Cross-interaction Effect Research Articles

Towards a practice-oriented procedure to account for static and dynamic interaction among three adjacent shallow foundations

Many historic centers in Italy and around the world consist of ancient masonry buildings closely packed together or constructed in clusters for defensive purposes. Alternatively, the recent population growth in modern megalopolises, coupled with the increasing use of reclaimed soils to address land scarcity, has resulted in the development of highly densely urbanized areas placed on soft or very soft soils. In both scenarios, neighboring structures, despite being structurally separate, may interact with one another through the underlying soil. To gain new insights into this phenomenon, the paper presents a comprehensive numerical study. It analyzes the static and dynamic responses of three closely-spaced shallow foundations in both the time and frequency domains using a rigorous 3D continuum approach. The conducted parametric study considers the effects of foundation spacing, oscillation frequency, and soil configuration (homogeneous or layered), quantifying their impact on the soil-foundation impedance matrix. The results of the numerical study reveal distinct responses between the central and lateral foundations of a group of three shallow foundations placed on the same subsoil. A comparison is drawn between the response of the pivotal foundation within a group of three identical footings and its response when paired or isolated. As an extension of an earlier work of the authors (Zeolla et al., 2023), a simplified approach is proposed to address cross-interaction effects in design practice. This approach introduces a set of group factors to modify the impedance matrix of the primary foundation when surrounded by closely-spaced neighbors. The practical approach is applied to estimate the increase in the fundamental period of a masonry terrace house. The cross-interaction effect is deemed non-negligible and warrants consideration in such squat structures, as it can result in significant increases in spectral acceleration along the ascending branch of the design spectrum.

PERSonality, Ehical, and PROfessional quality of life in Pediatric/Adult Intensive Nurses study: PERSEPRO PAIN study.

BackgroundThe World Health Organization included burnout syndrome criteria that reduce both professional quality of life and work satisfaction in its 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases in 2019 while nursing bodies have issued action calls to prevent burnout syndrome. Despite this, the effect of social factors, personality traits and cross-interaction on professional quality of life is still unclear.AimTo reveal the association between ethical climate, personal trait and professional quality of life.MethodAn online survey of registered nurses working in adult, pediatric or both ICUs. We used the ten-item personality measure based on The Big Five theory and Type-D personality Scale-14 then measured the ethical climate with the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey and the professional domains of burnout syndrome, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction by the Professional Quality of Life Scale Version 5 simultaneously. Multivariate analysis confirmed the triangular association of hospital ethical climate, personality traits and professional quality of life.ResultWe enrolled 310 participants from September 2019 to February 2020. Mean age was 33.1 years (± 5.9) and about 70% were female. In the multivariate analysis, neuroticism (p = 0.03, p = 0.01) and Type D personality (both of p<0.01) were associated with burnout syndrome and secondary traumatic stress while agreeableness (p<0.01) was associated with secondary traumatic stress. Conversely, extraversion (p = 0.01), agreeableness (p<0.01) and openness (p<0.01) were associated with compassion satisfaction. We also observed interactions between hospital ethical climate and conscientiousness (p = 0.01) for burnout syndrome and secondary traumatic stress. Neuroticism was related to (p<0.01) BOS and compassion satisfaction while Type D personality (p<0.01) correlated with burnout syndrome and secondary traumatic stress.ConclusionHospital ethical climate strongly affects professional quality of life in nurses with specific personality traits. Therefore, it is important to maintain an ethical hospital climate, considering individual personalities to prevent burnout syndrome.

The effect of the dominance of an in-vehicle agent’s voice on driver situation awareness, emotion regulation, and trust: A simulated lab study of manual and automated driving

As in-vehicle voice agents increase in popularity, related research is extending to how voice messages can affect the driver’s cognitive and emotional states. Accordingly, we investigated how in-vehicle agent (IVA) voice dominance and driving automation can affect the driver’s situation awareness (SA), emotion regulation (ER), and trust. To this end, a lab-based experiment was conducted with a medium-fidelity driving simulator using actor-recorded voice agents. Twenty-two female and nineteen male driver-licensed participants were recruited to drive simulated vehicles with voice agents and evaluated. The results demonstrated that compared with the dominant voice, the agent with a submissive voice significantly increased ER in both manual and automated driving. Furthermore, the submissive voice significantly increased trust in automated driving compared with the dominant agent. Cross and synergistic interaction effects exist between voice dominance and driving automation in SA and ER, respectively. This study revealed that both the content of the messages of the IVAs and their voice characteristics are essential for modulating the driver’s SA, ER, and trust in driving. It is expected that larger-scale future studies with simulation or on a real road would increase the validity of this study.

