Crude Extract Research Articles

Molecular networks as strategy for dereplication of steroidal alkaloids of herbarium samples of Solanum jabrense Agra and M. Nee, an endemic and unexplored species.

Solanum jabrense is an endemic species from Brazil, distributed in the phytogeographic domains of the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest, in the states of Northeast. Solanum L. species have great economic importance not only because they are used in human food, but also because they present several secondary metabolites, especially glycosylated steroidal alkaloids, giving them medicinal properties. Recently, dry herbarium specimens have been used to identify metabolites of interest preserved even after years of storage, using a simple and fast method of extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Dereplication techniques aided by molecular networks were used to analyze the chemical composition from samples of S. jabrense herbarium specimens, and to identify chemical markers and bioactive molecules with potential medicinal use. From the LC-MS/MS dataset of the crude extracts and a standard (solasodine), a molecular network was generated that resulted in the dereplication of 19 spirosolane-type alkaminas. Our results suggest that dereplication using fragments of dried Solanum specimens is a quick tool to identify potential conserved metabolites, being useful not only for chemotaxonomy and metabolomic but also for the discovery of new molecules in natural products.

Exploring the potential antimalarial properties, safety profile, and phytochemical composition of Mesua ferrea Linn.

The increased resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinin and its partner drugs poses a serious challenge to global malaria control and elimination programs. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Mesua ferrea Linn., a medicinal plant, as a source for novel antimalarial compounds. In this study, we conducted in vitro assays to evaluate the antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of crude extracts derived from M. ferrea L. leaves and branches. Subsequently, the most promising extracts were subjected to assessments of their antimalarial efficacy and acute oral toxicity tests in mouse models. Furthermore, selected crude extracts underwent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify their phytochemical compositions. Our findings revealed that the ethanolic extract of M. ferrea L. branches (EMFB) exhibited high antimalarial activity, with an IC50 value of 4.54 μg/mL, closely followed by the ethanolic extract of M. ferrea L. leaves (EMFL), with an IC50 value of 6.76 μg/mL. Conversely, the aqueous extracts of M. ferrea L. branches (AMFB) and leaves (AMFL) exhibited weak and inactive activity, respectively. The selected extracts, EMFB and EMFL, demonstrated significant dose-dependent parasitemia suppression, reaching a maximum of 62.61% and 54.48% at 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Furthermore, the acute oral toxicity test indicated no observable toxicity at a dosage of 2,000 mg/kg body weight for both extracts. GC-MS analysis revealed abundant compounds in the EMFB, such as oleamide, cis-β-farnesene, alloaromadendrene, physcion, palmitic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, while the EMFL contained friedelin, friedelinol, betulin, β-caryophyllene, oleamide, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Notably, both extracts shared several phytochemical compounds, including 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, α-copaene, cyperene, β-caryophyllene, alloaromadendrene, palmitic acid, ethyl palmitate, and oleamide. Additionally, further study is needed to isolate and characterize these bioactive compounds from M. ferrea L. leaves and branches for their potential utilization as scaffolds in the development of novel antimalarial drugs.

In vitro antidiabetic evaluation of Bombax buonopozense methanol leaf extract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major worldwide health burden that requires research into cost-effective treatment alternatives. It has been claimed that herbal medicines, have improved glucose metabolism in diabetics. It has been showed that several plant extracts are useful in preserving glucose homeostasis. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical and antidiabetic activities of Bombax buonopozense methanol leaf extracts. Standard methods were used for the identification of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, cardiacglycosides and steroids. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts of B. buonopozense was evaluated on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The crude leaf extract of B. buonopozense exhibited a more effective inhibition on α-glucosidase with IC50 (Half maximal inhibitory concentration) values 888.20±35.06 μg/mL when compared to control (ascorbic acid) with values 1076±2.77 μg/mL. Fractions of ethyl acetate showed lower inhibitory property of alpha glucosidase with IC50 value 18.44±2.63 μg/mL compared to the control (ascorbic acid with IC50 value 16325±1318 μg/mL). This study showed the scientific basis for the traditional therapeutic usage of B. buonopozense by proven its antidiabetic activity in vitro. This is the first time that B. buonopozense’s antidiabetic efficacy and possible mechanisms have been documented.

