The aim of this research is to determine the attitudes of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Agriculture students towards digitalization in agriculture and to analyze the factors affecting these attitudes. The data of the study were collected from 208 third and fourth-grade students in the 2024-2025 academic year by survey. A Likert-type scale consisting of 23 items was used as a data collection tool, and exploratory factor analysis was applied to the obtained data. As a result of the analysis, the scale was divided into three main dimensions. These are: "Perception of the Benefits and Education of Digital Agriculture", "Economic and Environmental Benefits of Digital Agriculture" and "Concerns and Support Needs for Digital Agriculture". While students largely expressed positive opinions on issues such as increasing productivity, reducing costs, and contributing to environmental sustainability in digital agriculture, they also expressed their concerns about risks such as dependence on technology, high investment costs, and the decrease in agricultural employment. The KMO value was calculated as 0.950, and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient as 0.971, and these results showed that the data set was extremely suitable for factor analysis and the scale was highly reliable. The findings reveal that theoretical and applied training on digital agricultural technologies should be increased in agricultural faculties. It is also emphasized that not only technological advantages but also education, support, and adaptation dimensions should be taken into consideration in the digitalization dissemination process. In this context, it is recommended to adopt holistic approaches that include socio-cultural and educational components, not technology-based ones.

To combat growing prevalence of hypertension in Bangladesh, it is critical to have an in-depth understanding about quality of life (QOL) among people living with hypertension and related factors. In the recent COVID-19 pandemic the QOL of hypertensive people got downsized. This study aimed to measure QOL among hypertensive people in a selected tertiary hospital in Dhaka city, and its association with the basic characteristics of the patients. This study was conducted among randomly selected 300 hypertensive patients from two departments of Square Hospitals Limited, using the patient register record. Data were collected through face-to-face interview methods. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to assess the QOL of the subjects. Descriptive statistics were used to examine mean scores of quality of life. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Pearson's correlation coefficient were applied to estimate the internal consistency, and the level of agreement among different domains of WHOQOL-BREF, respectively. Chi-square test followed by binary regression analysis was used to measure the association between QOL domains and independent variables. Both overall WHOQOL-BREF and each domain had a good internal consistency, (r = 0.13-0.77, p < 0.01). The QOL among hypertensive patients was found poor in psychological (71%) and social (74.7%) domain and good in environment (63%) and physical (65%) domain. Backward binary regressions revealed that being older over 55 years (p = 0.01), diabetic (p = 0.02), having history of COVID-19 (p = 0.01) and poor monthly family income (USD ≤ 853.14) (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with poor QOL in all domains. Moreover, older age (p = 0.01) and poor lifestyle (p = 0.02) were significantly associated with poor overall quality of life and poor perception of general health. The results revealed low QOL in psychological and social domain, including significant factors associated with the poor QOL in all domains. Planning and implementation of effective interventions are needed to improve QOL among hypertensive patients targeted towards aged, diabetic, lower income group who had positive COVID-19 infection and poor lifestyle through health system strengthening.

The self-effacing empathy scale: Its validity and reliability among adolescents and their parents.

The sexual health literacy of young refugees has not been investigated in detail due to the lack of a sufficient assessment tool in the literature. This study aims to perform validity and reliability analysis of the Arabic version of the Sexual Health Literacy Scale (SHLS) in a sample consisting of young Syrian refugee university students. This methodological study was conducted in December 2023 with 191 young Syrian refugee students at a university in XXX, XXX. Content validity of the scale was assessed in three stages: translation, back translation, and cultural adaptation. Besides, construct validity was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency reliability with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and total item correlation. CFA demonstrated that the Arabic version of the SHLS had two sub-dimensions and 16 items. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was 0.85, indicating the scale was reliable. Male participants studying in health-related departments, aware of sexual health literacy, educated on sexual health, and confident in their knowledge scored significantly higher on the scale. This is the first study investigating the SHLS's validity and reliability in young refugees. Given its acceptable validity and reliability, further research is needed in diverse, broader samples to clarify its applicability in different settings.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Greek version of Tilburg Pregnancy Distress Scale (TPDS). The study was conducted from August 2021 to November 2022 and included 196 healthy pregnant adult women. The study sample was drawn from two maternity clinics, and included pregnant adult women from the Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the "Aretaieion" University Hospital and the private Obstetrics and Gynecology Center "Woman Clinic," in Athens, Greece. Study participants were asked to fill out the TPDS, to assess pregnancy distress, as well as a demographic questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.85 for the Greek TPDS version, 0.870 for the "Negative Affect" factor, and 0.818 for the "Partner Involvement" factor. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.841 and the significance of Bartlett's test of sphericity was p<0.001. Exploratory factor analysis displayed two extracted factors with eigenvalue >1. The Greek version of the TPDS can be considered a reliable instrument for measuring pregnancy-related distress in women.