Solvent Extraction of Copper Ions from Wastewater using Reverse Micelles: Experimental and Optimization

In this study, the optimum conditions for different process parameters were determined for solvent extraction of copper ions from wastewater using reverse micelles. The process parameters viz. copper ion concentration, sodium bis-2-ethyl hexyl sulphosuccinate (AOT) concentration, solution pH, organic to aqueous phase volume ratio, and NaCl concentration were taken into consideration in response surface methodology, ranging from 30-150 mg/l, 0.04-0.2 [M], 3-11, 0.2-1.0, 0-4 g/100 ml respectively and their effect on percentage removal of copper ions were studied. A regression model was developed by conducting response surface methodology for the analysis of percentage removal of copper ions from wastewater. As many as fifty four experiments were procured from the design of experiments for the percentage removal of copper ions. The developed model was employed to optimize the process parameters being considered to maximize the response. The optimum conditions were found to be 30 mg/l copper ion concentration, 0.20 [M] AOT concentration, 3.12 pH, 0.57 organic to aqueous phase volume ratio, and 0.134 g/100 ml NaCl concentration. The obtained model was validated with experimental data and found to be best fitted within the tolerance limit. The effect of cross-interaction among the process parameters on the percentage removal of copper ions were also investigated. In this study, the copper ion concentration was analyzed by Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).

Investigation of process parameters by using a two-level factorial design for microparticle production of ipriflavone through rapid expansion of supercritical solution process

This study investigated the significance of process parameters in the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) for microparticle production of ipriflavone by using a two-level (2k) factorial design. Four process parameters, namely the extraction temperature (A), extraction pressure (B), pre-expansion temperature (C), and postexpansion temperature (D), of RESS were studied. The mean particle size data and results of analysis of variance revealed that the effect of C and the cross-interaction effect of AD and BD were significant in the process. The trends of these significant effects were evaluated through crystallization kinetics. After the RESS was performed, ipriflavone exhibited a considerably reduced mean size of 3 μm and a flake-like habit. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction revealed that the crystal form of ipriflavone remained unchanged after RESS.

Analysis of Vertical Dynamic Cross Interaction between Adjacent Footings for Railway Tracks through Soil

An efficient semi-analytical method is presented for the vertical analysis of adjacent railway tracks considering the dynamic cross interaction (DCI) effect through the semi-infinite soil medium. The interfaces between soil and tracks are discretized into a series of strip elements to solve the unknown contact pressure influenced by DCI effect. The Green function for each element under uniform harmonic excitation is derived and calculated by the piecewise integration and Cauchy principal value integral. The vertical impedance matrix is finally obtained by the superposition method. The accuracy and the effectiveness in high frequency range are verified by the convergence study, as well as the comparison study with the rigorous results from the mix-boundary-value method. The influence of the soil properties and the tracks distance on the DCI effect are discussed in detail in the parameter studies. It is shown that the DCI effect increases with the decrease of the distance ratio S/L.

Influence of self- and cross-phase modulations on an optical frequency doubling process for metamaterials.

In the process of doubling the frequency of high-power laser radiation in metamaterials, the self- and cross-phase modulations associated with the cubic nonlinearity of the medium are studied in the constant-intensity approximation. It is assumed that the pump wave propagates in a region with negative refraction. It is shown that in the case of a nonlinear-optical process of frequency doubling of an intense light wave in a metamaterial, it is important to take into account the self-action and cross-interaction effects that directly affect the optimal phase relationship between the interacting waves. It is discovered that, as a result of counter interaction of waves, the period of spatial beats changes. According to the analytic expressions obtained in the work, the choice of optimal parameters of the problem makes it possible to realize the regime of effective frequency doubling. By varying the intensity of the pump, it is possible to control and manipulate the intensity of the output coherent radiation from the minimum to the maximum value. A numerical evaluation of the efficiency of the doubling process in a metamaterial is given, and a comparison is made with similar results in LiNbO3 and KDP crystals. It is demonstrated that the effects of self- and cross-modulation in media with negative refraction can be used as a powerful tool for developing effective frequency doublers in such materials.

