Critical Methodology Research Articles

To inquire work: critical methodology, action-research and a reloaded “workers’ inquiry”

Resumo O ensaio reconstitui a crítica metodológica, a co-pesquisa-ação e a tradição da “enquête operária” tais quais tiveram lugar, como um “Modelo de Pesquisa Colectiva”, no interior do Observatório para as Condições de Trabalho e Vida (OCVT) / NOVA4TheGlobe / Universidade Nova de Lisboa, durante os últimos anos, dando a conhecer uma perspectiva de duplo carácter: o trabalho de pesquisa e a pesquisa do trabalho, em uma concepção dialéctica de trabalho teórico crítico e investigação social empírica, a partir do horizonte de possíveis da centralidade do “trabalho vivo”. Neste sentido, reconstitui o movimento que deu lugar ao intelectual coletivo que anima o OCVT, a partir de uma hora histórica e um lugar social específico, propõe uma conversação em aberto sobre o sentido mesmo da formação da subjetividade do ser-que-trabalha, como agência social e, por fim, de forma tentativa ou exploratória, recoloca a questão da emancipação humana integral. Para isso movimenta-se por diferentes momentos, i) pesquisar o trabalho, ii) trabalhar a pesquisa e iii) para um modelo de pesquisa coletiva, e os excursos, iv) por uma ciência social pública e orgânica ao mundo do trabalho; v) triangulação metodológica combinada ou sistema topológico de centro móvel e vi) algumas anotações à guisa de conclusão: “que fazer” e “por onde começar”?

Review: A Theory of Assembly: From Museums to Memes, by Kyle Parry

Review: <i>A Theory of Assembly: From Museums to Memes</i>, by Kyle Parry

Using digital survey modeling as a critical process of knowledge: Exploring the evolution of Scanderbeg Memorial in Lezha

Cultural heritage is an inestimable asset that must be protected, conserved, and valued correctly throughout time. The documenting of built cultural assets is one of the scientific community's major especially in the contemporary age. The goal of this paper is to investigate the evolution process of the Scanderbeg Memorial in Lezha using a critical methodology that includes both integrated digital survey modeling and historical evolution as a process of knowledge and valorization of cultural heritage in order to trace the site's lost sacred space.

Making Food Safer in Palestine: A One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance

A One Health and transdisciplinary perspective, considering human-animal-environmental interfaces, is central to food safety as it embeds food production systems in their environmental, socio-economic, and public health context. Compared to frameworks that solely concentrate on specific aspects of food safety, integrated One Health approaches add value to improve human, animal, and environmental health. According to the World Health Organization, preventative measures that have been implemented to lower the prevalence of Campylobacter in live poultry have been linked to a corresponding drop in human cases. This highlights the importance of cross-sectoral cooperation and demonstrates how the complex socio-ecological system interacts. One Health pays particular attention to the interaction of food security, human health, and environmental sustainability rather than removing food systems from their context. This case study tries to find a critical methodology to foster food safety by better understanding the zoonotic foodborne illnesses transmission and their resistance to antimicrobials in socio-ecological systems like in Palestine. This project recommends urgently building a national surveillance system in Palestine to efficiently and sustainably monitor and manage zoonotic disease outbreaks, the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and other health threats. It is essential to regularly gather and assess samples from humans, animals, foods, and the environment to check for zoonotic pathogens and their levels of antimicrobial resistance.© The Authors 2023

State of the field: Early modern magic

AbstractMagic has served as a source of fascination for early modern scholars throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. While critics continue to debate magic's relationship to religion and science, in recent years the focus has turned to knowledge‐making and how magic contributed to a diverse range of discourses during the 16th and 17th centuries. This article first explores some of the significant historical debates on early modern magic before turning to more recent work in literary studies of the Renaissance. While focusing on early modern England and the stage, the article also highlights newer directions for the study of magic that might enfold global contexts and critical methodologies.

