Cronbach's Alpha Values Research Articles

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Self-Efficacy Scale for Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Among Pregnant Women.

Excessive gestational weight gain, driven by the global raise in obesity, poses significant health risks for both mothers and infants. This study aimed to validate and assess the reliability of the Korean version of the self-efficacy scale for healthy eating and physical activity to support pregnancy-related weight management research in Korea. This study is a secondary data analysis using previously collected data from an online survey of pregnant women in South Korea. The self-efficacy scale underwent linguistic validation, including translation, back-translation, and expert review. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to assess content and construct validity, along with internal consistency reliability testing. A total of 369 pregnant women participated, primarily in their 30s (85.1%) and college-educated (79.1%). Content validity was high, with a scale-level content validity index of 0.99. Construct validity was confirmed through EFA and CFA, with the final model achieving satisfactory fit indices (χ2/df = 2.19, CFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.89, SRMR = 0.07, RMSEA = 0.06). The scale demonstrated high reliability, with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.93 for both subscales. The validated Korean self-efficacy scale is a reliable tool for assessing pregnancy-related weight management behaviors. This culturally adapted instrument can support research and interventions promoting healthy eating and physical activity among Korean pregnant women.

Challenges Against Implementation of Quality Control Practices in SUBEB Construction Projects in Bauchi State, Nigeria

This study investigates the challenges militating against the implementation of quality control practices by the State Universal Basic Education Board (SUBEB) in construction projects in Bauchi State, Nigeria. The study also assessed the effects of quality control practices and associated challenges on the overall effectiveness of quality control processes in SUBEB construction projects within the study area. Utilizing a quantitative research design, structured questionnaires based on 5-point Likert Scale were employed for data gathering from professionals involved in SUBEB projects, including architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, and builders. The data collection instrument consisted of both closed-ended questions. A total sampling frame of 27 professionals was purposively selected based on their involvement as staff of the Works Department in SUBEB, Bauchi State. Reliability analysis yielded Cronbach's Alpha values exceeding the acceptable threshold of 0.70, indicating high internal consistency. The study employed descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis to assess the identified challenges and their effects on the effectiveness of quality control practices. Findings revealed that the most significant challenges to effective implementation included incomplete drawings and designs, client interference, and inadequate consultant experience. The regression analysis indicated a positive correlation between the types of quality control practices and their effectiveness (R² = 0.251, p < 0.001), while challenges presented a statistically insignificant impact on effectiveness (p = 0.741). In conclusion, the study underscores the necessity of enhancing quality control practices to promote better construction outcomes in SUBEB projects. Recommendations for improvement include fostering strong managerial commitment, providing professional development opportunities for consultants, and establishing a more robust supervisory structure. These measures are critical to ensuring that educational facilities in Bauchi State meet quality standards conducive to optimal learning environments.

Investigation of Pesticide Awareness Levels of Farmers with Different Production Methods in Çanakkale Province

This study was conducted to determine the level of awareness of farmers engaged in organic farming, good agricultural practices (GAP) and conventional farming on pesticide use in Çanakkale province in 2024. The sample size in Çanakkale province and its districts was calculated by ‘Simple Random Sampling Based on Proportion Averages’ method. The surveys were conducted with 200 organic farmers, 109 good agricultural practices farmers and 378 conventional farmers. Cronbach's Alpha (α) value, which is the overall reliability level of the study, was calculated as 0.955. Farmers' knowledge levels regarding pesticide use were evaluated using a Likert scale. The Chi-Square test was applied to analyze the relationship between farmers' knowledge levels and factors such as education, farming experience and age. According to the pesticide use awareness level data, it was determined that the higher the education level, the higher the level of knowledge, and in terms of farmer behaviour, organic farming and good agricultural practices limit the use of pesticides and reduce the risks on the environment and human health.

A Scale Development Study: Ethical Sensitivity Towards Artificial Intelligence and Robot Nurses.