Phytochemical screening of multiple Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extracts against multidrug resistant bacteria

Turmeric, a naturally occurring kitchen spice, possesses a wide range of medicinal properties. It has been reported to exhibit analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and wound healing properties. Yet, a detailed investigation is required for its screening against clinical isolates of multidrug resistant bacteria, so that it could be used as, cost effective, indigenous and readily available kitchen spice in crude form for the treatment of these bacterial infections at home. In current study, three fractions of ethyl acetate extracts of turmeric were screened against four multidrug resistant bacterial strains. Disc diffusion method was used to perform antibacterial activity and by calculation the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). It was confirmed that all bacterial strains were highly sensitive towards all turmeric fractions. GCMS analysis of various fractions exhibited the presence of various flavonoids and polyphenols, their presence was further ascertained by chemical tests. It has been proposed that the synergistic effect of curcumin as well phenolics, crude extracts of turmeric showed promising antibacterial potential against multidrug resistant bacteria.Turmeric, a naturally occurring kitchen spice, possesses a wide range of medicinal properties. It has been reported to exhibit analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and wound healing properties. Yet, a detailed investigation is required for its screening against clinical isolates of multidrug resistant bacteria, so that it could be used as, cost effective, indigenous and readily available kitchen spice in crude form for the treatment of these bacterial infections at home. In current study, three fractions of ethyl acetate extracts of turmeric were screened against four multidrug resistant bacterial strains. Disc diffusion method was used to perform antibacterial activity and by calculation the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). It was confirmed that all bacterial strains were highly sensitive towards all turmeric fractions. GCMS analysis of various fractions exhibited the presence of various flavonoids and polyphenols, their presence was further ascertained by chemical tests. It has been proposed that the synergistic effect of curcumin as well phenolics, crude extracts of turmeric showed promising antibacterial potential against multidrug resistant bacteria.

Isolation, purification and comparison of soluble active substances from four peony roots

Due to high medicinal and economic value of Paeonia L., roots from 4-year-old, 5-year-old, and 6-year-old Paeonia ostii (4PO, 5PO, 6PO), as well as medicinal Paeonia suffruticosa (PS), Paeonia lactiflora (PL) and Paeonia vetchii Lynch (PV) were utilized to isolate and purify soluble activity substances. Through static and dynamic experiments, it was established that LX-83 macroporous resin effectively purified the crude extract of peony root (PR) under optimal conditions: Absorption to the column at 2 BV/h for 6 h, followed by desorption with 60 % ethanol at 5 BV/h for 0.8 h. After purification, the average total phenolic content of six PR crude extracts surged from 147.8 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw) to 397.5 mg GAE/g dw. Eight terpenes, 13 phenols, 6 flavonoids, and 4 tannins in crude PR extracts were identified by HPLC-MS. The content of paeoniflorin, pentagalloylglucose, mudanpioside C, benzoyloxidized paeoniflorin, benzoyl paeoniflorin, and paeonol was determined by HPLC, which increased by 3–5.2 times. The purified PO and PS extracts contain significantly abundant amounts of paeonol and paeoniflorin, exceeding the standards of 1.2 % and 1.6 % in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, respectively. Moreover, the purified PR extracts exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity and anti-tyrosinase activity, with 5PO and 6PO extracts demonstrating the highest efficacy. This study successfully developed a versatile and effective method for purifying active substances in various PRs. It also provided theoretical and practical insights for upgrading and transforming the root industry of Paeonia plants.