Positionality, Critical Methodologies, and Pedagogy: Teaching Gender and Politics in Morocco

Scholarship on critical pedagogy is mostly written from within the democratic and neoliberal North American and British contexts (Giroux 2003, 2004, 2010; McCusker 2017; Mehta 2019). Geraldine McCusker (2017, 447) eloquently sums up the aim of this scholarship as “to establish a schooling system that emancipated those oppressed and disempowered. Critical pedagogues aim to provide space for critical engagement with divergent perspectives in order to support students from disenfranchised populations to understand the impact of capitalism, gender, race and homophobia on their lives.”

Education in the Al-Faruqi’s Perspective and Its Implementation in the Context of the Islamization of Knowledge

The paper analyzed Ismail Raji al-Faruqi’s (1921-1986) ideas on Islamic education and its significant impact on the Islamic world. It set forth to discusses the ideas of Islamization of knowledge (IOK) as envisaged by al-Faruqi through his works such as Islamization of Knowledge: General Principles and Work Plan, and Al-Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life, which has contributed to a momentous breakthrough in Muslim education through its progressive and inclusive outlook and consciousness and vision of tawhid. The study was conducted based on library research. It qualitatively documented material and sources from significant works of al-Faruqi in archives, journals, magazines, books, transcripts, and other related materials. The data were analyzed using descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods. The study concluded that al-Faruqi has brought forth a universal Islamic worldview that propounded a transcendental religious and philosophical outlook based on his rational and universal ideal and standpoint. His philosophical ideal was founded on the critical methodology of tawhid that was instrumental in projecting his Islamization of knowledge project and propounding its scientific and rational outlook that aspires to revive the spirit of reform and reconstruct ijtihad and reclaim the creative and universal religious spirit and moral dynamics of the ummah. Al-Faruqi's contribution to the advancement of Islamic Education includes outlining the systemic and comprehensive principles and framework of the Islamization of Knowledge in education, social sciences, and the English language.

Metabolic profiling, in-situ spatial distribution, and biosynthetic pathway of functional metabolites in Dendrobium nobile stem revealed by combining UPLC-QTOF-MS with MALDI-TOF-MSI.

The stem of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. (Orchidaceae), called "Shihu" in traditional Chinese medicine, is a well-known medicinal and edible plant material in China. It is used as an antipyretic, analgesic, and tonic to nourish the stomach and Yin (i.e., to improve the production of body fluids). These therapeutic properties are attributed to its alkaloids, sesquiterpenoids, bibenzyls, fluorenones, and phenanthrenes. However, a comprehensive understanding of these metabolites and their spatial distribution in stems is lacking. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) was performed to obtain detailed metabolites information about D. nobile stems. Then, the spatial distributions of diverse metabolites, including alkaloids and sesquiterpenoids, were characterized and visualized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-TOF-MSI). Based on the spatial and metabolic profiling data, sesquiterpene alkaloid dendrobine was chosen for the exhaustive study of a biosynthetic pathway in D. nobile. This is the first report on mass spectrometry imaging for Dendrobium species. As a result, critical bioactive metabolites such as 11 alkaloids, 10 sesquiterpenes, and 13 other metabolites were putatively identified and relatively quantified. The identified alkaloids were distributed in the parenchyma or vascular bundle, and sesquiterpenes were present in all regions of the stem with higher abundance in the vascular bundle and cuticle, or in the cuticle and epidermis. The biosynthetic pathway and accumulation pattern of dendrobine in D. nobile stem were also proposed. Our findings not only provided a critical methodology for the thorough understanding of physiological changes in metabolites and precise utilization of D. nobile stem, but also displayed an effective strategy for insight into the biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites in plants.

Commentary on Lim et al.: Mortality database linkages-A critical methodology to understand the structural drivers of the overdose crisis.

Commentary on Lim et al.: Mortality database linkages-A critical methodology to understand the structural drivers of the overdose crisis.

