Cross-domain Effects Research Articles

Women entrepreneurs and work-family conflict: an analysis of the antecedents

Over the years, academic attention towards work-family conflict (WFC) issues has been constantly growing due to the socio-economic changes occurring in society. In line with this, great effort has been devoted to investigating WFC experienced by employees, while still almost untapped is the conversation with reference to women entrepreneurs. Moreover, the few studies that deal with women entrepreneurs’ WFC have mainly analysed its negative consequences rather than its predictors. Thus, this study aims to fill such research gap by analysing women entrepreneurs’ WFC antecedents. Based on the bidimensional conceptualization of WFC, distinguishing between work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW), this study verifies an expanded model of the WFC which takes into consideration either the within-domain effects or the cross-domain effects of work and family stressors on WIF and FIW experienced by women entrepreneurs. In doing so, an analysis based on data from 669 women entrepreneurs has been conducted. Results show that both within-domain relationships and cross-domain relationships play a key role in explaining the WFC experienced by women entrepreneurs.

The within and cross domain effects of work-family enrichment: A meta-analysis

In work-family interface research, the shift from a conflict perspective to an enrichment perspective has resulted in a growing interest in the consequences of the work-family enrichment. Based on the framework put forth by Greenhaus and Powell (2006), we examined the consequences of work-family enrichment by using meta-analysis. Based on an analysis of 67 studies with 69 independent samples (N=96,417), results generally support the expected relationships across the four categories of consequences of work-family enrichment, including affective consequences, resource consequences, performance consequences, and general well-being. In addition, results showed work-family enrichment has stronger effects on within-domain consequences than cross-domain consequences. Three types of theoretically grounded moderators, including sample demographic characteristics, national culture, and the type of enrichment construct, partially explained between-study variance in these effects. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Cross-domain effects of achievement goals: social costs and benefits

In this research, we examined cross-domain effects of achievement goals. In two experimental studies, we manipulated achievement goals and assessed social reactions towards a hypothetical (study 1) and a real (study 2) target. Measurement of social reactions included prosocial behaviours such as helping, sharing and cooperating with others. Furthermore, we assessed the perception of social acceptance, social status and social exclusion towards the study targets. In study 1, manipulated mastery goals in a hypothetical target led to more prosocial behaviours and a higher ascribed social status as compared to targets described as endorsing performance goals. In addition, in study 2, real targets identified by their peers for showing a high degree of mastery goals were considered more attractive as cooperation partners than those endorsing performance goals. These effects of achievement goals did not generalize across all social reactions, however. To this respect, the most pronounced effect found in both studies was related to prosocial behaviours.

Social and dimensional comparison effects on math and reading self-concepts of elementary school children

The big-fish-little-pond model (BFLP) and the internal/external (I/E) frame of reference model highlight the great influence of social and dimensional comparison effects on academic self-concepts (ASCs). In the present study of 291 elementary school children in Grade 2, both models were tested in a unifying framework based on math and reading self-concepts and achievements. The aim was to test the BFLP model, the I/E model, and the revisited I/E model integrating both the predictions of the BFLP model and the I/E model. Results showed significantly positive within-domain achievement-self-concept relations, but no significantly negative cross-domain achievement-self-concept relations. Moreover, there were higher relations between individual achievements than between ASCs, while no support was found for positive compensatory effects of class-average achievements on ASCs. The within and cross-domain effects were generally smaller than the ones reported for older students. This research indicates that social and dimensional comparison effects on ASCs are of less importance in second graders.

The relationship of social support with well-being outcomes via work–family conflict: Moderating effects of gender, dependants and nationality

The impact of work–family conflict on well-being outcomes is well established, as is the role of social support in buffering perceptions of conflict. What is less well understood is how these relationships vary for different groups of respondents. Using a two-wave longitudinal design with a 12-month time lag and samples of employees (total N = 2183) from Australia, New Zealand, China and Hong Kong, the present research investigated whether the mediating relationships between social support, work–family conflict and well-being outcomes were moderated by gender, geographical region and the presence of dependants in the household. Supervisor support and family support were associated with lower work–family conflict, and hence reduced psychological strain and increased job and family satisfaction, for women and for employees in China and Hong Kong, but not for employees in Australia and New Zealand. However, the presence of dependants was not a significant moderator. Our findings illustrate the importance of exploring gender and national differences in work–family conflict research, particularly the investigation of cross-domain effects.

Female sexual function varies over time and is dependent on partner-specific factors: a population-based longitudinal analysis of six sexual function domains.