Assessment of Phytochemical Compounds, Enzyme Production, and Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Anti-mutagenic Activities in Endophytic Fungi Derived from Mangrove Trees

Mangrove forest is a unique wetland ecosystem that is highly productive and provides an environment for a variety of microorganisms. Endophytic fungi derived from mangrove plants provide the plants with protection from adverse environmental conditions, while also allowing the fungi to produce valuable bioactive compounds. The present study sampled 11 mangrove trees and isolated, screened, and identified the potent endophytic fungi and their bioactive substances showing anti-pathogenic, anti-mutagenic and antioxidant activities, while the endophytes were investigated for their enzymatic potential. In total, 47 endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves (36) and stems (11) of the host plants and all isolates were tested for antagonistic activities against selected plant pathogens. Based on the results, isolates BgS-04 and BcL-05 had the highest anti-pathogenic activities against Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., and Colletotrichum sp. Therefore, the ethyl acetate crude extracts from these two fungi were further investigated for their antioxidant and anti-mutagenic activities and their phenolic compound contents, based on phytochemical analysis. Based on the results, the crude extracts of BgS-04 and BcL-05 contained 5.24 and 4.8 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of total phenolic compounds, respectively, and had antioxidant activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration) levels of 7.4 and 4.26 mg/mL, respectively. The preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of the fungal crude extracts identified tannins and coumarins. The anti-mutagenic activity levels of BgS-04 and BcL-05 against the mutagenic compounds, Trp-P-1 and DMBA, were determined using the Ames test, which revealed that the crude extracts of BgS-04 and BcL-05 had moderate-to-high antimutagenic potential against TA98 and TA100.All 47 endophytic isolates were assessed for their potential role in producing extracellular enzyme; they were capable of producing protease (53%), pectinase (28%), amylase (26%) and cellulase (19%) but none of them produced lipase. Among the isolates, RmL-01 derived from the leaves of Rhizophora mucronata had the significantly highest amylase production. Maximum amylase production (141.2 U/mL) was observed at 30 °C, pH 7.0 and 120 hours of incubation time. Molecular identification of the isolates BgS-04, BcL-05 and RmL-01 using nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences revealed that they were Pestalotiopsis parva, Collectotrichum perseae, and Aspergillus oryzae, respectively, with high bootstrap support. It was concluded that the distinct groups of mangrove endophytes were potential sources of novel and valuable bio-based compounds with impressive anti-plant pathogen, anti-mutagenic, and antioxidant activities and capable of producing multi-industrial enzyme cocktails that might be important and useful for biotechnological applications.

Natural products that alleviate depression: The putative role of autophagy.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder that severely disrupts psychosocial function and decreases the quality of life. Although the pathophysiological mechanism underlying MDD is complex and remains unclear, emerging evidence suggests that autophagy dysfunction plays a role in MDD occurrence and progression. Natural products serve as a major source of drug discovery and exert tremendous potential in developing antidepressants. Recently published reports are paying more attention on the autophagy regulatory effect of antidepressant natural products. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the abnormal changes occurred in multiple autophagy stages in MDD patients, and animal and cell models of depression. Importantly, we emphasize the regulatory mechanism of antidepressant natural products on disturbed autophagy, including monomeric compounds, bioactive components, crude extracts, and traditional Chinese medicine formulae. Our comprehensive review suggests that enhancing autophagy might be a novel approach for MDD treatment, and natural products restore autophagy homeostasis to facilitate the renovation of mitochondria, impede neuroinflammation, and enhance neuroplasticity, thereby alleviating depression.

Purification, characterization and molecular docking studies of analogous alpha amylase inhibitor compounds

