for selected brands and 88.36 % for source of origin. The results demonstrated that most of the violations were due to the presence of intentionally added coloring matter, therefore there should be an increased frequency of monitoring of Sudan dye in chili powder. The data generated in the present study can be used for estimating national prevalence of adulteration, risk assessments, and providing guidance to industry.

Combined Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Protease on the Fermentation Quality and Microbial Community during 50 Kg Soybean Meal Fermentation Simulating Actual Production Scale.

The improvement in the utilization rate and nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) represents a significant challenge in the feed industry. This study conducted a 50 kg SBM fermentation based on the 300 g small-scale fermentation of SBM in early laboratory research, to explore the combined effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acid protease on fermentation quality, chemical composition, microbial population, and macromolecular protein degradation during fermentation and aerobic exposure of SBM in simulated actual production. The results demonstrated that the increase in crude protein content and reduction in crude fiber content were considerably more pronounced after fermentation for 30 days (d) and subsequent aerobic exposure, compared to 3 d. It is also noteworthy that the treated group exhibited a greater degree of macromolecular protein degradation relative to the control and 30 d of fermentation relative to 3 d. Furthermore, after 30 d of fermentation, adding LAB and protease significantly inhibited the growth of undesired microbes including coliform bacteria and aerobic bacteria. In the mixed group, the microbial diversity decreased significantly, and Firmicutes replaced Cyanobacteria for bacteria in both groups' fermentation.

Effect of hydroponic barley fodder on growth performance, carcass yield and carcass quality of cobb 500 broilers

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hydroponic barley fodder supplementation on growth performance, carcass yield and carcass quality of Cobb 500 broilers. An accustomed proper feeding and brooding have been given to the chicks for up to three weeks of age. After three weeks, 144 three-week-old birds were randomly assigned to four treatments and replicated three times with 12 chicks per replication in a completely randomized design. Treatments were arranged as follows; T1: Home formulated Broiler diet (control group), T2: Home formulated Broiler diet +3.5 % hydroponic barley fodder, T3: Home formulated Broiler diet +7 % hydroponic barley fodder, and T4: Home formulated Broiler diet +10.5 % hydroponic barley fodder. The proximate analysis revealed that, hydroponic barley fodder contained 15.63 % crude protein, 10.6 crude fiber, and 4.04 ether extract. Increasing the level of hydroponic barley fodder was associated with an improvement of both growth performance and weight of carcass components of Cobb 500 broilers. Higher average daily feed intake (112.72 g/bird), daily body weight gain (56.37 g/bird), total body weight gain (1579.39 g/4 weeks) were obtained from T4 (home formulated feed +10.5 % HBF). Similarly, higher feed conversion efficiency (1.99 g of feed/g of weight gain) was recorded in T4. Hydroponic barley fodder had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the mortality rate and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Economically, the highest net return was obtained from birds fed on T4 (Home formulated Broiler diet +10.5 % hydroponic barley fodder). In conclusion, supplementing hydroponic barley fodder up to 10.5 % improves carcass characteristics and result higher net income compared to other treatments. The current study recommended that further investigation like inclusion and substitution trial should be conducted to determine whether hydroponic barley fodder can replace expensive poultry ration ingredients.

Proximate principles and total phenolic content of Melia dubia Cav. leaf varies across altitudinal gradients in South Gujarat

Five Melia dubia populations were identified through altitudinal gradient (12, 64, 253, 341 and 381 m msl) and four individuals from each population were selected following the selective sampling method through the subjective judgment of the observer. Leaf samples were collected in the winter season of 2020-21 from all the locations. Substantial variations (p &lt;0.05) were recorded in proximate principles and the total phenolic contents in M. dubia leaf fodder along an altitudinal gradient. Crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and crude fibre (CF) content were significantly maximum at the highest altitude site (Dinbari; 381 m msl) with values of 10.14, 3.23 and 16.81%, respectively. The maximum ash content (15.68%) was recorded in leaf samples collected from Nanapondha (64 m). Conversely, the highest OM (87.53%) was recorded from Mahal (253 m). Acid in soluble ash was recorded maximum (1.27%) in Mulchond, located at 341 m altitude. Leaf nitrogen-free extract was highest (29.83%) at the lowest altitude (12.00 m), i.e., Navsari population and lowest (57.28%) at the highest altitude of Dinbari (381.00 m). Total phenolic content was maximum [102.28 GAE mg/g (10.22%)] in M. dubia leaf samples of the Navsari population, representing the lowest altitude. The study revealed that most of the proximate principles were higher for populations located at higher altitudes. The hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that among all the five populations, the Dinbari population was found to be more diverse in terms of proximate principles of leaf fodder than others that might be used for further selection and improvement.

