Cross Paths Research Articles

Multiscale experimental investigations about the cyclic behavior of the 304L SS

This work follows a series of experiments carried out earlier at INSA of Rouen (Hassan, T., Taleb, L., Krishna, S., 2008. Influence of non-proportional loading paths on ratcheting responses and simulations by two recent cyclic plasticity models. Int. J. Plast. 24, 1863–1889). It investigates the elastoplastic cyclic behavior of a 304L stainless steel at room temperature. In a first step the cross path effect on ratcheting is confirmed, as well as the crucial role of the loading path non-proportionality. Strain controlled tests are also conducted for different strain amplitudes and loading paths. Cross-hardening effect appears more important when the shearing sequence is followed by the axial one. Moreover for alternating axial and shearing cycles, this phenomenon occurs after each crossing sequence leading to a very significant strain hardening, at least of the same order as the one obtained after a circular strain path. Yet, the magnitude of the observed over hardening does not necessarily seem a function of the cumulated plastic strain. The relative contributions of the isotropic and kinematic parts of the cyclic strain hardening are also very different in the axial direction. The material generally exhibits a transient period of cyclic hardening followed by cyclic softening. Under tension-compression, the importance of the cyclic strain hardening period seems to increase with the strain amplitude. Microstructural investigations have been performed in order to understand the main physical phenomena responsible for this macroscopic behavior. The additional cyclic hardening observed in cross paths may be explained by the high defect density generated: multiple slip systems, intersecting stacking faults and twins, formation of dislocation heterogeneous structures. Furthermore, it is shown that martensite nucleation takes place at the intersections between micro-shear bands or twin faults; the quantity of martensite being estimated through magnetic measurements. After the application of a magnetic field, the material anisotropy induced by the loading path is evaluated; the martensitic needles and platelets seem to develop in the axial direction.

Culture and Mind: Their Fruitful Incommensurability

AbstractI reflect here on the historical junctures where anthropology and psychology cross paths, creating foundations for a general cultural psychology in the present.1I am particularly attuned to those points of intersection that inform understanding of mind in culture and culture in mind. I focus on institutions as means for canonizing the ordinary, on narrative as a mode of positioning the extraordinary vis‐à‐vis mundane expectations, and on agency, each of which entails intersections of mind and culture. Recent encounters with U.S. legal culture provide a ground for illustrating these intertwining relations of subjects and their cultural milieux. [culture, mind, law, institutions, selectivity]

Cancer and forensic microsatellites

Although not directly related, circumstances do occur in forensic investigations whereby cancer studies and forensic science cross paths. This review takes a look at the circumstances under which this may occur, and investigates some potential problems that can arise when tumor tissue is submitted for DNA profile analysis. A background to the underlying molecular biology of tumors is described, highlighting the genetic instabilities that are observed in DNA sequences of similar or identical primary structure to the short tandem repeat markers used in forensic DNA profiling kits.

Passive in vivo elastography from skeletal muscle noise

Measuring the in vivo elastic properties of muscles (e.g., stiffness) provides a means for diagnosing and monitoring muscular activity. The authors demonstrated a passive in vivo elastography technique without an active external radiation source. This technique instead uses cross correlations of contracting skeletal muscle noise recorded with skin-mounted sensors. Each passive sensor becomes a virtual in vivo shear wave source. The results point to a low-cost, noninvasive technique for monitoring biomechanical in vivo muscle properties. The efficacy of the passive elastography technique originates from the high density of cross paths between all sensor pairs, potentially achieving the same sensitivity obtained from active elastography methods.