Socially assistive robots use social interactions to monitor, coach, provide companionship, and support health-promoting activities. However, the widespread use of artificial intelligence and robot nurse applications in many areas leads to ethical dilemmas and concerns. A methodological study was conducted in two phases: (1) development of the scale through a literature review and interviews related to Ethical Sensitivity towards Artificial Intelligence and Robot Nurses; (2) confirming construct validity, criterion-related validity and reliability of the developed scale. The data were collected from 356 nursing students studying at the Nursing Department of a university in Turkey between November 2022 and December 2022. The scale consists of 17 items and four sub-dimensions, which accounts for 55.84% of the total variance. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was 0.83, which was considered as significant. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of the Ethical Sensitivity Scale for Artificial Intelligence and Robot Nurses was 0.76, and its Bartlett's Test of Sphericity results were as follows: χ2 = 1174.25, p = 0.000. According to the results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, fit indices were determined as follows: χ2/SD = 1.979, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.074, Comparative Fit Index = 0.894, Incremental Fit Index = 0.897 and Goodness of Fit Index = 0.880. The Ethical Sensitivity Scale for Artificial Intelligence and Robot Nurses was determined as a valid and reliable measurement tool. It is recommended that the Ethical Sensitivity Scale for Artificial Intelligence and Robot Nurses should be used in different sample groups, different cultures and societies.

Development of Tai Chi Training Program to Improve Health-Related Physical Fitness for the Elderly in Guangdong Province the People’s Republic of China

Background and Aim: Tai Chi has been widely recognized for promoting and improving the health level of middle-aged and elderly people while exploring the role of Tai Chi in promoting the health of middle-aged and elderly people, understanding the relationship between participation motivation, satisfaction, leisure benefits, and compliance of Tai Chi participants will be of greater significance for further enhancing the application value of Tai Chi in promoting the health of middle-aged and elderly people. The purpose of this study was to develop of tai chi training program to improve health-related physical fitness for the elderly in Guangdong province. Materials and Methods: This study was a mixed method; it combines quantitative and qualitative research. To study the need for a Tai Chi training program to improve health-related physical fitness for elderly used the elderly who practice Tai Chi in Guangzhou city, a total sample size was 400 people was used, including 36 Tai Chi coaches and 36 stakeholders. Invite 9 experts for the focus group method to create the training program, and invite 7 experts to confirm the training program. The experiment used 30 elderly people who practice Tai Chi in a park in Shaoguan City. These elderly people come to practice Tai Chi every day and are over 60 years old. The instruments used in data collection were tested for their quality by 5 experts (IOC value = 0.60-1.00, Cronbach alpha value = 0.84-0.91). The statistics used in analyzing the questionnaires included mean, standard deviation, percentage, and frequency. The comparison of the experimental results used a paired t-test. Results: The appropriate Tai Chi posture is gathering power to separate the clouds, punching the air with a fist, the train rolling back, spinning to see the moon, catching fish looking at the sky, dove flapping wings, rainbow dance, rowing in the middle of the pond respectively (For the development of the experimental program in 8 weeks). After the experiment, it was found that the mean before and after the experiment of heart rate/minute, fatigue resistance, health status, and physical and mental performance were significantly different at the 0.05 level. Conclusion: The study found that, at a 0.05 significance level, an 8-week Tai Chi program that used particular postures significantly enhanced heart rate, fatigue resistance, health status, and physical and mental performance.

The Influence of Digital Marketing Strategy and Risk Perception on Generation Z's Online Purchasing Behavior

This study aims to analyze the effect of digital marketing strategies and risk perceptions on Generation Z's online purchasing behavior in Mataram City. The approach used is quantitative with the type of causal-comparative research. A sample of 97 respondents was obtained through purposive sampling technique based on the criteria of Generation Z who actively shopped online in the last three months. Data were collected using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS. The results showed that digital marketing strategy (β = 0.216) and risk perception (β = 0.564) had a positive and significant effect on online purchasing behavior, with a joint influence contribution of 52.8% (R² = 0.528). The research instrument is declared valid and reliable based on the results of the construct validity test and the Cronbach's Alpha value> 0.6. This study concludes that understanding of digital strategy and risk perception are important factors in determining Generation Z's online shopping behavior. The findings provide implications for digital marketers to further emphasize an adaptive approach to the behavior of young generations who are tech-savvy and sensitive to the risks of online transactions.

