Artificial intelligence (AI) is fundamentally reshaping analytical chemistry by enabling automated data interpretation, intelligent method optimization, and increasingly autonomous analytical workflows across pharmaceutical quality control, environmental monitoring, and clinical diagnostics. Despite remarkable recent advances, widespread regulatory-ready deployment remains constrained by critical translational barriers, including insufficient external validation, inadequate model interpretability, and the absence of coherent lifecycle governance frameworks. This review critically evaluates the current landscape of AI-driven analytical chemistry with particular emphasis on hyphenated chromatographic platforms-especially reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and its hyphenated configurations-as primary technological substrates for AI integration. The roles of Explainable AI (XAI), Uncertainty Quantification (UQ), FAIR data governance, and continuous lifecycle validation are assessed against key international regulatory frameworks, including ICH Q2(R2), ICH Q14, GAMP 5, FDA Computer Software Assurance (CSA) guidance, Good Machine Learning Practice (GMLP), and EMA AI perspectives. Two translational gaps are defined and critically examined: the Validation Gap (disconnect between high internal model performance and limited external reproducibility evidence) and the Discrepancy Gap (deterioration of model performance under real-world deployment conditions due to domain shift and instrument heterogeneity). The review further presents a milestone timeline for RP-HPLC hyphenation, a critical comparative analysis of hyphenated techniques including LC-MS/MS, LC-NMR, LC-ICP-MS, and LC-HRMS, and a new comprehensive table of reported AI/ML applications in chromatographic method development. Key recommendations are provided for bridging the path from proof-of-concept AI tools to trustworthy, decision-ready analytical ecosystems.

BackgroundLoneliness during adolescence has increased worldwide in recent years and has been consistently associated with a broad range of adverse psychosocial outcomes. The availability of valid and reliable measures is essential for the early identification of loneliness and for the rigorous evaluation of intervention effectiveness. Nevertheless, multidimensional, psychometrically validated instruments for assessing loneliness in Greek adolescents remain limited.ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the Relational Provisions Loneliness Questionnaire (RPLQ; Hayden-Thomson, 1989), which assesses social and emotional dimensions of loneliness (i.e., integration and intimacy) within family and peer relationships.MethodsThe sample consisted of 503 students aged 13-14years, recruited from secondary schools through stratified random sampling. The factor structure was tested via Confirmatory Factor Analysis, while internal consistency, validity evidence, and measurement invariance across gender were examined.ResultsThe four-factor model demonstrated the best fit (CFI = .997, TLI = .997, RMSEA = .032, SRMR = .050) and yielded high standardized factor loadings (λ = .63-.93). Internal consistency was high across all dimensions (ω = .87-.92), and convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity were supported. Measurement invariance across gender was supported at the configural, metric, and scalar (threshold) levels.ConclusionsThe Greek version of the RPLQ is a valid and reliable instrument for the multidimensional assessment of adolescent loneliness, supporting its use in research and prevention efforts.

This study explores the intrinsic relationship between textual editing and research, emphasising that tadwīn-e-matn (textual editing) is not separate from research but rather a fundamental and pure form of it. The process of editing ancient manuscripts, documents, and literary texts—by verifying, organising, and publishing them—constitutes a significant scholarly endeavour. The work of Dr Jameel Jalibi, particularly his discovery and critical edition of Kadam Rao Padam Rao and his identification of the early Deccani poet Nizami Bidri, is highlighted as a landmark contribution that enhanced the understanding of early Urdu language and literature. The paper further discusses the challenges faced by researchers, especially when dealing with ancient manuscripts written in obsolete scripts. It also traces the strong tradition of textual editing in Urdu scholarship, supported by Dr Gyan Chand's view that major Urdu scholars have actively engaged in editorial work, reinforcing its status as a core research activity. Focusing on the literary landscape of Jhang, the study sheds light on overlooked literary figures, including Majeed Amjad, whose works remained scattered or unpublished. Special attention is given to the editorial contributions of Dr Muhammad Aslam Zia, who compiled and edited Aashob-e-Shehr-e-Dil, the collected works of Taqi ud Din Anjum. The study concludes that such editorial efforts play a vital role in preserving literary heritage, recovering marginalised voices, and sustaining the scholarly tradition of Urdu literature.