Passive in vivo elastography from skeletal muscle noise

Measuring the in vivo elastic properties of muscles (e.g., stiffness) provides a means for diagnosing and monitoring muscular activity: muscles typically become ‘‘harder’’ during contraction occurring through physiological changes. Standard elastography imaging techniques estimate soft tissue (e.g., skeletal muscle, breast) stiffness using propagating shear waves in the human body generated by an external active source (e.g., indentation techniques, ultrasonic radiation force). We demonstrated a passive in vivo elastography technique without an active external radiation source. This technique instead uses cross-correlations of contracting skeletal muscle noise recorded with skin-mounted sensors. The coherent arrivals emerge from a correlation process that accumulates contributions over time from noise sources whose propagation paths pass through both sensors successively. Each passive sensor becomes a virtual in vivo shear wave source. The results point to a low-cost, noninvasive technique for monitoring biomechanical in vivo muscle properties. The efficacy of the passive elastography technique originates from the high density of cross paths between all sensor pairs potentially achieving the same sensitivity obtained from active elastography methods. The application of this passive elastography technique for constructing biomechanical models of in vivo muscle properties will be discussed.

Adenosine triphosphate and thiamine cross paths

Just when we thought that all of the interesting biochemical cofactors have been identified, a new metabolite consisting of thiamine and ATP has been isolated from a number of organisms.

Time-Interleaved Multirate Sigma–Delta Modulators

A time-interleaved (TI) implementation of multirate sigma-delta modulators (SDMs) is proposed. In multirate SDMs, the first integrator is clocked at a rate that is lower than that of the rest of the integrators. In the proposed architecture, each integrator clocked at a high rate is replaced by two parallel integrators operating in interleaved mode and clocked at the same low rate as the first one. The new architecture has several nice features. First, every integrator operates at the same low rate, which simplifies the clock circuitry when compared to the original multirate modulator. Second, there are no delayed cross paths, which is typical of TI-SDMs. Third, no high-rate sample-and-hold at the input of a TI-SDM is required. Finally, as time interleaving is not applied to the first integrator, the proposed modulator is robust against circuit mismatches, unlike other TI architectures. The same strategy can be applied to continuous time (CT) modulators. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first TI-CT-SDM ever reported

Immunodetection of human telomerase reverse-transcriptase (hTERT) re-appraised: nucleolin and telomerase cross paths

The involvement of telomerase in cellular immortalization and senescence has often been assessed by means of telomerase expression at the RNA level and quantification of telomerase activity by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. However, these methods either neglected the existence of various telomerase splice variants, or ignored the nonconventional functions of telomerase independent of its ability to elongate and maintain telomere length. Immunodetection of telomerase is now being recognized as a necessary approach to precisely elucidate its roles in oncogenesis and senescence. A few antibodies directed against the catalytic subunit of the human telomerase (hTERT) are currently used but their specificity is not always demonstrated. A survey of the literature showed inconsistencies and led us to comparatively re-evaluate the most frequently used antibodies. Surprisingly, mass spectrometry, two-dimensional gel analysis and immunofluorescent experiments revealed that the most frequently used hTERT immunoprobe, a mouse monoclonal antibody that was claimed to be directed against an hTERT protein epitope, in fact recognizes nucleolin rather than telomerase. Our findings have interesting implications regarding the biology of nucleolin and telomerase in the context of pathophysiological investigations recently carried out.

Angiogenesis and Inflammation Cross Paths at the Blood Vessel Wall

Angiogenesis and Inflammation Cross Paths at the Blood Vessel Wall

Deformation behaviour, short crack growth and fatigue livesunder multiaxial nonproportional loading