Develop and Psychometric Testing an Instrument to Evaluate the Management of Digital Competence Sharing in Healthcare

Aim: To develop and psychometrically test an instrument to evaluate the management of digital competence sharing (MDCS) in healthcare.Background: The rise of digital systems requires healthcare professionals to be digitally competent. Managers are responsible for ensuring that professionals possess the requisite digital competence and support their ongoing development.Methods: This methodological study followed COSMIN guidelines for instrument development and involved three phases: (1) conceptualisation and item generation based on a qualitative framework; (2) face and content validity testing; and (3) structural validity and internal consistency evaluation. Content validity was assessed by an expert panel (n = 8) using the content validity index (CVI), and face validity was examined via pretesting with healthcare professionals (n = 8). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with a cross-sectional sample of healthcare professionals (n = 227) to determine structural validity. Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate internal consistency.Results: Seventy-five items were initially generated. The CVI exceeded the acceptable threshold of 0.90. Following the expert panel and pretesting, 40 items were retained for EFA. The final instrument, the MDCS, included 34 items across five factors: (1) creating a friendly and safe digital organisational atmosphere, (2) creating methods and practices of digital competence sharing, (3) identifying and utilising professionals' digital competence, (4) providing resources and opportunities for digital competence sharing, and (5) promoting digital competence sharing through leadership. Cronbach's alpha values for the factors ranged from 0.91 to 0.95.Conclusion: The MDCS instrument demonstrates high construct validity and internal consistency, supporting its validity and reliability for assessing the MDCS in healthcare.Implications for Nursing Management: This instrument can support nurse managers in identifying and enhancing digital competence sharing within their teams. Future studies should employ confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the MDCS structure across subgroups.

Unveiling awareness: determining the university students' understanding of female reproductive rights through a validated questionnaire

Objective: To compare the knowledge of medical and non-medical students regarding female reproductive rights. Method: The comparative, analytical study was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan, from April to October 2023, and comprised medical students from the Central Park Medical College, Lahore, and non-medical students from the Superior College, Lahore. Using factor analysis, validation of the self-developed questionnaire was done, and five factors were identified: supportive influence, premarital screening and stigma, conscious decision, decision about marriage, and contraceptive choices. The questionnaire's overall reliability was 0.84 using Cronbach alpha value. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Results: Of the 500 students, 250(50%) were medical students with mean age 20.95 1.776 years, and 250(50%) were non-medical students with mean age 21.14 1.547 years. There was a statistically significant difference in knowledge level regarding women’s reproductive rights between medical and non-medical students (p<0.05). Conclusion: Significant differences were noted in the knowledge level of medical and non-medical students regarding female reproductive rights, underlining the need to create awareness among young adults. Key Words: Reproductive eights, Healthcare disparity, Unwanted pregnancy, Healthcare accessibility, Attitudes towards health, Mandatory screening, Personal autonomy.

Odense-Oxford PET Image Analysis (OPETIA): An FSL-based toolbox for multimodal neuroimaging.

Advanced analysis of MRI and PET images provides quantitative and accurate information about the brain structure and function, allowing differential diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment. Most clinical software lack accurate quantification. Here we developed a user-friendly multimodal neuroimage analysis toolbox, named Odense-Oxford PET Image Analysis (OPETIA), based on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Software Library (FSL) and Python programming language. FSL is a strong toolbox library for MRI analysis but has not been widely used for PET image analysis. OPETIA includes a graphical user interface that facilitates automatic multimodal neuroimage analysis. OPETIA can automatically pre-process magnetic resonance, and PET images and calculates maximum, mean, and standard deviation of Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) and Standardized Uptake Value Ratio (SUVR) in the volumes of interest (VOI). To assess the efficacy of OPETIA, we analysed a set of static 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and MRIs of healthy subjects and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset using OPETIA and compared the SUVR measurements with those obtained from Statistical Parametric Mapping, version 12 (SPM12). The result of this comparison showed a close association between OPETIA and SPM12 results (p-value 〈 0.01, r 〉 0.8). OPETIA measurements were significantly (p-value < 0.01) larger than those of SPM12 in all brain regions (according to the Harvard-Oxford brain atlas), indicating a systematic difference between these tools. The Cronbach's Alpha values for both tools were > 0.9, indicating a high reproducibility. We compared the group difference (control vs Alzheimer's disease) obtained from each toolbox using two-sample t-test and found significantly (p-value < 0.01) larger Cohen's d values for SUVRs from OPETIA (d = 0.22) than SPM12 (d = 0.04). We suggest that OPETIA is a user-friendly and robust tool for quantitative analysis of multimodal neuroimaging such as cerebral PET and MR images.

