This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the subjective perception of digital and conventional orthodontic fabrication methods among dental students. The educational effectiveness of conventional and digital approaches was assessed using a novel approach that included user experience surveys and a quantitative evaluation of the teaching units. A total of 64 pre-graduated dental students from two consecutive semesters independently fabricated a conventionally and a digitally manufactured orthodontic appliance. Subjective evaluations were collected about the two different fabrication methods using standardized User Experience Questionnaires (UEQ). Six dimensions were assessed: attractiveness, perspicuity, efficiency, dependability, stimulation, and novelty. The corresponding teaching unit (CAD/CAM seminar) was evaluated using a Likert-based questionnaire. The statistical analysis included Wilcoxon tests for paired samples and reliability assessments (Cronbach's alpha, Guttman's lambda-2). The digital workflow received higher ratings in all UEQ dimensions, particularly for novelty (M=1.87 vs. -1.08, p<0.0001). Attractiveness of digital methods was perceived positively compared to the conventional approach (M=1.59/M=-0.21). Pragmatic quality (perspicuity, efficiency, and dependability) was also rated more favorably for the digital approach (M=0.88/0.12). The associated CAD/CAM seminar received an overall positive evaluation. Participants reported learning progress and expressed interest in continuing the course. Digital orthodontic fabrication methods are perceived more positively than conventional techniques by dental students, highlighting the value of integrating digital workflows into dental education.

Self-care and self-medication are increasingly viewed as helpful approaches to managing minor ailments; however, patients are often not confident in making informed choices. Pharmacists have traditionally assisted patients in this domain, but the emergence of digital health technologies has transformed the way individuals seek information towards the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools. ChatGPT-4o mini, Gemini, and Copilot are recently growing popular for health-related guidance. Despite the accessibility and ease of use that these AI tools offer, their accuracy, patient-centeredness, and reliability in supporting self-care remain insufficiently evaluated. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the performance of ChatGPT-4o mini, Gemini, and Copilot in the context of patient self-care by assessing the accuracy, patient-centeredness, and comprehensiveness of their responses against standard recommendations. Ninety-one case scenarios representing the most common minor ailments were introduced to the three AI models to generate responses that were subsequently assessed and compared with established standard recommendations by three of the study investigators. Evaluation of the responses was conducted on their accuracy, patient-centeredness, comprehensiveness, and similarity. An inter-reliability test was also carried out to confirm the consistency between the three evaluators' assessments. The study findings indicate that ChatGPT-4o mini significantly exceeded Gemini and Copilot in terms of accuracy and presented as mean ± SD (ChatGPT-4o mini: 4.4 ± 0.6, Gemini: 4.1 ± 0.8, Copilot: 3.7 ± 0.7, p < 0.001), patient-centeredness (ChatGPT-4o mini: 4.7 ± 0.6, Gemini: 4.3 ± 1.0, Copilot: 4.2 ± 0.8, p < 0.001), and comprehensiveness (ChatGPT-4o mini: 4.6 ± 0.7, Gemini: 4.2 ± 0.8, Copilot: 3.4 ± 0.7; p < 0.001) among 91 minor ailment case scenarios. Gemini and Copilot showed moderate and low performance, respectively, particularly in complex cases, in contrast to ChatGPT-4o mini. Inter-rater reliability was excellent (Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.9), confirming assessment consistency. Cosine similarity analysis indicated high overlap between AI and standard recommendations. This study shows that AI tools are reliable and precise instruments for self-care of mild diseases. These findings highlight ChatGPT-4o mini's superior reliability and patient-centeredness for self-medication guidance, while underscoring the need for human oversight. However, there is a small chance of variation and errors in the AI-generated responses, which may prohibit complete dependence on AI for self-care recommendations.

Introduction: Throughout life, the characteristics of a woman’s pelvic floor change due to physiological changes, including pregnancy, childbirth and menopause. These changes can predispose them to pelvic floor dysfunction. Objectives: To develop a linguistically and psychometrically adapted Portuguese (European) version of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20) and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ-7), for assessing symptoms and quality of life in women with pelvic floor dysfunction. Methods: This cross-cultural study used a translation method, followed by an assessment of the validity and reliability of the instruments. The Portuguese versions of the PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 were completed by 287 women (33.47 ± 8.2 years). To assess reliability, internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha (CA). Descriptive statistical analysis was applied for sociodemographic and clinical characterization, as well as questionnaire scoring. Spearman’s correlation (r) and Student’s t-test were used to analyze criterion and construct validity. Results: The Portuguese versions of PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 were effectively translated and adjusted, revealing excellent internal consistency, as reflected in Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.853 for PFDI-20 and 0.937 for PFIQ-7. No Ceiling Effect was observed, while a Floor Effect was identified in both Portuguese versions of the PFDI-20 (5.2%) and PFIQ-7 (41.5%). Significant correlations were established between the instruments and five questions. Conclusions: The Portuguese versions of the PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 showed adequate psychometric characteristics and are valid for use in the Portuguese population.