In situ study on the effect of Cu5Zn8 intermetallic layer on the Cu-Ni cross-interaction in Cu/Sn-9Zn/Ni interconnect under temperature gradient

Synchrotron radiation real-time imaging technology was used to in situ study the liquid-solid interfacial reactions in Cu/Sn-9Zn/Ni solder interconnects with and without temperature gradient. It was clarified that a Cu5Zn8 intermetallic layer adhering to the interfaces of the solder interconnects acted as an effective barrier against Cu or Ni diffusion, and thus retarded the consumption of the underneath Cu or Ni substrate and suppressed the coupling effect of Cu-Ni cross-interaction and thermomigration. However, both Cu6Sn5-type and Ni3Sn4-type intermetallic compounds had little effect on protecting Cu or Ni substrate. The barrier mechanism of the Cu5Zn8 intermetallic layer has been discussed. In addition, the massive spalling of interfacial Cu5Zn8 was in situ observed during reflow with Cu as the hot end. The massive spalling was caused by the Zn depletion in the liquid solder, the fast dissolution of hot end Cu or Cu6Sn5-type intermetallic compound, and the poor-soluble nature of Cu5Zn8 layer.

Substituent Effects on 13C NMR and 1H NMR Chemical Shifts of CH=N in Multi-substituted Benzylideneanilines

Fifty-three samples of multi-substituted benzylideneanilines XArCH=NArYs (abbreviated XBAYs) were synthesized and their NMR spectra were determined. An extensional study of substituent effects on the 1H NMR chemical shifts (δH(CH=N)) and 13C NMR chemical shifts (δC(CH=N)) of the CH=N bridging group from di-substituted to multi-substituted XBAYs was made based on a total of 182 samples of XBAYs, together with the NMR data of other 129 samples of di-substituted XBAYs quoted from literatures. The results show that the substituent specific cross-interaction effect parameter (Δ(∑σ)2) plays an important role in quantifying the δC(CH=N) values of XBAYs, but it is negligible for quantifying the δH(CH=N) values; the other substituent parameters also present different influences on the δC(CH=N) and δH(CH=N). On the whole, the contributions of X and Y to the δC(CH=N) of XBAYs are balanced, but the δH(CH=N) values of XBAYs mainly rely on the contributions of X.

Is there substituent cross-interaction effect in all the conjugated systems containing C[dbnd]N polar bond? The substituent effects on the NMR chemical shifts of 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidines

The substituent cross-interaction effect in the substituted benzylidene anilines (p-XC6H4CHNC6H4Y-p) has been observed and widely investigated. In order to investigate whether the substituent cross-interaction effect exist in all the conjugated systems containing CN polar bond, this paper employed 2-X-5-Y pyrimidines as the model compounds for study. The influences of substituents X and Y on the 1H NMR and 13C NMR chemical shifts of 2, 5-disubsitituted pyrimidines have been systematically investigated. Quantitative structure-chemical shifts relationship models have been built for δ(H4,6), δ(C2), δ(C4,6) and δ(C5) with four to six molecular descriptors. These models were confirmed of good stability and predictive performances by leave-one-out cross validation. This study indicates that the substituent effects of 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidines are much more complex than that of the substituted benzylidene anilines. More structural factors besides of Hammett parameter should be taken into consideration. Different from the substituted benzylidene anilines, the cross-interaction effect (Δσ2) of substituents X and Y has little contribution to δ(H4,6), δ(C2), δ(C5) and δ(C4,6) of 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidines.

Coupling effect of thermomigration and cross-interaction on evolution of intermetallic compounds in Cu/Sn/Ni ultrafine interconnects undergoing TLP bonding

Abstract

Application of two-level factorial design to investigate the effect of process parameters on the sonocrystallization of sulfathiazole

In this study, cooling sonocrystallization was used to recrystallize an active pharmaceutical ingredient, sulfathiazole, using methanol as the solvent. The effects of three operating parameters-sonication intensity, sonication duration, and solution concentration-on the recrystallization were investigated by using a 2k factorial design. The solid-state properties of sulfathiazole, including the mean particle size, crystal habit, and polymorphic form, were analyzed. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of the sonication intensity, cross-interaction effect of sonication intensity/sonication duration, and cross-interaction effect of sonication intensity/solution concentration on the recrystallization were significant. The results obtained using the 2k factorial design indicated that a combination of high sonication intensity and long sonication duration is not favorable for sonocrystallization, especially at a high solution concentration. A comparison of the solid-state properties of the original and the recrystallized sulfathiazole revealed that the crystal habit of the recrystallized sulfathiazole was more regular and that its mean particle size could be reduced to approximately 10μm. Furthermore, the analytical results obtained using the PXRD, DSC, and FTIR spectroscopy indicated that the polymorphic purity of sulfathiazole improved from the original Form III/IV mixture to Form III after sonocrystallization.