Stress levels reflect an individual's psycho-physiological imbalance in response to environmental demands. Research suggests that physical activity not only directly alleviates negative emotions but may also indirectly reduce stress levels by enhancing social support networks. However, the underlying mechanisms of this pathway and the moderating effects of family structure differences (e.g., only-child status) are unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between physical activity and stress levels among high school students in Shandong Province, test the mediating role of social support between the two, and analyze the moderating effect of only-child status on the relationship. Method: The present study used the Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Quality-of-Life Scale for Children and Adolescents, and the SCL-90 Symptom Self-assessment Scale to survey 9504 senior high school students in Shandong Province. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the questionnaires were tested to be above 0.9. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, correlation analysis, mediation effect, and moderated mediation effect tests were used to analyze the data. The mean age of the respondents was 16.5 years, and 47.7% were female. The results found that (1) non-only children had significantly higher levels of stress and social support and lower levels of physical activity than only children (p &lt; 0.01); (2) the level of physical activity was a significant positive predictor of students' social support (β=1.034, p &lt; 0.01), and a significant negative predictor of students' stress levels (β=-0.736, p &lt; 0.01). (3) Considering the mediating role of social support, physical activity had an indirect effect on social competence through mental health status, with a mediating effect value of -0.662 (95% BootCI [-0.078, -0.058]), and the direct effect of physical activity was not significant after controlling for social support. Thus, social support played a fully mediating role between physical activity and stress levels. And different only child statuses played a moderating role in the relationship between physical activity and social support, and between social support and stress levels. The study suggests that adolescents' level of physical activity has a significant positive impact on their social support and reduced stress levels. In addition, physical activity was a stronger positive predictor of social support among non-children, and their social support had a more significant mitigating effect on stress levels. The results reveal the resourcefulness of a multi-child family structure in adolescent sports socialization.

The Manchester driving behavior questionnaire (DBQ) integrating health and technology factors: The DBQ 2025 update with translations in 11 languages.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative learning needs of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in the general surgery clinic of a university hospital between November 2024 and July 2025. One hundred patients selected by simple random sampling were included in the study. Data were collected using a socio-demographic form and the Patient Learning Needs Scale (PLNS), which was developed by Bubela et al. (1990) and Turkish validation and reliability was performed by Catal and Dicle (2008). The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.924. Data were collected by face-to-face interview on the 1st postoperative day. Results: The mean age of the participants was 46.07 ± 9.27 years; 41% were female, and 39% had a bachelor’s degree or higher. While 91% of the patients received preoperative information, only 28% received discharge education. The mean total score of the PLNS was 191.77 ± 21.62. The sub-dimensions with the highest learning needs were medications (4.22) and treatment and complications (4.07), whereas the lowest was feelings about the situation (3.15). A statistically significant difference was found between educational level and age and PLNS scores (p

Falls are common in individuals with lower extremity amputations, often leading to physical injuries and fear of falling. This fear can reduce daily activity, social participation, and quality of life. Therefore, balance assessment should consider not only physical performance but also psychological factors, motivation, and confidence, which influence balance and prosthesis use. The Activity-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale is a 16-item self-efficacy measure designed to assess fear of falling. To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish translation of the ABC scale in a lower limb amputee population. The ABC scale was administered to 80 individuals with limb loss twice, with a one week interval between tests. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed to asses construct validity The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to analyze internal consistency. Spearman’s correlation coefficient were calculated to determine test–retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the Turkish version of the ABC Scale has a single-factor structure. The Spearman’s correlation coefficient (ICC) for the Turkish version was 0.93, indicating high test–retest reliability. Cronbach’s α was 0.937, split-half reliability was 0.943, and McDonald’s ω was 0.90. These findings indicate excellent internal consistency of the scale. The Turkish version of the ABC scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing balance confidence in lower limb amputees using prostheses.