Experimental results of a research project on short crack growth under multiaxial nonproportional loading are presented. Fatigue lives, crack growth curves and the deformation behaviour of hollow tube specimens and notched specimens were investigated under combined tension and torsion loading. The results served as basis for the development of a cyclic plasticity model [Döring R, Hoffmeyer J, Vormwald M, Seeger T. A plasticity model for calculating stress–strain sequences under multiaxial nonproportional cyclic loading. In: Comput Mater Sci. 28(3–4);2003:587–96; Döring R, Hoffmeyer J, Seeger T, Vormwald M. Constitutive modelling of nonproportional hardening, cyclic hardening and ratchetting. In: Proceedings of the seventh international conference on biaxial/multiaxial fatigue and fracture, DVM, Berlin; 2004. p. 291–6; Hoffmeyer J. Anrisslebensdauervorhersage bei mehrachsiger Beanspruchung auf Basis des Kurzrisskonzepts. PhD-Thesis, TU Darmstadt; 2004.] and a short crack model [Hoffmeyer J. Anrisslebensdauervorhersage bei mehrachsiger Beanspruchung auf Basis des Kurzrisskonzepts. PhD-Thesis, TU Darmstadt; 2004; Döring R, Hoffmeyer J, Seeger T, Vormwald M. Fatigue lifetime prediction based on a short crack growth model for multiaxial nonproportional loading. In: Proceedings of the seventh international conference on biaxial and multiaxial fatigue and fracture, DVM, Berlin; 2004. p. 253–8]. Stress–strain paths including nonproportional hardening and experimental fatigue lives of the unnotched specimens under different loading cases are discussed and compared with calculations. Load-time-sequences were in-phase, 45° and 90° out-of-phase loading with constant and variable amplitudes, torsion without and with superimposed static normal stress, and strain paths like box, butterfly, diamond and cross path. For the notched specimens fatigue lives under 0° and 90° out-of-phase loading are compared with calculations based on finite element results and the short crack model. During some tests the initiation, growth and orientation of short cracks was studied using the plastic replica technique.

Skirting around thin ice

Richard Harris drops in on an expedition charting Arctic biodiversity under increasing threat from climate change. Every now and then one crosses paths with someone who was clearly born in the wrong century — an avid knitter, a lutist, or someone who will actually sit down and write a letter. These anachronisms are harder to find in science, but they do exist. In fact, a small band of them revealed themselves during a research cruise this summer to the Arctic Ocean.

Doctor Gruffalo

<i>The Gruffalo</i> by Julia Donaldson is a famous children9s book—the story of a mouse who enters the woods and crosses paths with a monster. With over a million copies sold, a sequel written, and a film being made, what does this have to do with medicine? Julia is not a doctor but Malcolm Donaldson, consultant paediatrician and her husband, is. Both will be touring Europe next year with a show called “The Gruffalo and Friends”. <i>BMJ Careers</i> caught up with Malcolm to validate his medical performance Malcolm and Julia Donaldson will be appearing at the Edinburgh Book Festival on 20th-21st August and Hamley9s Piccadilly on 27th August

Remember Where You Come From: Dissociative Process in Multicultural Individuals

Psychoanalysts participate in the internal constructs and the external exigencies of the people with whom they work, sitting where society and individuality cross paths. Yet, much of psychoanalytic writing mutes culture's bass line from the self's composition, even though every gesture—not to mention every word—evinces the cultural world in the analyst's room. Psychic disconnection takes place as the analyst decontextualizes an individual's personality from cultural reality in a dissociative process that compromises the analytic work. Cultural truths are very much a part of that work's mutuality. Social history underscores the motivations of the seekers and the providers of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Interpretations, enactments, and the relationship's construction unconsciously replicate unexamined tenets of analysts' cultural belief system. If analysts don't connect the dynamic process in which they work to social influence, they and the people who consult with them will inevitably wall off access to transformative meaning. Increased consciousness about how culture affects the therapeutic relationship inspires change. This paper presents three clinical examples in which culture was openly acknowledged as another actor in the psychoanalytic relationship. Two persons working together from and within cultural history create a common language: the dream of a better life.

ATM: genome stability, neuronal development and cancer cross paths

ATM: genome stability, neuronal development and cancer cross paths

When cancer and heart failure cross paths: a case report of severe cardiorenal compromise associated with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy.

The authors describe the case of a 41-year-old man with end-stage, nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy of 11 years' duration. The patient had been deemed ineligible for transplantation, despite his young age, when he was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 7 years previously. Since he had survived the lymphoma without significant chemotherapy, while his cardiovascular and renal status continued to deteriorate, the issue was revisited. In an attempt to at least render him eligible for an assist device, a novel, promising, and reportedly nontoxic immunomodulation therapy for his lymphoma was employed. This consisted of infusion of the monoclonal antibody rituximab, specifically targeting the CD20 antigen on B cells. Despite testimonials concerning the benign nature of the treatment, the patient was unable to tolerate it and his clinical condition deteriorated rapidly, eventually leading to his death. The authors discuss potential mechanisms that might have accounted for the patient's cardiorenal compromise, with a focus on a very rare "cytokine release" syndrome attributed to this type of monoclonal antibody therapy and the probable interplay of cytokines in advanced heart failure. (c)2001 CHF, Inc.