Cross-interaction effects of substituents on N-benzylideneanilines conformation: A DFT investigation

The conformations of N-benzylideneanilines (X-PhPhCH = NPh-Y) were explored by the B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) hybrid method in combination with the 6-31G* split valence basis set. The crystal structure information of PhPhCH = NPh-OMe was obtained experimentally to assess the accuracy of this DFT approach. It was observed that the twist angle of the benzylidene ring or aniline ring with respect to the rest of the molecule (τ1 or τ2) estimated by the DFT method are highly reliable, and τ2 can be systematically regulated through X and Y substitution. The substituent effects on τ2 obtained from DFT calculations were investigated. The results show that when substituent Y becomes more electron-withdrawing, there is decrease of τ2 (i.e. increase in the distortion of aniline ring with respect to the rest of the molecule). However, substituent X has an opposite effect on τ2. It is demonstrated that substituent cross-interaction has a certain influence on τ2, and a quantitative model is proposed to express such an effect. The findings of the present study illustrate a practical method for expressing the relationship between substituents and molecular conformation of the X-PhPhCH = NPh-Y compounds.

Substituent Effects on Reduction Potentials of Meta-substituted and Para-substituted Benzylideneanilines

Effects of meta-substituent of 3,4′/4,3′/3,3′-substituted benzylideneanilines (XBAYs) on the electrochemical reduction potentials (E(Red)) were investigated, in which 49 samples of target compounds were synthesized, and their reduction potentials were measured by cyclic voltammetry. The substituent effects on the E(Red) of target compounds were analyzed and an optimality equation with four parameters (Hammett constant σ of X, Hammett constant σ of Y, excited-state substituent constant σCCex of X, and the substituent specific cross-interaction effect ΔσCCex 2 between X and Y) was obtained. The results show that the factors affecting the E(Red) of 3,4′/4,3′/3,3′-substituted XBAYs are different from those of 4,4′-substituted XBAYs. For 3,4′/4,3′/3,3′-substituted XBAYs, σ(X) and σ(Y) must be employed, and the contribution of ΔσCCex 2 is important and not negligible. Compared with 4,4′-substituted XBAYs, X group contributes less to 3,4′/4,3′/3,3′-substituted XBAYs, while Y group contributes more to them. Additionally, it was observed that either para-substituted XBAYs or meta-substituted XBAYs, the substituent effects of X are larger than those of Y on the E(Red) of substituted XBAYs.

Effects of single bond-ion and single bond-diradical form on the stretching vibration of C[dbnd]N bridging bond in 4,4′-disubstituted benzylidene anilines

Fifty-seven samples of model compounds, 4,4′-disubstituted benzylidene anilines, p-X-ArCH=NAr-p-Y were synthesized. Their infrared absorption spectra were recorded, and the stretching vibration frequencies νCN of the CN bridging bond were determined. New stretching vibration mode was proposed by means of the analysis of the factors affecting νCN, that is there are mainly three modes in the stretching vibration of CN bond: (I) polar double bond form CN, (II) single bond-ion form C+–N− and (III) single bond-diradical form C–N. The contributions of the forms (I) and (II) to the change of νCN can be quantified by using Hammett substituent constant (including substituent cross-interaction effects between X and Y groups), whereas the contribution of the form (III) can be quantified by employing the excited-state substituent constant. The most contribution of these three forms is the form (III), the next is the form (II), whose contribution difference was discussed with the viewpoint of energy requirements in vibration with the form (III) and form (II).

Effect of substituent on the UV-Vis spectra: an extension from disubstituted to multi-substituted benzylideneanilines

For studying the substituent effects on the νmax of substituted benzylideneanilines (XBAYs) systematically, 12 samples of 3,3′-disubstituted XBAYs and 52 samples of multi-substituted XBAYs were synthesized, and the substituent effects on their νmax were investigated in this paper. A modified regression equation quantifying the νmax of 4,4′/4,3′/3,4′/3,3′-disubstituted and multi-substituted XBAYs (shown as Eq. (1)) was obtained. The results showed that the substituent effects on the νmax of 3,3′-substituted and multi-substituted XBAYs became more complicated. In Eq. (1), the contributions of the meta-parameters to the νmax of XBAYs were different from those of the corresponding para-parameters. For the substituent cross-interaction effects, there is no difference whatever the substituents are at meta-position or para-position. Compared with Eq. (3), Eq. (1) obtained in this paper has a wider application and more accuracy in quantifying the νmax of substituted XBAYs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Comparison of the substituent effects on the (13) C NMR with the (1) H NMR chemical shifts of CH=N in substituted benzylideneanilines.