BackgroundA large number of protein inhibitors are found in higher plants, cereals and legumes. These inhibitors are helpful in the prevention as well as medical treatment of metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes. Basically, the diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder that occurs either due to inadequate insulin secretions or when body fails to utilize the produced insulin. The alpha amylase inhibitors are termed as starch blockers. They catalyze the hydrolysis of α-(1,4)-D-glycosidic linkages of starch and other glucose polymer. They play a significant role in inhibition of the activity of salivary and pancreatic amylase in vitro and in vivo. MethodThe present study was based on the purification, characterization and molecular docking studies of the alpha amylase inhibitor isolated from the kidney bean sample. The seed sample was collected from G.B. Pant Nagar University. The crude extract was prepared, the in-vitro studies and heat stability were determined. Following it, purification was carried out using ammonium sulphate precipitation and size exclusion chromatography was done. Later, characterization and molecular docking studies of the purified sample was done after obtaining GC–MS results. ResultThe in-vitro analysis was done and noted that the inhibitory activity was 96.5 ± 0.84 % post size exclusion chromatography. The molecular weight was about 54 kDa. The molecular docking studies revealed that there were interactions between the ligand molecules (the constituents that were selected from the GC–MS chromatogram peaks based on the height and area) and the human pancreatic alpha amylase (1HNY). The hydrogen bonding as affinity binding capacity was also been observed in each of the ligand–protein interaction. ConclusionFrom the tests, it has been elucidated that the alpha amylase inhibitor isolated from the sample has a great potential to serve as an anti-diabetic drug. However, in order to check the potential effects and to explore the optimization and development of the anti-diabetic drug the in-vivo studies can also be done further.

Comparative study on physicochemical characterization and immunomodulatory activities of neutral and acidic Lycium barbarum polysaccharides

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are recognized as key bioactive constituents of Lycium barbarum with diverse biological activities. However, current research on LBPs is largely confined to crude extracts, offering limited insight into the structural properties underlying their biological effects. In this study, we separated crude LBP into acidic LBP (ALBP) and neutral LBP (NLBP), which exhibited distinct physicochemical properties. ALBP, consisting of 76.18 % galacturonic acid (GalA), demonstrated crystallinity, thermal stability and gelatinous characteristics. In contrast, NLBP, with only 3.16 % GalA, displayed a more porous structure and superior fluidity. Furthermore, functional analysis revealed that NLBP exhibited enhanced immunoregulatory effects by activating dendritic cells and repolarizing macrophages. In a B16F10 melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 J mice model, NLBP significantly inhibited tumor growth with an inhibition rate of 66.7 % through macrophage repolarization. The findings highlight the distinct biological effects of NLBP and ALBP, providing a theoretical foundation for the refined utilization of LBP.

Comparison of Different High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography Injection Modes for the Separation of Glabridin.

In this work, different injection modes (single injection, overlapping injection, and continuous injection) of countercurrent chromatography were used and compared for the isolation and purification of glabridin from the crude extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra. The two-phase solvent system consisting of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (5:4:5:4, v/v) was employed as stationary and mobile phases. Compared with single injection mode, both overlapping injection and continuous injection modes exhibited higher separation efficiency at the same sample loading capacity. Their total separation times were 89.68% and 53.97% of the single injection mode, and the total solvent consumption were 74.88% and 52.49% of the single injection mode, respectively. Meanwhile, the yield, purity, and recovery rate of these three injection modes were almost the same. It was demonstrated that high-speed countercurrent chromatography in continuous injection mode was the most effective way for separating glabridin in three methods and it can be further applied to the separation of other economically valuable natural products.

Antibacterial Activity and Molecular Docking of Compounds from <i>Avicennia marina</i> Leaves Extracts: Obtained by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

This study aims to determine the effect of using natural deep eutectic solvent in extracting compounds from young and old leaves of Avicennia marina on the antibacterial activity through in vitro and in silico. The research method used was experimental with different molar ratios of solvent components: citric acid and glucose (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 v/v). In vitro, the paper-disk method was employed to assess percent inhibition, and in silico, peptide deformylase (ID 6JFQ) was the target of the investigation. The best treatment results for testing the antibacterial activity of A. marina leaves extracts that were extracted using natural deep eutectic solvent against S. aureus and E. coli was citric acid and glucose (molar ratio 4:1). The inhibition zone by old leaves extracts was 27.47 and 37.73 mm, and by young leaves extracts were 28.69 and 30.99 mm. Then, phytochemical compound analysis was done using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and six phytochemical compounds were obtained. The docking results showed that the diosmetin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide has the best binding affinity (−9.4 kcal/mol) towards the peptide deformylase. Purification must be done to obtain pure compounds from crude extracts of A. marina leaves.