Perbandingan Pendekatan Politik - Ekonomi Media dan Studi Kebudayaan dalam Kajian Komunikasi Massa

he influence of mass media on social and cultural interactions is a growing phenomenon. To come up with ideas that provide a thorough understanding of these events in these circumstances may be difficult for scholars who study the mass media. The political economy of media and cultural studies are two categories of critical approaches that share features, strengths, and weaknesses. By paying sufficient attention to these details, the two techniques can complement and learn from each other. This research seeks to study someone's opinion, response, or perception, so the discussion must be qualitative in nature or use descriptive language, so the writer uses a descriptive research methodology. When analyzing texts and explaining various subject positions or views, mass media studies must adopt a multi-perspective approach, or apply a critical methodology.&#x0D; Keywords: mass media, social and cultural interaction, mass communication

Perbandingan Pendekatan Politik - Ekonomi Media dan Studi Kebudayaan dalam Kajian Komunikasi Massa

he influence of mass media on social and cultural interactions is a growing phenomenon. To come up with ideas that provide a thorough understanding of these events in these circumstances may be difficult for scholars who study the mass media. The political economy of media and cultural studies are two categories of critical approaches that share features, strengths, and weaknesses. By paying sufficient attention to these details, the two techniques can complement and learn from each other. This research seeks to study someone's opinion, response, or perception, so the discussion must be qualitative in nature or use descriptive language, so the writer uses a descriptive research methodology. When analyzing texts and explaining various subject positions or views, mass media studies must adopt a multi-perspective approach, or apply a critical methodology.&#x0D; Keywords: mass media, social and cultural interaction, mass communication

Expressivism, Pluralism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's “A Suggestion on the Negro Problem”

Expressivism, Pluralism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's “A Suggestion on the Negro Problem”

История формирования и методологическая база современной художественной критики

Art criticism and art history journalism have gone from theoretical treatises to axiological judgments in the XVIII–XIX centuries and to an interpretive approach in the XX–XXI centuries. At the present stage, the theory of art tends to the sphere of philosophy, aesthetics, cultural anthropology, sociology, new art criticism replaces the theory of art; the author’s character of interpretation reflects the trend from the universal to the individual. The dynamics of updating the methodology of judgment becomes an additional factor in the development of form; critic’s statement positions as journalism and analytics, which leads to the formation of a complex structure of evaluative and interpretative sense. The territory of the presentation of an art object transforms the principle of interpretation and affects the format of the art history text. Valueoriented criticism gives way to the author’s approach and interpretation due to the transformation of the structure of cultural institutions, the rejection of normativity, the change in species and genre stratification, the transformation of the principles of representation of works of art and ways of publishing visual materials. The author’s character of the text, the rejection of an integral system of criteria and a certain subjectivity give rise to essays. Changing forms of publications, latest information technologies and media have formed an electronic type of publications: «museum criticism» is developing, magazines, collections, periodicals, reviews and reviews appear in electronic media. Exhibition activity and gallery practice retain the format of catalogs and booklets, scientific work – collections of articles, periodicals and monographs. The methodology of modern art criticism predetermines by its place in the structure of social institutions of culture, the type of publication and audience, peculiarities of solving publishing and editorial problems.

On the Question of European sources for the Translation of the New Testament by Epiphanius Slavinetsky and Euthymius Chudovsky (1670–1680s): Greek Manuscripts and Printed Editions

The article provides a textual analysis of the Rule of the Singing of the Psalter The subject of the research is the marginal notes in the Greek-Slavonic New Testament (GIM, Syn. Greek 473), translated by Epiphany Slavinetsky and in the 1670–1680s corrected by Evfimy Chudovsky. These notes allow us to clarify the origin of the Greek readings that form the critical apparatus of the manuscript. It was established that the source of such readings is two Greek manuscripts of the Gospel brought from Athos to Moscow by Arseny Sukhanov (GIM, Syn. Greek 274 and Syn. Greek 399). The printed Greek editions used in the process of correcting the New Testament by Evfimy included Robert Estienne’s Editio Regia of 1550 and the Frankfurt edition of the Septuagint of 1597 with a unique reference apparatus, which presents the results of a collation of several Greek printed editions and manuscripts. The marginalia of Evfimy Chudovsky coincide with the Greek readings indicated in the Frankfurt Septuagint. Comparison of the readings from Greek sources with the Church Slavonic texts of the Chudov New Testament and the Constantinople Gospel, also used during the correction, allows us to characterize Evfimy’s methodology of biblical text criticism as scholarly and philological, taking into account the experience of Western European biblical editions of the 17th century.