Although disaster management practices have advanced considerably in recent years, citizens who are the first to arrive at the disaster scene—due to geographical proximity and a strong motivation to help—continue to play critical roles in emergency response processes. Contemporary disaster management has evolved into a multi-actor framework involving professional response teams, volunteers, civil society organizations, and active citizens. Voluntary engagement has become an indispensable complement to public response capacity, particularly in sudden-onset and large-scale disasters. Nevertheless, the structural criteria governing volunteer participation in disaster response in many countries remain ambiguous. For effective integration, it is essential to establish systematic components such as selection protocols, training standards, role definitions, and responsibility frameworks. In this context, the present study aims to contribute to the development of an effective volunteer selection approach in disaster settings in Türkiye by evaluating the Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Spontaneous Volunteer Selection Scale developed by Martínez et al. (2021). The target population consisted of students at Erzurum Technical University, and a non-probability convenience sampling method was employed. To minimize sampling error, the sample size was determined to be 417 participants. The instrument was distributed online and in person during the data collection phase, and responses were collected in both digital and printed formats. The original scale was translated into Turkish following established linguistic and cultural validation procedures and subsequently pilot-tested. To assess construct validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was initially conducted, followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to verify the resulting factor structure. Internal consistency reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. EFA results revealed that five subdimensions explained 55.23% of the total variance. The CFA confirmed acceptable model fit indices for the 24-item, 5-factor structure (χ²/df = 2.229; CFI = 0.91; IFI = 0.91; GFI = 0.90; AGFI = 0.87; RMSEA = 0.054). The overall internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α = 0.88). Based on the findings, the Turkish version of the scale was confirmed to be a valid and reliable instrument comprising five dimensions—Knowledge, Skills/Capabilities, Behavior, Motivation, and Social Desirability—across 24 items.

The Academic Mobbing Scale (AMS) was explicitly designed to evaluate workplace mobbing experiences within academic settings systematically. Following an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the scale was found to comprise a six-factor structure that accounts for a significant portion of the variance in mobbing experiences. The identified dimensions of the scale are as follows: “Communication and Relationship Barriers”, “Barriers to Academic Work and Responsibilities, “Degradation and Discrimination”, “Withholding of Resources”, “Violence and Harassment”, and “Cyber Mobbing”. The scale comprises 32 items and was developed following an extensive pilot study to ensure its relevance and effectiveness. The psychometric properties of the AMS were assessed, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients indicated strong internal consistency. Specifically, the alpha values for the subscales were .93, .91, .88, .80, .83, and .72, respectively, with an overall scale reliability coefficient of .95. These results suggest that the AMS is a reliable tool for understanding the nuances of mobbing behaviours affecting academics. The Academic Mobbing Scale aims to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon by capturing various mobbing outcomes.

This study conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of organizational resilience in secondary schools, with findings based on empirical data. The sample for this research consisted of 500 participants, including school directors, deputy directors, and heads of the subject groups from secondary schools, selected through multi-stage random sampling process. The research instrument was a 5-point rating scale questionnaire that underwent content validity verification. The item discrimination indices of the questionnaire ranged from .20 to .80, and the reliability analysis, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, yielded a value of .92. The statistical method used for data analysis was confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The study results revealed that organizational resilience in secondary schools comprises four main factors: adaptive capacity, strategic planning, agility, and improvisation. The assessment of the model's goodness-of-fit indices yielded the following results: Chi-Square = .54, RMSEA = .000, GFI = .98, CFI = 1.00, NFI = .99, RMR = .015, RFI = .99, IFI = 1.00, and AGFI = .96, indicating that the model demonstrated congruence with empirical data. The factor loadings of the four main components ranged from .77 to .98, while the factor loadings of the indicators ranged from .38 to .71. The Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and average variance extracted values obtained are in the range of .857 – .931, .803 – .924, and .505 – .710, respectively. These values indicated good reliability and acceptable convergent validity. Therefore, developing secondary schools into resilient organizations requires a thorough understanding and integration of key factors influencing organizational resilience to establish internal environments that support personnel and enable effective management of educational resources.