Most studies examining female sexual functions (FSFs) have used cross-sectional designs, not allowing for studying temporal stability and possible relationships between different FSFs over time. Our aim was to study these relationships using a longitudinal approach. The study sample consisted of 2173 Finnish women from two large-scale, population-based data collections 7 years apart. The Female Sexual Function Index was used. Analyses were further conducted separately for women in different relationship constellations. Standardized autoregressive paths ranged from 0.136 (sexual satisfaction) to 0.447 (orgasm function) in the full sample, suggesting that most of the variance in FSF was explained by something other than previous function. Orgasm, desire and satisfaction were the strongest predictors of other functions in the full sample and for women in the same relationship at both time points (higher orgasm function predicted higher function in other domains; greater sexual desire and satisfaction predicted lower function in other domains), however, with small effects sizes. For single women, orgasm function and sexual desire were the only significant autoregressive paths. Significant unidirectional cross-domain paths were found for women in the same relationship at both time points. One significant cross-domain path, not confirmed as unidirectional, was found for single women. FSFs varied considerably over 7 years and relationship status was of importance when assessing temporal stability and cross-domain effects. Our results advocate tailored psychobehavioural treatment interventions for female sexual dysfunctions that take partner-specific factors into account.

Cross-Domain Effects of Ethical Leadership on Employee Family and Life Satisfaction: the Moderating Role of Family-Supportive Supervisor Behaviors

Drawing on the work–family enrichment theory, the present study investigates the cross-domain effects of ethical leadership on employees’ family and life satisfaction. Moreover, it focuses on the mediating role of work–family enrichment (WFE) and the moderated mediation process of family-supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB) underlying the relationship between ethical leadership and employees’ family and life satisfaction. Using a sample of 371 employees and their immediate supervisors in China, we found that WFE mediated the relationship between ethical leadership and employee-rated and supervisor-rated family and life satisfaction. Moreover, FSSB positively moderated the relationship between ethical leadership and WFE, such that the relationship was strengthened when FSSB were higher. Furthermore, the mediations of WFE between ethical leadership and employee-rated and supervisor-rated family and life satisfaction were also positively moderated by FSSB, such that the indirect effects were stronger when FSSB were higher. The theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are further discussed.

Workload, generic and work–family specific social supports and job stress

Purpose The present study aims to investigate the mediating role of work–family conflict (WFC) and family–work conflict (FWC) on the effects of workload and the generic and specific work–family social support in job stress. Design/methodology/approach Using AMOS 20 through bootstrap analysis for indirect effect, the study assessed the abovementioned relationships based on data collected from 258 respondents in the hospitality industry in Quebec. Findings The findings indicate that workload increases job stress via WFC and FWC. Both generic and specific work–family social support decrease job stress through WFC and FWC. Organizational support for reconciling work and family life is more significant than generic supervisor support. Family support reduces job stress via WFC but not via FWC. Research limitations/implications In future studies, it would be interesting to explore the effects of variables such as gender, marital status, hotel category and the job category, as well as cultural origin. Practical implications The results of this research should alert employers in the hospitality industry to engage in family-friendly policies that include not only practices such as working time arrangements, family leave and onsite child care services, but also to be committed to create a family-friendly culture and to adopt the best forms of supportive policies at work. Originality/value By emphasizing cross-domain effects, the present research contributes to the existing knowledge by testing the mediating role of WFC and FWC in the effects of workload and various resources of social support on job stress.

Musical experience facilitates lexical tone processing among Mandarin speakers: Behavioral and neural evidence

Music and speech share many sound attributes. Pitch, as the percept of fundamental frequency, often occupies the center of researchers’ attention in studies on the relationship between music and speech. One widely held assumption is that music experience may confer an advantage in speech tone processing. The cross-domain effects of musical training on non-tonal language speakers’ linguistic pitch processing have been relatively well established. However, it remains unclear whether musical experience improves the processing of lexical tone for native tone language speakers who actually use lexical tones in their daily communication. Using a passive oddball paradigm, the present study revealed that among Mandarin speakers, musicians demonstrated enlarged electrical responses to lexical tone changes as reflected by the increased mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitudes, as well as faster behavioral discrimination performance compared with age- and IQ-matched nonmusicians. The current results suggest that in spite of the preexisting long-term experience with lexical tones in both musicians and nonmusicians, musical experience can still modulate the cortical plasticity of linguistic tone processing and is associated with enhanced neural processing of speech tones. Our current results thus provide the first electrophysiological evidence supporting the notion that pitch expertise in the music domain may indeed be transferable to the speech domain even for native tone language speakers.

Developmental cascade models of a parenting-focused program for divorced families on mental health problems and substance use in emerging adulthood.