The rapid proliferation of social media has reshaped how young adults access and engage with health information. This study investigates the relationship between social media usage, sexual health literacy, and healthy lifestyle skills among university students. The aim is to explore whether social media serves as a facilitator or barrier to health-promoting behaviors in this population. A cross-sectional, descriptive design was employed. The study population included 4,500 students from faculties of health sciences and social sciences at a Turkish university. Using the known population sampling formula, the minimum sample was calculated as 350; however, 598 university students voluntarily participated. Data were collected via an online questionnaire comprising a socio-demographic form, the Social Media Usage Scale, the Sexual Health Literacy Scale, and the Healthy Lifestyle Skills Scale. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 24.0. Normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Parametric tests (t-test, ANOVA) and Pearson correlation analysis were used. Reliability of instruments was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha. Participants reported good levels of sexual health literacy (mean score: 51.26 ± 9.03) and moderate levels of healthy lifestyle skills (63.13 ± 11.62). A significant positive correlation was found between sexual health literacy and both social media usage and healthy lifestyle skills (p < 0.01). Participants with prior education in sexual health or media literacy scored significantly higher in both outcome measures. Demographic factors such as gender, income, and urban residence were also associated with healthier lifestyle behaviors. The findings indicate that responsible social media use may contribute positively to young adults' sexual health literacy and health-promoting behaviors. These results highlight the importance of integrating media literacy and sexual health education into public health policies and university curricula. Developing targeted, evidence-based digital interventions could empower youth to navigate health information critically and foster long-term improvements in individual and public health outcomes. Not applicable.

Measuring Patient-Reported Outcomes in Ischemic Heart Disease: Validation of the Greek HeartQoL Questionnaire.

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports (REDs) is defined as a multifactorial syndrome of impaired physiological and/or psychological functioning was previously named as the Female Athlete Triad. REDs was proposed to be an expansion of the Female Athlete Triad model (Triad), corresponding to a combination of Low Energy Availability (LEA), alteration of the menstrual cycle and bone health. could be made possible by a screening tool to determine the risk of LEA. The Low Energy Availability in Female-Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) is a screening tool originally developed to identify individuals at risk of Triad based on self-reported symptoms in three primary categories: injuries, gastrointestinal function, and reproductive function - to identify individuals at risk of Triad. To date, LEAF-Q is recommended in the International Olympic Committee REDs Clinical Assessment Tool-Version 2 as a screening tool for studying various health and performance outcomes of REDs. This study aims to validate the Italian version (LEAFQ-ITA) among physically active women while adapting it to their culture in order to enhance the diagnosis and facilitate access to treatment of REDs. The validation process was carried out in multiple stages: (i) translation and cultural adaptation of the content from the original questionnaire (LEAF-Q) into the Italian culture; (ii) expert validation of the content using the Delphi technique; (iii) reliability test-retest in a sample of Italian physical active women; and (iv) internal consistency checking using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis. A consensus rate of more than 90% for every item was considered sufficient agreement. The test-retest reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient estimates and their 95% confidence intervals based on a mean-rating, absolute agreement, 2-way mixed-effects model. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses were performed with the Factor software. The analysis was implemented using a matrix dispersion through Pearson correlations and the Robust Diagonally Weighted Least Squares (RDWLS) extraction method. The Parallel Analysis technique suggested the number of factors to be retained. McDonald's Omega and Cronbach's alpha were performed to test internal consistency. After two rounds, the LEAFQ-ITA maintained the same amount of items and gained the consensus of content validation specialists. From the sample of 215 questionnaires answered, a sub-sample of 105 participants answered the LEAFQ-ITA twice (mean age: 26.1 ± 4.7 years old; mean body mass index: 21.3 ± 2.6 kg/m2; physical activity of 3.9 ± 1.3 days/week on average). Among them, 56 women (37.6%) obtained a were classified at risk of LEA by the final score of LEAFQ-ITA ≥8. The single measurement intraclass correlation coefficient resulted in 0.832 (F = 10.849, df = 105, p < 0.000, 95% confidence interval: 0.762-0.882), which suggests high reliability. Although initially hypothesizing the presence of 3 factors, the parallel analysis suggested 2 factors as being the most representative of the data. Measures of McDonald's Omega (0.65) and Cronbach's alpha (0.64) suggested acceptable internal consistency. The LEAFQ-ITA is a valid instrument for identifying Italian physically active women with physiological symptoms possibly related to LEA or REDs. Future research should focus on validating this instrument in other countries and languages.

Psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the Edmonton-33 scale inpatients with head and neck cancer.

Adaptation and validation of the critical care family needs inventory - Emergency department (CCFNI-ED) in Indonesian emergency care settings.

A mixed-methods framework for assessing differentiated instruction implementation barriers in EFL secondary education contexts.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of an Arabic version of the 12-item Zarit burden interview.

Workers' satisfaction with health surveillance: Development and validation of a new scale.

This study was conducted to adapt the Colonoscopy Satisfaction and Safety Questionnaire into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties. The study was conducted with a methodological design recruiting a sample of 181 individuals scheduled for colonoscopy procedures. Content validity index for a single dimension yielded a satisfactory score of 0.95. The study also revealed strong and consistent time-dependent invariance correlation coefficients ranging from 0.82 to 0.97, indicating reliability over time. A robust and positive relationship was detected between the item scores recorded during the pretest and posttest assessments. After item analysis, three items were removed from the questionnaire, resulting in a 13-item scale that displayed good internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.86. The findings suggest that the Turkish version of the Colonoscopy Satisfaction and Safety Questionnaire is well-suited for use in research related to patients undergoing colonoscopy procedures. As a result of this study, it was determined that it is an appropriate tool for assessing the satisfaction of patients undergoing colonoscopy.

Background and Aims: Influenza, caused by subtypes A and B of the influenza virus, can lead to mild or severe illness and cause secondary infections. High-risk groups include pregnant women, the elderly, and young children. Vaccination is the most effective prevention method. This research aims to evaluate influenza vaccination coverage among healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze factors influencing vaccination rates. Methods: In this study, a random sample of 440 healthcare providers was selected. Data collection involved a demographic questionnaire and a researcher-designed questionnaire focusing on influenza knowledge, reasons for not getting vaccinated, and motivations for vaccine uptake. The questionnaire included 21 items on hindering factors and 6 on motivating factors. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the reliability of the measurement tool was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Results: In this study, 42% of healthcare providers received the influenza vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic, while 58% did not. Prior to the pandemic, only 30.9% had received the vaccine, compared to 69.1% who had not. Among those not vaccinated during COVID-19, the mean score for inhibitory factors was significantly higher at 46.9, versus 41.47 for those who were vaccinated. Vaccination rates varied significantly with age: 41.3% of those under 30 were vaccinated, 34.9% of those aged 30-40, and 54.5% of those over 40. Additionally, 78.9% of the participants were infected with COVID-19 during the study period. Conclusion: The research findings indicate low influenza vaccination coverage among healthcare providers and the need for further education to increase staff awareness about the importance of vaccination, change individuals' perceptions of their susceptibility to influenza, and emphasize the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing the disease.

Development and psychometric validation of a concussion symptom assessment tool for combat sports athletes.

Psychometric validation of the CARe Burn Scale-Adult Form Finnish version.

This paper assessed preservice teachers’ creativity in developing instructional materials during their compulsory professional practice. It identified some challenges faced by preservice teachers in creating instructional materials. The paper aimed to stress the importance of instructional materials in teaching and learning, and the necessity to equip preservice teachers with skills required to creatively develop and select relevant instructional materials for facilitating effective teaching and learning. The study looked at the constructivist theory of learning to ascertain the impact of facilitating learning through diverse instructional resources that can meet the different learning styles of learners. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. A total of 308 penultimate and final year preservice teachers in the Faculty of Education at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, participated in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data after it had been validated by experts. The reliability was ascertained using Cronbach Alpha after a pilot testing had been carried out with a limited sample who did not participate in the main data study. The reliability coefficient of .87 was obtained. Data analysis was done using simple frequency count, percentage score, mean, and standard deviation. The decision rule was set at 2.5. Findings from the study showed that even though most preservice teachers agreed to be potentially creative in developing instructional materials during their professional practice, they had limitations in practically demonstrating this because of several factors, which led them to adopt conventional resources such as cardboard drawings, charts, textbooks, etc. The study also identified limited resources, financial and time constraints, and large class size as challenges confronting preservice teachers' creativity in developing instructional materials.