Почему критика выдохлась? От фактов к вопросам, вызывающим озабоченность

This article proposes a revision of the notion of critique developed in the social sciences at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Bruno Latour suggests that criticism has largely lost its explanatory potential and has become an obstacle to responding to new challenges and threats. He suggests a radical revision of both the instruments and targets of critical analysis while observing the emergence of the “instant revisionism” phenomenon with its pseudo-critical analysis that challenges the facts established by science or jurisprudence, thus imitating the procedures of the sociology of science that Latour, himself, extensively used in his work of the eighties and nineties. He equally signalizes the transformation of critical procedures from an attribute of elitist academic culture to a key element of the conspiracy theories that have proliferated with the advent of social media and alternative information sources. Latour emphasizes that conspiracy theories and “instant revisionism” have become instruments in the hands of political forces challenging the established scientific consensus on the key role of anthropogenic factors in climate change. Simultaneously, he disapproves of returning to the pre-critical realism that does not consider the complex procedure of the “production” of facts, which does not amount to so-called “social constructivism.” To overcome this crisis, Latour proposes a gradual transition from the outdated notion of “facts” to a new concept, “matters of concern.” This new approach will account for the complex procedure of producing new entities and the interactions of human and non-human actors. Meanwhile, it will enable the recognition of the irrelevance of objections to already established states of affairs and adopt an authentic realist attitude that combines the virtues of critical methodology and the new pragmatism.

Medicina, lélekfilozófia, kutatástörténet

This essay focuses on interrelations among alternative aspects of medical knowledge and historically concerns the theoretical background of philosophical and anthropological works of the 18th and 19th centuries based on the Renaissance philosophy of humanity. The author determines the interpretive points of view in medicine and shows the development of relevant changes in social, historical and medical narratives in the modern ages. The first approach of criticism provides already a particular position in the oeuvre of Galeotto Marzio (Astrology, medical practice and physiognomic knowledge) a humanist researcher, which presents him as a philosopher of nature. The other interpretation of this historical timeline is the relation of Michel Foucault’s philosophical understanding of specific categories of power and sexuality in his works concerning the social sciences and historical criticism. This essay review focused on the popular and alternative thinkers of the 18th and 19th centuries while endeavoured to present the historical traditions and methods of the relevant body of knowledge based on alternative receipts and principles of medical and mechanical analogies of human interrelations. This point of view focused on some collective interpretations of the New Age historical presentation of some characteristics of the knowledge history and on the interpretation of messages targeting the present generation by means of critical methodology.

Semiotics and dialectics: Notes on the paper “Literary criticism must be scientific” by Juri Lotman

The present paper is an introduction to and analysis of the article “Literary criticism must be scientific”, presented here for the first time in English translation. The original was published by Lotman in 1967 in the journal Voprosy Literatury. The article by Lotman is a part of a wider debate, started in 1963, that saw structuralists and their opponents dispute the validity and heuristic value of structuralist methodology in literary criticism. The aim of the introduction is to explore Lotman’s engagements with his intellectual context as they emerge in his 1967 article. The first part of the paper discusses the wider context of the debate, and explores the positions of the opponents of structuralism and the ways in which Lotman relates to them. The second part of the paper analyses how Lotman and his structuralist colleagues related to the official Soviet ideology, the diamat. In both cases, it will be seen how Lotman engaged certain aspects of his opponents’ ideas, as well as the official ideology, in order to further his goal of reconciling structuralism and historicism.