Background — Protecting patient privacy is a key principle in relationships between healthcare professionals. A validated and reliable instrument for assessing patient privacy during surgical procedures in the operating room (OR) is lacking. Objective — The goal of this study is to develop a psychometric instrument for assessing patient privacy protection from the perspective of OR staff. Methods — This is a methodological study. Initially, items were developed based on qualitative research, a comprehensive literature review, and input from experts in the field of gerontology and questionnaire development. The validity and reliability of the developed instrument were then assessed using face validity, content validity, construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and reliability based on Cronbach’s alpha, and internal consistency coefficient. Results — A total of 27 items were generated. During development, 9 items were excluded, resulting in a preliminary version of the questionnaire containing 18 items that underwent psychometric evaluation. The content validity index (CVI) value for most items was above 0.9, and the content validity ratio (CVR) was above 0.79. Finally, the instrument, which included 18 items across four dimensions (physical, informational, psychological, and environmental), was examined using EFA. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this instrument was 0.91. Conclusion — The developed Patient Privacy Questionnaire for Operating Room Staff has acceptable validity and reliability. This instrument can be used as a simple, convenient, valid, and reliable tool for assessing patient privacy protection from the perspective of OR staff.

ObjectiveTo adapt the Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Assessment Log questionnaire into Turkish and to evaluate its cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability.DesignA cross-sectional study involving cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation.SettingOutpatient physiotherapy clinics at a university hospital in Turkey.Participants272 adult patients receiving outpatient physiotherapy.InterventionParticipants completed the Turkish version of the scale, along with the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale, Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form. A subgroup of 84 participants completed the questionnaire again after two weeks to assess test-retest reliability.Main measuresContent validity was assessed using the Davis technique; structural validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient; test-retest reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient; and parallel-forms reliability was assessed.ResultsThe Content Validity Index of the scale was 0.92. Confirmatory factor analysis fit indices for the three-factor structure were acceptable: chi-square/degrees of freedom = 1.672; root mean square error of approximation = 0.047; comparative fit index = 0.953; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.945. Cronbach's alpha was .859, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.856, indicating high internal consistency and reliability.ConclusionsThe Turkish version of the scale is a culturally adapted, valid, and reliable tool for assessing movement-related confidence in adult outpatients receiving physiotherapy. It can guide clinical decisions and support patient-centered rehabilitation.

Validity and reliability of Bahasa Malaysia eating assessment tool (mEAT-10): A good screening tool for safe swallowing.

The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale is a questionnaire evaluating the symptom severity of dysfunctional anxiety associated with the coronavirus. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale in a sample of school teachers. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to investigate the factor structure of the scale. The questionnaire's internal consistency was examined by means of Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients. Concurrent validity with a measure of self-perceived health status was explored. Measurement invariance across the sexes was assessed using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. A total of 1341 responses of a sample of school teachers that anonymously completed an online questionnaire were analysed. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the one-factor structure of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale and supported the adequacy of the Italian version of the scale. The scale showed good internal consistency and reliability, and low concurrent validity. Female teachers reported higher levels of anxiety associated with COVID-19. The multigroup confirmatory factor analysis supported the measurement invariance across sex groups. The results confirmed that the Italian version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale has good psychometric properties and is a reliable measure to assess anxiety associated with COVID-19.

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune condition marked by intestinal mucosa inflammation due to gluten. Currently, the sole effective treatment for CD is a gluten-free diet. knowledge and attitudes towards CD are essential for timely diagnosis and management. This research seeks to explore the knowledge and attitudes of blood donors regarding CD and gluten-free products in Yemen. A cross-sectional study was executed involving 216 healthy male blood donors in Sana'a, Yemen. The questionnaire used in the study was a reliable survey instrument (with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.71) employed for the purpose of data collection. Demographic information, knowledge, and attitudes regarding CD were gathered through direct questionnaire administration. The questionnaire was divided into three parts: (1) demographic questions on age, sex, marital status, education level, blood groups, and body mass index (BMI); (2) knowledge assessment with 10 items; and (3) an attitude section with 4 questions. Statistical analysis utilized SPSS version 24 (IBM Chicago, IL, USA). A total of 216 blood donors were analysed. All participants were male, aged between 20 and 52 years. Among the participants, 14.8% exhibited familiarity with CD and gluten-free products. A comprehensive analysis revealed that 3.7% of participants possessed sufficient knowledge, 11.1% exhibited moderate knowledge, whereas 85.2% indicated a lack of knowledge regarding CD and gluten-free products. The vast majority 99.1% of participants demonstrated unfavourable attitudes towards CD and gluten-free products. A significant weak positive correlation was identified between knowledge scores and attitudes towards CD and gluten-free products (r = 0.370, P < 0.001). No correlation was found between socio-demographic factors and blood donors' knowledge and attitudes regarding CD and gluten-free products. The research revealed a significant lack of awareness and ongoing misconceptions regarding CD within the Yemeni population. These results highlight the critical necessity for focused educational initiatives and enhanced availability of gluten-free products to promote timely diagnosis and efficient disease management.