ATM: Genome stability, neuronal development, and cancer cross paths

One of the cornerstones of the web of signaling pathways governing cellular life and differentiation is the DNA damage response. It spans a complex network of pathways, ranging from DNA repair to modulation of numerous processes in the cell. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are formed as a result of genotoxic stress or normal recombinational processes, are extremely lethal lesions that rapidly mobilize this intricate defense system. The master controller that pilots cellular responses to DSBs is the ATM protein kinase, which turns on this network by phosphorylating key players in its various branches. ATM is the protein product of the gene mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), which is characterized by neuronal degeneration, immunodeficiency, sterility, genomic instability, cancer predisposition, and radiation sensitivity. The clinical and cellular phenotype of A-T attests to the numerous roles of ATM, on the one hand, and to the link between the DNA damage response and developmental processes on the other hand. Recent studies of this protein and its effectors, combined with a thorough investigation of animal models of A-T, have led to new insights into the mode of action of this master controller of the DNA damage response. The evidence that ATM is involved in signaling pathways other than those related to damage response, particularly ones relating to cellular growth and differentiation, reinforces the multifaceted nature of this protein, in which genome stability, developmental processes, and cancer cross paths.

Latin American Trade Relations

There has always been a certain attitude in Washington having to do with Latin America. It is that Latin America is not quite a grown-up place and, therefore, is worthy of intense US interest only when the region, or part of it, falls into a crisis that crosses paths with one of the US hot-button issues of the moment: drugs, immigration, human rights, communism (until recently) and, farther back, fascism. In other words, Latin America has been worthy of attention only when the United States decided to “do good” (e.g., human rights crusades), incorporate the region into efforts at solving US domestic problems (e.g., drugs), or needed firm support from the region in some international effort (e.g., the Cold War and World War II).