Team Objective Structured Bedside Assessment (TOSBA) in Paediatric Undergraduate Students.

To develop a team objective structured bedside assessment (TOSBA) tool for assessing the paediatric undergraduate students' clinical skills at the bedside. A validation, cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Paediatrics, Ziauddin Medical University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from March to June, 2023. Three groups of 4th-year students (n = 61) at Ziauddin Medical University underwent this formative assessment process 4-5 times during a 4-week rotation. Psychometric analysis for reliability was done by calculating the internal consistency and item-total correlation of TOSBA scores. At the same time, validity was determined by correlating TOSBA scores with the end-of-rotation objective structured clinical evaluation (OSCE) scores. The TOSBA tool's overall reliability was good, with Cronbach's alpha values >0.7 for all clinical skills assessed. Spearman's correlation revealed r2 >0.4 (p <0.001) for history taking and clinical reasoning. Item-total correlation varied across stations, occasionally falling below 0.7. Strong correlations (0.46 to 0.73, p <0.001) were observed between similar constructs. The multi-trait-multi-method matrix highlighted divergent validity, showing no or negative correlations within the same method (TOSBA or OSCE), except for physical examination, which differed from OSCE. The TOSBA tool developed for formative assessment of undergraduate paediatric students is a reliable and moderately valid tool for formative assessment of undergraduate students. Objective structured clinical evaluation, Reliability, Team objective structured bedside assessment, Undergraduate students, Validity.

Turkish Version of the Montreal Children's Hospital Feeding Scale: Validity and Reliability Study in Children With Cerebral Palsy.

This study was conducted to translate The Montreal Children's Hospital Feeding Scale (MCH-FS) into Turkish and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version (T-MCH-FS) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The study involved 160 children (70 children with CP and 90 typically developing children) aged 18 to 72 months. Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS), Paediatric version of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (PEDI-EAT-10) and Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS) were used to examine the construct validity of the T-MCH-FS. Internal consistency was sufficient with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.820. There were correlations between the T-MCH-FS and the KCPS (r=0.377, p<0.001), the PEDI-EAT-10 (r=0.655, p<0.001) and the BPFAS scores for total frequency, child frequency, parent frequency, restriction and poor strategies (p<0.001). The T-MCH-FS was found to be a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate feeding problems in children with CP and typically developing children. What is already known on the subject Feeding problems are very common in children with CP and cause stress for the individual and their caregivers. What this paper adds to existing knowledge The MCH-FS is a practical and quick tool which provides a comprehensive overview regarding feeding problems. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The T-MCH-FS has been shown to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing feeding problems in children with CP.