A sustainable approach for the corrosion control of mild steel using Cocous nucifera gum: An electrochemical investigation

The study of corrosion inhibition on mild steel (MS) in an acid medium (1 M HCl) solution was performed using a crude extract of Cocousnucifera gum (CNG). Cocousnucifera develops gum exudates on its palm, the exudate process occurs mainly after some physical or microbiological injuries and is formed on the fruit of the palm. The gum was utilized to study the corrosion inhibition of MS by electrochemical and surface studies. The characterization of the crude gum was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) which revealed the presence of several active components (aromatic and oxygen-containing functional groups) in its structure. The electrochemical studies resulted in the maximum inhibition efficiency value of 75.64 % at the highest inhibitor concentration of 4000 ppm at 308 K. It was inferred that both the anodic dissolution of the metal and cathodic hydrogen evolution were effectively decreased in the presence of Cocous nucifera gum extract, revealing that inhibitor is of mixed type. From the adsorption studies, it was found that the best fit with R2 ∼ 0.9 followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm indicating the monolayer adsorption of the inhibitor on the metal surface. Gibb’s free energy of adsorption values was found <−20 kJ/mol, a characteristic of predominant physical adsorption. To support the electrochemical data SEM (scanning electron microscopy), AFM (Atomic force microscopy), and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed and these are in good agreement.

Exploring the antimicrobial and antioxidative potential of Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link: Phytochemical screening, molecular docking, and HR-LC/MS profiling against SARS-CoV-2 protein 3CLPro, Spike and RDB

BackgroundLeucas aspera (Willd.) Link, a member of the Lamiaceae family and commonly known as "Thumbai," is found throughout India and has been utilized in traditional Indian medicine to treat various ailments. PurposeThis study entails methanolic extraction of Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link using a Soxhlet apparatus, followed by phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity assessment. MethodsThe L. aspera methanolic leaf extract displayed a phenolic content of 100 µg/ml, consisting of 3.02 mg of gallic acid dry weight equivalents and a flavonoid content of 100 µg/ml with 3.35 mg quercetin equivalents per dry weight. The extract's free radical scavenging capabilities were at 150 µg/ml in DPPH, showing an 87% effectiveness compared to the standard ascorbic acid 49% inhibition capacity. The ABTS radical scavenging activity in 100 µg/ml extract measured 64.32%, phosphomolybdate assay indicated 86.89%, and hydroxide radical scavenging capacity showed 126.72%. Antibacterial activity was also assessed through agar well diffusion assays against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Leucobacter sp., Where K. pneumoniae exhibits the highest zone of inhibition. The methanolic crude extract of L. aspera was further using TLC, FT-IR and HR-LC/MS to identify functional groups and phytocompound present in the extract. ResultsHRLC-MS was used to conduct metabolite profiling of the methanolic crude extract of L. aspera leaves, discovering 37 positive and 43 negative compounds. To evaluate the ADMET properties and predict the drug-likeness of these 80 phytochemicals, an in silico analysis was performed. The results of this analysis revealed that only 19 of the compounds met the ADMET limitations and had suitable Log P values. Molecular docking of the 19 compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLPro) protein (PDB ID: 6LU7) and spike protein receptor binding domain (SGp-RBD) protein (PDB ID: 2GHV) revealed Famprofazone and Loxtidine compounds having the highest binding affinity with LibDock scores of 105.53 and 116.70 respectively. ConclusionThus, our findings could serve as potential active molecules of L. aspera against this target protein. This study provides further proof of bioactive compounds produced by the L. aspera leaf extract.

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. as a Natural Intervention for Diabesity: A Review.