Little-Dog-Of-Iron by Philip St. Clair, and: Star Quilt by Roberta Hill Whiteman

176 Western American Literature Little-Dog-Of-Iron. By Philip St. Clair. (Boise: Ahsahta Press, 1985. 43 pages, $3.00.) Star Quilt. ByRoberta Hill Whiteman. (Minneapolis: Holy Cow! Press, 1984. 77pages, $6.95.) In the Introduction to Philip St. Clair’spoems, Howard McCord suggests an appropriate subtitle: “The True History of Coyote in Our Time.” Through the persona of Coyote, who embraces comedy and tragedy, lyric and narrative, St. Clair discusses not only suburbs and cafes, hitchhiking and automobiles, law school and lechery, but also philosophy, religion, and history. Having been around a few centuries, trickster Coyote crosses paths with the Sioux, the Nez Perce, the Shawnee and the Wyandot. Coyote comments on the invading whites in two long, historically-based narratives, both titled “Coyote Addresses His Brothers, The Wolves and the Foxes.” The one poem, from a 1780 account, concludes with children re-enacting a chase for killer Samuel Brady; however, “no Red child may run with them.” In the other, when the Sioux’sGhost Dance fails to bring protec­ tion against the white army at Wounded Knee, “Wovoka, the good prophet” cries that “The only way for us to walk—[is]/The white man’s road.” St. Clair, who is one-sixteenth Native American, speaks as Coyote/Poet in his Villanelle: “I want our tracks to touch Grandmother’s heart.” With these poems he should not fall short. The book’s dramatic progression moves well from first poem to last. The first, “Coyote Paranoia,” finds him confused by suburbia where he ate garbage and cats because “Deer were silver laughing women.” After being chased into the woods where trees scraped his furry coat, Coyote says, “white men shot up my howls.” He finally made it, Coyote says, “to the plains of Ioway,” but with “no hair ... I had no hair at all.” In the final poem, hiding in an abandoned house, Coyote says, “I wait for the voice to tell me / Which way to run.” Toward pen and paper? Let us hope. Last seen, Coyote was running between past and present with much on his mind. At some point Coyote, “old as breath,” visits Roberta Hill Whiteman. Eye to eye with him in her poem “Recognition,” she writes, “he recognized and held my gaze ... it made my blood desperate / for the space he lived in.” A Native American, an Oneida, she speaks for all of America’s first peoples in the title poem when she addresses the Star Quilt: We know of land that looks lonely, but isn’t, of beef with hides ofvelveteen, of sorrow, an eddy in blood. She asks to be anointed “so we may embrace, two bitter roots / pushing back the dust.” In the Introduction, Carolyn Forche acknowledges “the spiritual guid­ ance” for everyone in these poems. The titles of the four sections mark White­ man’s progression, an initiation and realization achieved, as we all know, in stages. She moves from laments for her people and from love poems in Part I, Reviews 177 “Sometimes in Other Autumns” to Part II, “. . .Fighting Back the Cold with Tongues,” a quote from Richard Hugo; then on to Part III, “Love, The Final Healer,” and finally to Part IV, “Music for Two Guitars,” where her poems coalesce in songs of celebration, courage and resolve. In these poems of relationships—earth and past, lovers and families—she would reject “the dishes growing in the sink,” instead going out to the land and the people, if only the people and the land were truly hers: “If only we could lull or change / . . . this midnight swollen four hundred years”; however, “Indians know how to wait,” as in the lines “until the heart reveals / at last the grace we lost.” She learns “lessons of endurance.” Some of these poems ask much of the reader. Corners are turned sharply; long leaps, attempted. Connections emerge for those who take the time. And I took it, gratefully. NANCY McCLEERY Anchorage, Alaska Wild Onions. By Robert L. Jones. (Port Townsend: Graywolf Press, 1984. 54 pages, $8.00 paper.) Idaho Aerogram. By Linda McAndrew. (Boise, Idaho: cold-drill books, 1985. Unpaginated, $3.00 paper.) Robert Jones’s Wild Onions was one of five winners of...

Doppler Crosswind Relations for the Kanpur-Nainital Troposcatter Link

Radio propagation beyond the horizon by troposcatter is greatly influenced by the characteristics of the troposphere. The design of any troposcatter communication link requires knowledge of the tropospheric parameters. Many of these parameters can be investigated by using troposcatter links. A CW link with beam-swinging capability can be used to investigate such parameters as the nature of turbulence (whether isotropic or anisotropic), height of scattering layers, cross path winds, etc. In this paper, the expected results from beam-swinging experiments on the Kanpur-Nainital link are theoretically derived. The signal strength and Doppler spectrum are calculated as a function of antenna beam offset from the great circle path for various assumed values of tropospheric parameters. The influence of the dependence of the spectrum of refractivity turbulence on the wave number is also investigated. The effect of specular reflection is considered.

The anterior buccal gland of the rat: a mucous salivary gland which develops as a branch of Stensen's duct.

AbstractExamination of serial histologic sections of the head and neck regions of rats at selected age intervals from 14 days in utero to 100 days postnatally revealed that at 16 days in utero, a second salivary gland arises from the rudimentary parotid (Stensen's) duct. This gland develops more rapidly than the parotid gland; its acini are essentially mature prior to weaning, preceding parotid acini in this respect by several days. All cells of the secretory units of the mature gland stain positively with both alcian blue and periodic acid‐Schiff, indicating that the gland is of pure mucous type. The body of the gland occupies a space lateral and mostly superior to the maxillary buccal sulcus, nestled beneath the anterior bulge of the masseter muscle, near the point where the buccal and mandibular marginal branches of the facial nerve cross paths. It is the only salivary gland in the buccal wall anterior to the third molar; hence, the proposed name of anterior buccal gland. These observations suggest: (1) Samples of rat parotid saliva collected proximally and distally to the junction of the ducts of the parotid and anterior buccal glands are likely to differ significantly in the quality and quantity of mucosubstances which they contain. (2) The divergent differentiation of two branches of the same glandular primordium in this instance implies differences in the inductive qualities of their respective mesenchymal beds.