The Psychometric Properties of the Iranian Version of Repetitive Behavior Scale‐Revised (RBS‐R) Questionnaire in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsRestricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are fundamental characteristics of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). There is a need for a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the diversity of RRBs and assess their severity. The Repetitive Behavior Scale‐Revised (RBS‐R) is a recognized tool for screening RRBs. This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the RBS‐R questionnaire in Iran by identifying children with ASD who have Persian‐speaking parents.MethodsIn this case–control study conducted in 2024 in Hamadan, 160 children were included: A case group diagnosed with autism (25 girls, 52 boys) and a control group of healthy volunteer children (30 girls, 53 boys) aged 4–12 years. The ASD group exhibited a minimum mean length of utterance (MLU) of 2. Participants diagnosed with intellectual disabilities were excluded from the study. The study assessed the reliability, content validity, and face validity to evaluate the psychometric properties of the tool. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify questionnaire subscales. All assumptions, including the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test, Bartlett's test, and question correlations, were checked. Subscales were extracted using ordinary least squares (OLS) and Equamax rotation, with the number of subscales determined based on the Scree plot method and eigenvalues greater than 1.ResultsThe study identified six factors (aggressive, focused and self‐harming, resistant to change, obsessive, ritualistic, and insistent), which together explained 51.082% of the total variance. The Cronbach's alpha value for the Persian version of RBS‐R was reported as 0.924. The questionnaire showed a sensitivity of 88.31%, specificity of 83.13%, positive predictive value of 82.93%, negative predictive value of 88.46%, and an area under the curve of 91.7%. The selected cutoff value in this study was determined to be 17.5.ConclusionThe Persian version of the RBS‐R is valid and reliable. It also demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and sensitivity, suggesting that it can be used as a screening measure for ASD in Iran.

Physical literacy evaluation of primary school students in indonesia: validity and reliability analysis of PL-C Quest instrument with rasch model

Introduction. Good physical literacy is important for students to support a better life. therefore it is necessary to evaluate it. Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the level of physical literacy of primary school students in Indonesia with a focus on the validity and reliability of the measurement instrument, PL-C Quest. Methodology. Using Rasch model for data analysis, this study measured physical literacy dimensions including physical, psychological, social, and cognitive aspects. The study sample consisted of 120 students from three provinces in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using WINSTEPS version 4.7.0 application to ensure measurement accuracy. Results. Showed that 70% of students were in the “high” category in physical literacy, with strengths in social and cognitive aspects. However, the main challenge lies in developing more complex motor skills, such as balance, coordination and endurance. Rasch analysis showed that the PL-C Quest instrument had adequate reliability with a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.78 and good validity in measuring the dimensions of physical literacy. Although the reliability of the instrument was good, some items needed to be improved, especially those measuring students' motor skills. Discussion. Revealed the importance of intervention programs that focus more on developing basic motor skills and the use of more accurate measurement instruments. This study makes an important contribution to the development of physical education and sport policy in Indonesia and supports the achievement of Indonesia Bugar 2045. Conclusion. Physical literacy of primary school students has great potential to be developed, but requires improvement of motor skills and improvement of measurement instruments.

Indiacran: An Inter-Center Study of Nasolabial Esthetics Outcomes in Patients With Repaired Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the nasolabial aesthetic outcomes in patients aged 8 to 14 with nonsyndromic, repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.DesignRetrospective study.SettingTen Comprehensive Cleft Care Centers (Smile Train) across India.SubjectsA sample of 400 patients treated at the 10 centers (40 each) with repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate were included.MethodsAfter obtaining ethical approval, frontal and profile photographs of patients before any orthodontic treatment were scanned, cropped, and coded to show the nose and upper lip. Using the coded photographs, 4 nasolabial features for aesthetics (ie, nasal symmetry, nasal form, vermilion border, and nasolabial profile) were rated by 3 examiners using Asher McDade's rating system. Interrater and intrarater reliabilities were determined using Cronbach's alpha values. Mean ratings of all centers were compared using a one-way analysis of variance.ResultsThe total nasolabial scores of various centers were significantly varied, ranging from 2.89 to 3.47. The best nasolabial esthetics score for Center A. Cronbach's alpha values for interrater reliability are as follows: nasal form: 0.876, nasal symmetry: 0.742, vermillion border: 0.799, and nasolabial profile: 0.844, demonstrating good to excellent reliability.ConclusionAlthough these centers used different protocols, the nasolabial esthetics outcomes were good to fair for all 10 cleft care centers. The total score of nasolabial esthetics amongst centers is significantly different.