Productivity and quality of different rabi fodder crops under kinnow mandarin based hortipasture system

A study was conducted for the assessment of productivity and nutritive quality of different rabi fodder crops under kinnow mandarin-based horti-pasture system. Among different rabi fodder crops, higher green fodder yield was produced by berseem followed by ryegrass and lucerne under partial shade of kinnow mandarin orchard. Green fodder yield of berseem was 12.83, 14.50, 37.23 and 79.17% higher as compared to ryegrass, lucerne, oat and mustard, respectively. Due to diversity in genetic makeup, parameters of analysis vary significantly in different rabi fodder crops. Ash content (14.03%), acid insoluble ash content (3.90%), crude fiber content (48.03%) and crude fat content (3.18%) was found highest under berseem, oat, mustard and ryegrass, respectively. Fat content in ryegrass was 2.47, 4.48, 17.67 and 13.25 times higher as compared to mustard, berseem, lucerne and oat, respectively. Crude protein content was highest in lucerne (32.73%) followed by berseem (25.11%). Similarly lucerne was superior fodder crop with respect to N, Zn and Cu concentrations. Though, P, K and Fe concentration in ryegrass fodder was found higher as compared to other fodder crops.

The biochemical composition of wild berries and fruits growing in the Southwestern Taimyr

This article presents research findings on the chemical composition of fruits and berries found in the Southwestern Taimyr region, including bilberry (Vaccinium myrtíllus), northern redcurrant (Ribes triste), blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), prickly wild rose (Rosa acicularis), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), almost-holarctic crowberry (Empetrum subholarcticum), Siberian rowan (Sorbus sibirica), and cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus). We revealed that rowan, blueberries, and prickly wild rose are particularly rich in crude fat. Additionally, prickly wild rose, and red currants were found to be high in crude fiber content, while bilberries, red currants, and cloudberries were dominant in crude protein. Potassium and calcium content were highest in prickly wild rose and rowan, while bilberries, red currants, and prickly wild rose had high sodium content. Moreover, crowberries and rowan berries were rich in phosphorus, and lingonberries, rowan berries, bilberries, and cloudberries were abundant in magnesium. Red currants, bilberries, and cloudberries had the highest total amino acid content, with essential amino acids being more prevalent than non-essential ones in redcurrant, bilberry, crowberry, and cloudberry samples. The content included high levels of leucine, isoleucine, valine, and threonine. Overall, the fruits and berries in the Southwestern Taimyr region have significant biological value and could be effectively used in creating functional biologically active substances.

Comparative Study of the Proximate and Phytochemical Analysis of Polyalthia Longifolia (Fresh Bark and Leaves Leaves)

Proximate and phytochemicals are chemical components that are derived from plants through metabolic activities, Polyalthia longifolia is a very important plant. The phytochemical analysis results obtained for the bark for alkaloid, saponins, flavonoid, total phenol, hydrogen cyanide and terpenoid are as follows; 8.13, 9.31, 9.41. 42.7, 0.01 and 4.47 and for the leaves. 4.84, 3.21, 7.14, 2.96, 1.73 and 4.11 respectively. the proximate results carried out on its bark using standard procedures shows it contains (%) carbohydrate 51.7, moisture content 12.8, ash content 10.52, crude fibre 15.31 and crude protein 7.22 and the proximate results for leaves 4.48, 3.21, 7.14, 2.96 and 4.11 respectively for carbohydrate, moisture content, ash content, crude fibre and crude protein. This result shows that the plant is a good source of saponin, alkaloid, phenols, and terpenoids which contribute to the nutritive and medicinal potency of the plant. The concentration of hydrogen cyanide in the plant leaves and bark is not significant and therefore will have no lethal effect and can easily be detoxified but comparatively the leaves contain more cyanide than the bark which could be related to the moisture content, the total penol in the bark is also significantly higher than the leaves which show its effectiveness as an anti microbial agent. The high percentage of carbohydrate shows that the plant can be a good source of energy for both humans and animals. This plant has several benefits like anti-cancer, anti-oxidants and anti-haemohorrds and can be used to reduce fibroid, it is applicable industrially as food preservatives, cosmetics and sweetners,