TÜRK SİNEMASINDA KARA MİZAHIN SİNEMASAL SERÜVENİ: AZİZLER VE SENİ BULDUM YA FİLMLERİNDE DİJİTAL ÇAĞIN PSİKOPATOLOJİSİ

Öz: Komedi ve trajedi antik Yunan’dan beri en fazla işlenen iki tür olmuştur. Özellikle komedi türü her coğrafyada kendisine özgü biçim ve temalara bürünen en genel geçer tür olarak sanatın her formunda yerini almıştır. Antik Yunan’dan itibaren de hem trajik hem de komik olan unsurların biraradalığı sözkonusu olmuş ve trajikomik olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Modernizm ile birlikte trajikomik unsurlar; modern dünyanın saçmalığı, duyarsızlığı, hayatın anlamsızlığı, acı ve şiddetin olağan akışı ile mutlu son vaad etmeyen bir dünya kurgusunu içerir. Kendi coğrafyamızda ise trajikomiği türsel bir anlatı yöntemi ile ele alan yazın ve film anlatılarından kara mizah olarak bahsedilmiştir. Nasreddin hoca’dan Aziz Nesin’e kadar Türk mizahı aslında karamizah ekseninde günümüze kadar gelmiş ve en ilişkili alan olan sinemayı da etkilemiştir. Bu anlamda bu çalışma ile karamizah türünün Türk sinemasında hangi temel motifler üzerine inşa edildiği, kara mizahı ortaya çıkaran toplumsal koşulların neler olduğu noktası kavramsal ve tarihsel perspektiften irdelenmiştir. Modern dünyanın saçmalığı ve duyarsızlığı, hayatın anlamsızlığı üzerine kurulan kara mizah anlatılarının çağdaş örneklerinin merkezinde ise; sosyal medyanın esiri olmuş dijital öznelerle karşılaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada pandemi sürecinde üretilmiş ve pandemi koşullarında dijital platformlarda izleyicisi ile buluşmuş Azizler ve Seni Buldum Ya filmleri üzerinden kara mizahın çağdaş Türk sinemasındaki yükselişi dijital teknolojilerin insanları dönüştürdüğü trajikomik süreç psikanalitik ve tür eleştirisi metodolojisi ile açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.

GAGASAN ILMU HADIS MOHAMMAD HASHIM KAMALI: SOROTAN TERHADAP A TEXTBOOK OF HADITH STUDIES

This study is the thought of Mohammad Hashim Kamali in the science of hadith which is contained in the book A Textbook of Hadith Studies. This research aims to provide an overview of the critical methodology and criteria for the science of hadith, as well as to try to verify the accuracy of the text and the authenticity of the hadith. This research uses a qualitative research approach with the type of library research and historical research. The results of the study state that Kamali's thoughts only provide a glimpse of the efforts of the scholars and hadith scholars to verify the authenticity of the Prophet's hadith. The wealth of scientific works on the methodology of hadith science and the efforts made to compile many works on hadith cover the history of Islamic scholarship. The classification of hadith literature is divided into ten titles. The authors of this work apply certain critical principles, examine the value, advantages and disadvantages of the hadiths they collect, discuss the reliability of the narrators, and explain rare traditions, then examine these works by considering them to be reliable as the main criteria of guidance for narrators hadith. The number of overlapping biographies of hadith bearers is a sign of falsification of hadith. The falsification of hadith should be condemned regardless of any subject.

Mobile Robot Tracking with Deep Learning Models under the Specific Environments

Visual-based target tracking is one of the critical methodologies for the control problem of multi-robot systems. In dynamic mobile environments, it is common to lose the tracking targets due to partial visual occlusion. Technologies based on deep learning (DL) provide a natural solution to this problem. DL-based methods require less human intervention and fine-tuning. The framework has flexibility to be retrained with customized data sets. It can handle massive amounts of available video data in the target tracking system. This paper discusses the challenges of robot tracking under partial occlusion and compares the system performance of recent DL models used for tracking, namely you-only-look-once (YOLO-v5), Faster region proposal network (R-CNN) and single shot multibox detector (SSD). A series of experiments are committed to helping solve specific industrial problems. Four data sets are that cover various occlusion statuses are generated. Performance metrics of F1 score, precision, recall, and training time are analyzed under different application scenarios and parameter settings. Based on the metrics mentioned above, a comparative metric P is devised to further compare the overall performance of the three DL models. The SSD model obtained the highest P score, which was 13.34 times that of the Faster RCNN model and was 3.39 times that of the YOLOv5 model with the designed testing data set 1. The SSD model obtained the highest P scores, which was 11.77 times that of the Faster RCNN model and was 2.43 times that of the YOLOv5 model with the designed testing data set 2. The analysis reveals different characteristics of the three DL models. Recommendations are made to help future researchers to select the most suitable DL model and apply it properly in a system design.