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. (family: Rutaceae), commonly known as curry leaf or sweet neem, is a tropical plant native to India and Southeast Asia. It is highly valued in Ayurveda for its medicinal properties. Almost every part (fresh leaves, fruits, bark, and roots) of this plant is used to treat various ailments. Its fresh leaves are considered to have numerous medicinal properties for various diseases, including piles, inflammation, itching, fresh cuts, dysentery, and edema. A combination of curry leaf and buttermilk is used to treat diseases, such as amoebiasis, diabetes, and hepatitis. Its leaves are also believed to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. The bark has been traditionally used for treating snakebites. Its roots are utilized in Ayurveda for the treatment of body aches. Being a storehouse of carbazole alkaloids, M. koenigii has been reported to show anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activity in in vitro and in vivo studies. The review aimed to appraise the role of M. koenigii leaf in the prevention of diabesity. We performed a literature search with the keywords "diabesity", "obesity", "diabetes", "adipose tissue", and "carbazole alkaloids" on Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. Several in vitro and in vivo studies conducted on cell lines and animals for anti-diabetic/anti-hyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities have been included and appraised in the article, providing supporting evidence for the ethnomedicinal claims. This review has been an attempt to summarize comprehensively the overall research done on M. koenigii with regard to obesity and diabetes. The studies on anti-diabetic/anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities of the plant have ranged from studies on crude extracts to isolated compounds. However, some of the studies require further in-depth analysis and validation of obtained results.

Antifeedant and contact toxicity activity of crude extracts from 10 plants to red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is a destructive invasive pest that threatens ecological security in China. This study aimed to assess the bioactivity of ethanol crude extracts from 10 plants (Plectranthus hadiensis, Cnidium monnieri, Kaempferia galanga, Alpinia galanga, Perilla frutescens, Melia toosendan, Rosmarinus officinalis, Tripterygium wilfordii, Illicium verum, Scutellaria baicalensis) against S. invicta. The crude extract of K. galanga exhibited the strongest non-selective antifeedant activity at 50 mg/mL with an antifeedant rate reaching 52.67 % after 1 d of treatment. Additionally, the crude extract of R. officinalis showed the best selective antifeedant activity at 50 and 10 mg/mL with selective antifeedant rates of 69.33 % and 56.33 %, respectively. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that T. wilfordii exhibited excellent contact toxicity activity against S. invicta, with corrected mortality rates reaching 91.33 % and 98.00 % at 30 mg/mL after 1 and 2 d, respectively, and reaching 100 % mortality at 50 mg/mL. In conclusion, the crude extracts of K. galanga and R. officinalis displayed promising antifeedant activities against S. invicta while T. wilfordii showed potential as an alternative method for controlling this pest through its contact toxicity activity.

New Antioxidant Caffeate Esters of Fatty Alcohols Identified in Robinia pseudoacacia

The stem bark of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was extracted, and nine antioxidant compounds (R1–R9) were detected by high-performance thin-layer chromatography combined with the radical scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) assay, multi-detection, and heated electrospray high-resolution mass spectrometry. For structure elucidation, the methanolic crude extract was fractionated by solid-phase extraction, and the compounds were isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the double bond position. 3-O-Caffeoyl oleanolic acid (R1), oleyl (R2), octadecyl (R3), gadoleyl (R4), eicosanyl (R5), (Z)-9-docosenyl (R6), docosyl (R7), tetracosyl (R8), and hexacosanyl (R9) caffeates were identified. While R1 has been reported in R. pseudoacacia stem bark, the known R3, R5, R7, R8, and R9 are described for the first time in this species, and the R2, R4, and R6 are new natural compounds. All nine caffeates demonstrated antioxidant activity. The antioxidant effects of the isolated compounds R1–R8 were quantified by a microplate DPPH• assay, with values ranging from 0.29 to 1.20 mol of caffeic acid equivalents per mole of isolate.