Moral distress (MD) is a major problem among nurses in all clinical settings. Pediatric nurses are more at risk for MD because of their greater exposure to moral conflicts among their child clients, families, and colleagues. MD can negatively affect nurses' physical and emotional well-being, job satisfaction, and job retention. The Moral Distress Scale-Revised (MDS-R) is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing morally distressful situations. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian MDS-R among pediatric nurses. This methodological study was carried out between 2024 and 2025. The MDS-R was translated into Persian via the forward‒backward method of the World Health Organization. Facial validity was evaluated through cognitive interviewing, content validity was evaluated on the basis of the comments of experts, and construct validity was evaluated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Data for factor analyses were collected from 447 pediatric nurses selected from a university children's hospital in Tehran, Iran. Reliability was also evaluated via internal consistency and test-retest stability methods. The content validity index (CVI) values of all the items were greater than 0.8, and the CVI of the whole scale was 0.92. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale had four factors with an eigenvalue of more than 1. The factors were healthcare providers' limited competency; care provisions under the pressure of personal, organizational, patient-related, and family-related factors; futile care; and lack of moral courage, which explained 53.22% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the good fit of the four-factor model (Chi-square test value = 366.43 with a degree of freedom of 183 (P < 0.001); CMIN/DF = 2; NFI = 0.90; NNFI = 0.94; PNFI = 0.79; CFI = 0.95; IFI = 0.95; SRMR = 0.072; and AGFI = 0.82). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient of the scale were 0.89 and 0.90, respectively. The Persian MDS-R has acceptable validity and reliability and can be used to assess pediatric nurses' MD and develop strategies to reduce it.

Detection and diagnosis of depression in adolescents presents significant challenges, highlighting the need for valid and reliable instruments specifically designed for this population. For this purpose, the Trait Depression Scale for Adolescents (EDRA) was developed. Initially, focus groups were conducted to construct the items. The initial instrument factorial structure and internal consistency were tested with data obtained from a group of 215 adolescents aged 15 to 19. Subsequently, 600 adolescents in the same age range were evaluated, confirming the instrument factorial structure with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Internal consistency was evaluated, and we obtained evidence of convergent and criterion validity. As a result, a theoretically coherent instrument was obtained, with the required structural, convergent, and criterion validity. The instrument also has Cronbach's alpha (.970) and McDonald's omega coefficients (.970) that indicate a high instrument reliability. It is concluded that EDRA is useful, valid, and reliable for measuring trait depression in adolescents. It represents a promising tool for early detection and monitoring of depression in this population, with potential applications in clinical, educational, and research settings.

As the population of elderly patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) grows, the relationship between pain and exercise behavior has garnered widespread interest. This study aims to localize the BioPMovQ and examine its reliability and validity among elderly CMP patients. A total of 526 elderly patients with CMP were recruited from the Orthopedics Department of a tertiary hospital in Shanxi Province. After obtaining permission from the original author, the BioPMovQ was translated into Chinese following the Brislin translation principles. This study explored item-level differences through item analysis; it used the Delphi method to analyze content validity, and used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to explore and verify the potential factor structure of the scale; it also calculated internal consistency reliability and assessed test-retest reliability to evaluate the scale's reliability. A total of 16 items were retained for project analysis. The content validity index (I-CVI) at the item level of BioPMovQ was 0.857～1.000, and the content validity index (S-CVI) at the questionnaire level was 0.937. In EFA, four common factors were extracted, including disability, self-efficacy for physical activity, movement avoidance behaviours, and self-perceived functional ability, which explained 68.870% of the total variance. The CFA results showed that, χ2/df=2.083, GFI=0.913, NFI=0.902, TLI=0.934, CFI=0.946, IFI=0.947, RMSAE=0.064. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient, split half reliability, and test-retest reliability of the Chinese version of BioPMovQ are 0.844, 0.905, and 0.852, respectively. The Chinese version of BioPMovQ has good reliability and validity, and can be used to measure the relationship between pain and various factors related to exercise behavior in elderly patients with CMP from a biological behavioral perspective.