Fifty-two samples of substituted benzylideneanilines XPhCH=NPhYs (XBAYs) were synthesized, and their NMR spectra were determined in this paper. Together with the NMR data of other 77 samples of XBAYs quoted from literatures, the (1) H NMR chemical shifts (δH (CH=N)) and (13) C NMR chemical shifts (δC (CH=N)) of the CH=N bridging group were investigated for total of 129 samples of XBAYs. The result shows that the δH (CH=N) and δC (CH=N) have no distinctive linear relationship, which is contrary to the theoretical thought that declared the δH (CH=N) values would increase as the δC (CH=N) values increase. With the in-depth analysis, we found that the effects of σF and σR of X/Y group on the δH (CH=N) and the δC (CH=N) are opposite; the effects of the substituent specific cross-interaction effect between X and Y (Δσ(2) ) on the δH (CH=N) and the δC (CH=N) are different; the contributions of parameters in the regression equations of the δH (CH=N) and the δC (CH=N) [Eqns and 7), respectively] also have an obvious difference.

The cross-interactions in the Ni/Sn/Cu diffusion couples with an electroless palladium surface finish

Four diffusion couples, Ni/Pd/Sn, Ni/Pd/Sn/Cu, Cu/Pd/Sn, and Cu/Pd/Sn/Ni, were prepared by hot pressing and the interfacial reactions in these multi-layer structures aged at 200°C were investigated. The Pd layer (0.4 and 2μm) was deposited on the Ni and Cu substrates using electroless plating. The (Pd,Ni)Sn4 phase formed in the Ni/Pd/Sn diffusion couple grew thicker and dissolved with more Ni atoms upon increasing the aging time even though the Pd layer was completely consumed. By contrast, the PdSn4 phase formed in the Cu/Pd/Sn diffusion couple exhibited negligible growth with very limited Cu dissolution after the Pd layer was completely consumed. In the Ni/Pd/Sn/Cu and Cu/Pd/Sn/Ni diffusion couples, the (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 phase was formed on the Ni side as a result of the cross-interaction caused by the Cu diffusion from the Cu side to the Ni side. With a thicker Pd layer (2μm), a thicker (Pd,Ni)Sn4 (or PdSn4) phase was formed in these two diffusion couples and was found to behave as a diffusion barrier. The effect of cross-interaction due to the Cu diffusion became weaker and as a result the (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 phase formed on the Ni side was gradually transformed into the (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 phase.

Opinions toward suicide: Cross-national evaluation of cultural and religious effects on individuals

This study evaluates the role that religious and cultural values have on individual opinions toward suicide worldwide. Using multilevel modeling with data from the fourth wave of the World Values Survey (42,299 individuals in 43 countries), the current study is designed to analyze the effect of individual (i.e., micro-level), and country (i.e., macro-level) characteristics on opinions toward suicide. Specifically, cultural values, religious affiliation, religious importance, and church attendance are analyzed at both the individual and country levels to evaluate the impact of individual and country level effects on opinions toward suicide. The results show that individual opinions toward suicide are influenced by individual belief as well as by the cultural and religious characteristics of their country. The results suggest that evaluation of individual opinions toward controversial behavior should account for the unique and cross-interaction effects of micro- and macro-level effects.

Work motivation and social communication among public managers

This article tests hypotheses about the effects of two types of work motivation (i.e. intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation) and four types of social communication on three important work dispositions (i.e. job involvement, red tape, and perceived organizational effectiveness) among 790 managers employed in public agencies in the states of Illinois and Georgia. The results show that intrinsic motivation is significantly associated with public managers' job involvement, perceptions of red tape, and organizational effectiveness. Also, certain types of organizational communication and mentoring socialization are closely related to the outcomes. The results of cross-interaction effects between motivation and communications on outcome variables support the SDT prediction that when public managers are more involved with different types of social communication behaviors, the relationship between extrinsic motivation and three outcome variables becomes more pronounced. That is, communication in public agencies provides more autonomy and discretion for extrinsically motivated public managers, thus leading to more positive organizational dispositions.