Background: The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire is a widely recognized and used self-reporting instrument designed to measure a person’s satisfaction with various aspects of their job, as well as to provide comparative values regarding general satisfaction and its components. Objective: This study first aimed to test and validate the psychometric properties of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire–Short Form (MSQ-SF). Its second objective was to assess the job satisfaction levels of employees working within the organization and the factors influencing job satisfaction. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study analyzed the responses of 435 hospital staff members using the Romanian version of the MSQ-20 scale. Results: Exploratory Factor Analysis identified a three-factor structure: Task Enrichment, Autonomy Satisfaction, and Supervisory Relationships. The three-factor model with eight MSQ items discarded provided an excellent statistical fit. The MSQ-SF with a 20-item questionnaire has excellent Internal Consistency, with a Cronbach alpha of 0.935, 95% CI (0.926–0.944). Conclusions: The Romanian version of the MSQ-20 has excellent construct validity and consistency, and it provides reliable and comparable data on the health of the workforce.

The aim was to validate the stoma self-efficacy scale and assess the psychometric properties of the Czech version of the scale in patients with intestinal stoma. Another aim was to assess self-efficacy in patients with intestinal stoma. Descriptive, cross-sectional and validation study. Two hundred and ninety patients with intestinal stoma participated in the study during 2023. The original SSES instrument was linguistically validated into Czech. Content validity of the scale, test-retest, intraclass coefficient, Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's ω, construct and convergent validity were assessed for psychometric properties. The study followed STROBE guidelines. The stoma self-efficacy scale was adopted into Czech, demonstrating excellent content validity. An intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to establish test-retest reliability, showing excellent reliability of the Czech version. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's ω showed high reliability. Factor analysis was applied for construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis was used to extract three factors on the Czech version of the scale: Stoma care self-efficacy, social self-efficacy and burden self-efficacy. The factors accounted for 62.05% of the total variance and showed strong internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied separately to the data of respondents with colostomy and respondents with ileostomy. The fit indices were satisfactory for respondents with colostomy after adjustment. The composite reliability coefficient showed acceptable values in each factor. The Czech version of the stoma self-efficacy scale has excellent psychometric properties in patients with intestinal stoma. It is a reliable tool for use in patients with intestinal stoma to assess self-efficacy. The scale can also be used by nurses who care for these patients and based on this, meet the individual needs related to patients' self-efficacy.

ABSTRACT This study aims to develop a scale to determine teachers’ self-efficacy towards AI. In this study, survey design was used. 680 teachers constituted the accessible population of the study. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also conducted to check the construct validity of the scale. As a result of the analysis, a three-factor structure consisting of 31 items explaining 80.7% of the variance in the scores was obtained. The correlation coefficient between the criterion and draft scales was found to be .72. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficients were calculated to check the reliability of the scale. It was determined that the reliability coefficients for the overall scale and sub-factors were greater than .70.

This study aims to examine the relationship between healthy lifestyle awareness and ovarian cancer awareness among women of reproductive age. This cross-sectional study included 342 women aged 18-49 from all seven geographical regions of Turkey. Data were collected online using the Descriptive Information Form, the Healthy Lifestyle Awareness Scale (HLAS), and the Ovarian Cancer Awareness Measure (OCAM). Analyses were performed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics, normality tests, Pearson correlation analysis, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were applied. The internal consistency of the scales was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The HLAS score showed a positive correlation with education level (r = .14, p = .010), OC risk factors (r = .27, p < .001), and OC symptoms (r = .15, p = .007). Education level was significantly associated with both OC risk factors (r = .28, p < .001) and OC symptoms (r = .15, p = .005). Cigarette use was significantly negatively correlated with OC risk factors (r = - .17, p = .002), but not with OC symptoms. No significant relationship was found between age and any of the main variables. In hierarchical multiple regression analyses, HLAS was a significant predictor of both OC risk factors (β = 0.22, p < .001) and symptoms (β = 0.13, p = .019). Education level also significantly predicted both OC risk factors (β = 0.22, p < .001) and symptoms (β = 0.12, p = .028). Cigarette use was found to be negatively associated only with OC risk factors (β =-0.13, p = .014). The findings of this study indicate that healthy lifestyle awareness and education level are key determinants in increasing awareness of ovarian cancer risk factors and symptoms among women of reproductive age. In particular, women with higher healthy lifestyle awareness and education levels have significantly greater knowledge of both risk factors and symptoms. Cigarette use, on the other hand, negatively affects awareness of ovarian cancer risk factors.