Translation and Adaptation of the Indonesian Version of the Maternal Infant Responsiveness Instrument (MIRI)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; The interaction between mothers and premature babies in the early period of oral feeding is beneficial for forming social, cognitive, and emotional development. It is essential to assess maternal interactions with premature babies using valid and reliable instruments. However, culturally adapted tools in the Indonesian context remain limited, making localized validation efforts crucial. This research was to analyze the translation and adaptation process of the Indonesian version of MIRI.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; The translation and adaptation process followed standard procedures, including forward translation, expert panel review, back translation, pilot testing, and finalization of the instrument. The process involved collaboration with the International Language Institute and experts in pediatric nursing, neonatology, and nutrition. A pilot test was conducted with 30 mothers of premature infants who were receiving care in a neonatal intensive care unit. The evaluation focuses on content validity and reliability of the translation instruments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The translation and adaptation results showed I-CVI between 0.67 to 1.00. The MIRI S-CVI results for all items were 0.91 in the excellent category. The reliability test on mothers showed a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.74 in the valid and reliable category. Items with lower I-CVI scores were reviewed and refined based on expert feedback to enhance clarity and cultural relevance. Furthermore, participants reported that the questionnaire items were clear and relevant to their experiences during oral feeding interactions with their premature infants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The Indonesian version of the MIRI demonstrates strong validity and reliability for assessing maternal interaction with premature infants during oral feeding. The instrument can be effectively utilized in both research settings and clinical practice, particularly in neonatal intensive care environments where understanding maternal-infant interaction is crucial for supporting early developmental outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;

Validity and Reliability of the 4TMC Diagnostic Test Instrument Based on Chemical Representation on Chemical Bonding Material to Detect Student Misconceptions

This study aims to produce a valid four-tier multiple-choice diagnostic test instrument based on validity and reliability and to detect students misconceptions the concept of chemical bonds using the developed instrument. The research design used in this development uses research and development (R&amp;D) of Thiagarajan's modified 4D model consisting of four stages, namely the stages (define, design, develop, disseminate). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that (1) the validity of the instrument who reviewed from the content and construct aspects has a score mode of 4, (2) the Cronbach Alpha value is 0.825 which means it is reliable and (3) the misconception profile owned by students for each sub-material of ionic bonds is 33%, metal bonds are 40% and covalent bonds are 51.51%. Based on the results of validity and reliability, the diagnostic test instrument developed can be declared valid for use.

Assessment of Digital Awareness and Competence Among Lecturers and Students for Enhancing Social Studies Instruction in Government-Owned Universities

Proper utilization of technology by students and lecturers in tertiary institutions is essential during the era of digital revolution. This study aimed to evaluate the level of digital awareness and competency of the students and lecturers in the government-owned institutions in South-West Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was used for this study. They were all lecturers and full-time undergraduate students in the public universities of the region. Multistage sampling led to a sample of 102 lecturers and 1,507 students. The data was collected by two structured tools: the Lecturers' Preparedness for Digitalisation of Higher Education Instruction Questionnaire (LPDHEIQ) and the Students' Preparedness for Digitalisation of Higher Education Instruction Questionnaire (SPDHEIQ). Every questionnaire had six scales with demographic data, awareness of digitalisation, and digital competence and the items were scaled on a four-point Likert scale. The instruments were validated based on expert judgment in educational technology, measurement, and supervision. Pilot study application in non-sample institutions yielded Cronbach's alpha values of 0.79 for LPDHEIQ and 0.97 for SPDHEIQ, indicating high internal consistency. The questionnaires were filled online through Google Forms dispatched on social media platforms and email. Descriptive statistics such as means and standard deviations were used to respond to the research questions, and t-test statistics to test the hypothesis at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed lecturers to possess a moderate level of digital awareness and competence, while students yielded moderately high to high levels of digital competence. A significant difference was created between lecturers' and students' digital competence in favor of the students. Universities are recommended to place highest emphasis on continuous digital training and support frameworks to reinforce lecturers' competence and narrow the digital preparedness gap.