A developmental cascade model from functioning in adolescence to emerging adulthood was tested using data from a 15-year longitudinal follow-up of 240 emerging adults whose families participated in a randomized, experimental trial of a preventive program for divorced families. Families participated in the program or literature control condition when the offspring were ages 9-12. Short-term follow-ups were conducted 3 months and 6 months following completion of the program when the offspring were in late childhood/early adolescence. Long-term follow-ups were conducted 6 years and 15 years after program completion when the offspring were in middle to late adolescence and emerging adulthood, respectively. It was hypothesized that the impact of the program on mental health and substance use outcomes in emerging adulthood would be explained by developmental cascade effects of program effects in adolescence. The results provided support for a cascade effects model. Specifically, academic competence in adolescence had cross-domain effects on internalizing problems and externalizing problems in emerging adulthood. In addition, adaptive coping in adolescence was significantly, negatively related to binge drinking. It was unexpected that internalizing symptoms in adolescence were significantly negatively related to marijuana use and alcohol use. Gender differences occurred in the links between mental health problems and substance use in adolescence and mental health problems and substance use in emerging adulthood.

Understanding the interplay of individual and social–developmental factors in the progression of substance use and mental health from childhood to adulthood

This study examines the interplay between individual and social-developmental factors in the development of positive functioning, substance use problems, and mental health problems. This interplay is nested within positive and negative developmental cascades that span childhood, adolescence, the transition to adulthood, and adulthood. Data are drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a gender-balanced, ethnically diverse community sample of 808 participants interviewed 12 times from ages 10 to 33. Path modeling showed short- and long-term cascading effects of positive social environments, family history of depression, and substance-using social environments throughout development. Positive family social environments set a template for future partner social environment interaction and had positive influences on proximal individual functioning, both in the next developmental period and long term. Family history of depression adversely affected mental health functioning throughout adulthood. Family substance use began a cascade of substance-specific social environments across development, which was the pathway through which increasing severity of substance use problems flowed. The model also indicated that adolescent, but not adult, individual functioning influenced selection into positive social environments, and significant cross-domain effects were found in which substance-using social environments affected subsequent mental health.

Developmental pathways linking childhood and adolescent internalizing, externalizing, academic competence, and adolescent depression.

This study examined longitudinal pathways through three domains of adaptation from ages 4-5 to 14-15 (internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and academic competence) towards depressive symptoms at age 16-17. Participants were 6425 Canadian children followed bi-annually as part of the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth. Within-domain (i.e., stability) effects were moderate in strength. We found longitudinal cross-domain effects across one time point (i.e., one-lag cascades) between internalizing and externalizing in early childhood (positive associations), and between academic competence and externalizing in later childhood and adolescence (negative associations). We also found cascade effects over multiple time points (i.e., multi-lag cascades); lower academic competence at age 4-5 and greater internalizing at age 6-7 predicted greater age 12-13 externalizing, and greater age 6-7 externalizing predicted greater age 16-17 depression. Important pathways towards adolescent depression include a stability path through childhood and adolescent internalizing, as well as a number of potential paths involving all domains of adaptation, highlighting the multifactorial nature of adolescent depression.

Consequences of Positive Work-Family/Family-Work Interface: A Meta- Analytical

Though much research has examined the consequences of positive work- family/family-work interface, there is a lack of a comprehensive and systematic meta-analysis that integrates the attitudinal and behavioral consequences and moderators of the positive work-family/family-work interface. In present study, we contribute to the existing literature by conducting a quantitative review with a meta- analysis of 67 studies with 69 independent samples (N=99,958). We first examined the discriminant validity between positive work-family/family-work interface and negative work-family/family-work interface. In addition, results showed the positive work-family/family-work interface was related to both attitudinal and behavioral consequences in work and family domains. Further analyses indicated that within- domain effects were stronger than cross-domain effects when examining the relationship between work-family/family-work interface and attitudinal outcome but not for behavioral outcomes. In terms of moderating effec...

Interactions between musicality and native language for enhanced sound feature processing

Interactions between musicality and native language for enhanced sound feature processing

Cross-Domain Effects of Guilt on Desire for Self-Improvement Products

This research examines the notion that guilt, the negative emotion stemming from a failure to meet a self-held standard of behavior, leads to preferences for products enabling self-improvement, even in domains unrelated to the original source of the guilt. Examining consumer responses to real products, this research shows that such effects arise because guilt—by its focus on previous wrongdoings—activates a general desire to improve the self. This increase in desire for self-improvement products is only observed for choices involving the self (not others), is not observed in response to other negative emotions (e.g., shame, embarrassment, sadness, or envy), and is mitigated when people hold the belief that the self is nonmalleable. Building on past work that focuses on how guilt often leads to the motivation to alleviate feelings of guilt either directly or indirectly, the current research demonstrates an additional, novel downstream consequence of guilt, showing that only guilt has the unique motivational consequence of activating a general desire to improve the self, which subsequently spills into other domains and spurs self-improving product choices. These findings are discussed in light of their implications for research on the distinct motivational consequences of specific emotions and on consumer well-being.

Optimism, pessimism, and coping in a dual-domain model of sport and school satisfaction.