Phytochemical Composition and Active Ingredients of Garcinia kola Extract Using Two Methods of Extraction the (Crude Ethanol and Aqueous Extract)

Phytochemical composition and active ingredients of Garcinia kola extract using two methods of extraction (crude ethanol and aqueous extract) was conducted. Tannin was present in both the aqueous (+) and ethanol extracts (++) of the Garcinia kola qualitative phytochemical analysis. Both the ethanol (-) and aqueous (-) extracts lacked pflobatannins. In ethanol extracts (+), glycoside was detected but not found in aqueous (-). In the ethanol extract (-), saponin was not present, while it was present (++) in the aqueous extract. Comparing the aqueous extract to the ethanol extract counterpart, the mean values of saponins (30.74±10.64), flavonoids (52.97±2.80), and anthraquinones (69.74±3.77) were higher in the aqueous extract, while the corresponding mean values for the ethanol extract were 0.00±0.00, 0.67±0.24, and 26.34±26.34 for saponins, flavonoids, and anthraquinones, respectively. Keywords: Phytochemical Garcinia kola Ethanol and Aqueous extracts

Coupling ultrasound and membrane filtration for the fractionation of Spirulina platensis sp. and the recovery of phycocyanin and pigment-free proteins

The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was subjected to a fractionation process involving ultrasound-assisted extraction and membrane filtration to obtain a pure phycocyanin fraction and a clarified colorless protein fraction free of chlorophyll and carotenoids. The effects of pressure and power on total protein release were assessed. The retention of the extracted proteins was then assessed by ultrafiltration, with and without ammonium sulfate precipitation. Total protein recovery yields reached 97% in aqueous solution, at a low frequency (12 kHz), atmospheric pressure, and with an ultrasonic power of 200 Watts (W). Ammonium sulfate (25% w/v) precipitation was used to remove pigments and impurities from the crude protein extract. Finally, semi-frontal ultrafiltration resulted in high levels of C-phycocyanin recovery in the retentate: 95% and 91% with 10 and 100 kDa-cutoff membranes, respectively. However, the levels of total non-pigmented proteins in the permeate compartment did not exceed 67% with a 100 kDa-cutoff membrane. A fractionation process is proposed here for the valorization of two different protein fractions from Spirulina platensis.

Unveiling phytochemicals and antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities from the leaves of Dalbergia stipulacea (Roxb.)

The study was aimed to conduct phytochemical investigation and assess the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of crude methanol extract of Dalbergia stipulacea leaf and its various extractives. All the fractions contain quinines, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, resins, glycosides, and flavonoids, while crude methanol, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate fractions contain saponins and steroids in qualitative phytochemical analysis. In GC-MS/MS technique, a total of 44 phytoconstituents were identified and characterized, where 3-O-Methyl-D-glucose (22.80 %), 8,11,14-Docosatrienoic acid, methyl ester (19.86 %), pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester (14.17 %), 13-docosenamide (6.62 %), nonadecanoic acid, methyl ester (4.62 %), and phytol (3.04 %) were most prominent. In addition, some promising bioactive constituents, such as pantolactone, aromandendrene, D-allose, loliolide, neophytadiene, dibutyl phthalate, kolavenol, and squalene are present in the leaf of D. stipulacea plant species. Petroleum ether soluble fraction (PESF) of the plant had the highest phenolic content (27.34 mg of GAE/gm) and showed the most effective DPPH free radical scavenger with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 3.87 μg/mL. The PESF also exhibited cytotoxicity with median lethal dose (LC50) value of 2.76 μg/mL compared to the standard medication vincristine sulfate (LC50 = 0.45 μg/mL) in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Compared to streptokinase (63.34 %), aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF) displayed the highest percentage of clot lysis (38.61 %). The PESF exhibited the most significant suppression of heat-induced hemolysis (32.61 %) and hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis (33.86 %), respectively, revealing promising anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, the methanol extract and its fractions exerted promising antibacterial properties with notable zone of inhibition (6–25 mm) compared to ciprofloxacin (17–37 mm). The current evidence supports the traditional medicinal applications of the plant, particularly its ability to act as an antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agent. However, further phytochemical isolation and in vivo screening is necessary to discover new drugs from the leaf of D. stipulacea plant species based on the current evidence.

Anti-oxidant Assessment of Parsonsia straminea (R.Br) F. Muell Stem Bark Crude Extract

Anti-oxidant Assessment of Parsonsia straminea (R.Br) F. Muell Stem Bark Crude Extract