Validity and Reliability of the Indonesian Version of Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire 2002 (NOSQ-2002)

Background: Epidemiological data on occupational hand eczema in Indonesia is still limited, partly because there are no valid and reliable instruments in the Indonesian language as a means of survey. This study aims to translate the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire 2002 (NOSQ-2002) into the Indonesian language and assess the validity and reliability of the Indonesian NOSQ-2002 as an instrument for epidemiological surveys and screening of occupational hand eczema. Methods: The original English version of NOSQ-2002 was translated into the Indonesian language following the standard procedure of translation. The Indonesian NOSQ-2002 version, which had been collectively approved, was subsequently completed by a group of 194 textile employees from PT. Panca Persada Mulia-PANDATEX in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Validity was assessed using Pearson correlation for each question with the total score. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha values. The sensitivity and specificity of the Indonesian NOSQ-2002 screening were determined by comparing results with those of examination by the examining physician as the gold standard. Results: Pearson correlation values for each question range from 0.252 to 0.905, all surpassing the r table value, indicating questions in NOSQ-2002 are valid. Reliability NOSQ-2002 rated good (reliable), with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.933. The Indonesian NOSQ-2002 version demonstrates a sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 98.8% for screening occupational hand eczema. Conclusion: The Indonesian version of NOSQ-2002 is a valid and reliable instrument for use in epidemiological surveys and screening of occupational hand eczema.

Accuracy and Reliability of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots as Public Information Sources in Implant Dentistry.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy, completeness, comprehensibility and reliability of widely available AI chatbots in addressing clinically significant queries pertaining to implant dentistry. Twenty questions were devised based on those that were most frequently asked or encountered during patient consultations by three experienced prosthodontists. That questions were asked to ChatGPT- 3.5, Gemini, Copilot AI chatbots. All questions were asked to the each chatbot three times with a twelve days intervals and a three-point Likert scale (Grade 0: incorrect, grade 1: incomplete or partially correct, and grade 2: correct) and a two point scale (true and false) were employed by the authors to grade the accuracy of the responses independently. Also completeness and comprehensibility were evaluated using a three-point Likert scale. Frequently asked five questions to each chatbot were analyzed. The comparison of total scores of the chatbots was made with one-way analysis of variance. Two point scale data were analysed by Chi-Square test. The reliability of the responses for each chatbot was analyzed by assessing the consistency of repeated responses by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients. When the total scores of the chatbots were analyzed (ChatGPT-3.5 = 28.78 ± 4.06, Gemini = 30.89 ± 4.08, Copilot = 29.11 ± 3.22), one-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences (P=.461). Evaluation of two-point scale data which analysed by Chi-Square test, revealed no statistical difference among the chatbots (P=.336). Gemini has shown higher completeness level than ChatGPT-3.5 (P=.011). There was no statistically significant difference among AI chatbots in terms of comprehensibility. Copilot demonstrated the greatest overall consistency among the three chatbots, with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.863. This was followed by ChatGPT-3.5 with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.779 and Gemini with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.636. The accuracy of three chatbots was found similar. All three chatbots demonstrated an acceptable level of consistency. However, given the low accuracy rate of chatbots in answering questions, it is clear that they should not be the sole decision-maker. The clinician's opinion must be given priority.

Factor Structure and Psychometric Characteristics of the Turkish Adaptation of Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales (SOCS)

The original Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales (SOCS) developed by Gu et al. (2020) support a five-factor structure for both compassion for others (SOCS-O) and self-compassion (SOCS-S). They assess compassion through five dimensions: recognizing suffering, understanding it as a universal experience, emotionally connecting with the sufferer, tolerating distress, and being motivated to alleviate suffering and offer a solution to the gap in existing measures of compassion, which often lack robustness and comprehensiveness. The purpose of this study is to validate the Turkish translations of both scales utilizing a cross-sectional and using a methodological design. The data for this study has been collected digitally from 654 Turkish participants for the SOCS-S and 660 Turkish participants for the SOCS-O. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and reliability assessments were completed to examine the psychometric properties of the SOCS. Results supported the five-factor structure of both scales, with high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha values ranged from 0.70 to 0.93 across subscales). Criterion validity was established through significant correlations with established measures of self-compassion and emotional affect, further affirming the scales' validity in Turkish contexts. Research findings suggest that the Turkish versions of SOCS are reliable and valid scales for measuring compassion in two levels.