Adolescent student-athletes face stress in both academic and sport domains, yet little is known about the processes responsible for explaining satisfaction across domains. We examined a dual-domain model wherein optimism–pessimism are indirectly related to sport and school satisfaction through sport and school coping, respectively. Studentathletes (n 183, Mage 14.88 years) completed measures of optimism, pessimism, school coping, and school satisfaction before a final exam, as well as assessments of sport coping and sport satisfaction before a sport competition. Results of structural equation modeling supported our matching domain hypothesis: optimism was indirectly related to domain satisfaction through domain task-oriented coping, whereas pessimism was indirectly related to domain satisfaction through domain disengagement-oriented coping. No cross-domain effects were found. Optimistic student-athletes experience greater school and sport satisfaction as a consequence of their use of school and sport task-oriented coping strategies, respectively.

Cross-domain influences on youth risky driving behaviors: A developmental cascade analysis

We apply a developmental cascade approach to study the longitudinal, cross-domain effects of negative family influence, deviant peer associations, and individual substance use on risky driving among a sample of low-income African American youth. Participants (N=681) were followed from age 16 to age 21. Using structural equation modeling, we examined conceptual models of pathways to risky driving. Results indicated strong associations between domains within time points among negative family environment, deviant peer associations, individual substance use, and risky driving. Deviant peer associations were related to future risky driving. Alcohol and marijuana use also predicted later deviant peer relationships. The pathways were observed both between ages 16 and 18 and between ages 18 and 21. Consistent with the cascade hypotheses, we found that risks in one domain manifested as risks in the same domain across time in addition to spreading to other domains.

Pitch expertise is not created equal: Cross-domain effects of musicianship and tone language experience on neural and behavioural discrimination of speech and music

Psychophysiological evidence supports a music-language association, such that experience in one domain can impact processing required in the other domain. We investigated the bidirectionality of this association by measuring event-related potentials (ERPs) in native English-speaking musicians, native tone language (Cantonese) nonmusicians, and native English-speaking nonmusician controls. We tested the degree to which pitch expertise stemming from musicianship or tone language experience similarly enhances the neural encoding of auditory information necessary for speech and music processing. Early cortical discriminatory processing for music and speech sounds was characterized using the mismatch negativity (MMN). Stimuli included ‘large deviant’ and ‘small deviant’ pairs of sounds that differed minimally in pitch (fundamental frequency, F0; contrastive musical tones) or timbre (first formant, F1; contrastive speech vowels). Behavioural F0 and F1 difference limen tasks probed listeners’ perceptual acuity for these same acoustic features. Musicians and Cantonese speakers performed comparably in pitch discrimination; only musicians showed an additional advantage on timbre discrimination performance and an enhanced MMN responses to both music and speech. Cantonese language experience was not associated with enhancements on neural measures, despite enhanced behavioural pitch acuity. These data suggest that while both musicianship and tone language experience enhance some aspects of auditory acuity (behavioural pitch discrimination), musicianship confers farther-reaching enhancements to auditory function, tuning both pitch and timbre-related brain processes.

Work-family interface, job satisfaction and turnover intention

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of work-family and family-work conflict and enrichment in predicting job satisfaction and its subsequent relation with turnover intentions in a transition country.Design/methodology/approach– This study examined the role of work-family and family-work conflict and enrichment in predicting job satisfaction and its subsequent relation with turnover intentions in a transition country.Findings– While work-family enrichment was significantly and positively related to job satisfaction, family-work enrichment was not. A similar pattern was observed for conflict, whereby only work-family conflict exhibited a positive relation to job satisfaction. Moreover, job satisfaction partially mediated the relationships between work-family interface and turnover intentions. The results revealed indirect effects of work-family enrichment and work-family conflict on turnover intentions.Originality/value– This study is unique because it tested the relationships among the negative and positive sides of the work-family interface and job attitudes in a transition country in CEE, an underrepresented cultural context in the work-family literature. Furthermore, it tested the direct and indirect effects of work-family interface on turnover intentions. In addition, it provided evidence of the significance of same-domain effects and insignificance of cross-domain effects.

The Cross-Domain Effects of Work and Family Role Stressors on Public Employees in South Korea

Understanding work and family role transition activities is very important as without knowing the mechanism, policymakers cannot design effective family-friendly programs. This research addressed two research questions: (a) Do work and family role stressors in the public sector have cross-domain effects? and (b) Does gender moderate the cross-domain effects? The Korea Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) was used as a secondary data set to address these research questions. A random-effects model (i.e., a three-level hierarchical linear model) was used to take into account heterogeneity across families and individuals. Findings revealed that work role stressors such as monthly salary and working hours were positively related to life satisfaction, but family stressors were not significantly associated with job satisfaction, partially supporting the cross-domain effect. Furthermore, gender did not moderate the cross-domain effects.