Workplace-based assessments (WBAs) of surgical trainees historically demonstrate poor alignment between faculty and learner perception of clinical encounters. Given trainee perception of receiving low autonomy is associated with higher rates of burnout, depression, and attrition, it is important to better align faculty and trainee perceptions of clinical experiences. This study aims to evaluate validity evidence data, including response process, internal structure, and consequences, of vascular surgery Entrustable Professional Activities assessments (EPAs) using national pilot implementation data. A multi-institutional pilot implementation of vascular surgery EPAs was open to residencies and fellowships from April-June of 2024. Participating programs collected assessments of entrustment for clinical encounters. Faculty and trainee assessments were paired and descriptive statistics were conducted. A linear mixed-effects model was conducted to examine factors associated with alignment. Intraclass correlation (ICC) was calculated between trainee and faculty assessments. A random effects model was applied to demonstrate sources of variance in entrustment ratings. Linear mixed effects models were applied to examine encounter and demographic differences in faculty assessed and trainee self-assessed entrustment scores. Twenty-nine programs contributed 1,620 paired assessments (n = 79 trainees, n = 87 faculty). There were no differences in absolute alignment by demographics or phase of care. ICC for all EPAs combined was 0.76). Variance in entrustment ratings was attributed primarily to the interaction between EPA and trainee (31%), suggesting EPA assessments were able to discriminate proficiency within trainees across EPAs. Entrustment ratings were not different when considering demographic variables. In this retrospective analysis of national EPA pilot implementation data of residents, fellows, and faculty, strong response process and internal structure validity evidence was established. Shortcomings of other WBAs used in surgical training, such as poor alignment between faculty and trainee perceptions of an encounter, were not evident with the use of behaviorally-anchored EPA assessments.

Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity (PSP) is common in the presacral vertebrae of sauropod dinosaurs, but seemingly rare in their caudal vertebrae. Where identified, evidence for caudal vertebral PSP in sauropods is primarily based on the presence of external features, such as lateral fossae. However, such fossae can only be regarded as unequivocally pneumatic if communication between them and internal pneumatic bone texture can be confirmed. Based upon evidence from internal imaging, caudal vertebral PSP was previously known only in a rebbachisaurid diplodocoid (anterior caudal centrum and neural arch), some somphospondylan titanosauriforms (anterior caudal neural arches only) and saltasaurine titanosaurs (anterior-posterior caudal centra and neural arches). Here, we present novel CT scan data of caudal vertebrae of six Middle-Late Jurassic sauropods, representing several eusauropod lineages. We synthesise these new data with a comprehensive critical appraisal of purported external and internal evidence for caudal vertebral PSP in Sauropodomorpha. Newly sampled specimens of the non-neosauropod eusauropods Cetiosaurus sp. (anterior caudal centrum), 'Cetiosaurus glymptonensis' (middle caudal centrum) and the mamenchisaurid Wamweracaudia keranjei (anterior-middle caudal vertebrae), as well as the dicraeosaurine diplodocoid Dicraeosaurus sattleri (anterior caudal vertebra), are apneumatic. By contrast, the anterior-posterior caudal centra and neural arches of the diplodocine diplodocoid Tornieria africana possess deeply invasive external fossae that communicate with internal pneumatic chambers. Shallow external fossae on the centra and neural arches of at least the anteriormost 24 caudal vertebrae of the brachiosaurid titanosauriform Giraffatitan brancai communicate with internal pneumatic chambers. We observe a repeated pattern of PSP invading the anterior caudal vertebrae, with at least five independent acquisitions and/or reversals within Neosauropoda. Furthermore, for the first time, we demonstrate that extreme caudal vertebral PSP, in which pneumaticity extends into the middle-posterior region of the tail, is not restricted to saltasaurines, with this having also evolved independently in diplodocines and brachiosaurids. Finally, we find that both small- and large-bodied sauropods, including those with relatively short and long tails, evolved (and lost) caudal vertebral PSP. Therefore, the development of caudal vertebral PSP in sauropods does not appear to correspond with changes in body shape or mass. Instead, it might result from the opportunistic nature of pneumatic diverticula. However, given the high degree of inter- and intraspecific plasticity in its phylogenetic and serial distribution, we recognise that the evolution of PSP into the tail of sauropods might have been driven by a set of as-yet unknown, complex selective pressures.

Gratitude has been increasingly studied as a key psychological strength associated with subjective well-being, positive interpersonal relationships, and mental health. The assessment of gratitude through validated instruments is essential for both research and clinical practice. Although the Gratitude Questionnaire 6 items (GQ-6) is widely used in various cultural contexts, there is a need to evaluate its psychometric properties and cultural relevance in Portuguese-speaking populations, particularly among adults. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties and validity evidence of the Portuguese version of the Gratitude Questionnaire, with a focus on its internal structure, score reliability, and evidence based on relations to other variables. A final sample of 810 Portuguese adults (Mage = 43.79; SD = 23.69) completed the Portuguese version of the GQ-6. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to evaluate the instrument's internal structure. A subsample of 362 adults completed the revised 5-item version (GQ-5), along with measures of life satisfaction and loneliness, to assess evidence based on relations to other variables. Findings supported a one-factor structure, with the 5-item version showing a better model fit than the original 6-item scale. The GQ-5 demonstrated significant positive correlations with life satisfaction and negative correlations with loneliness, supporting this source of validity evidence. The instrument also exhibited adequate internal consistency. The Portuguese version of the GQ-5 is a psychometrically sound and culturally appropriate measure for assessing gratitude in adult populations.

A bstract Background: India possesses a vast repository of traditional medical knowledge, particularly in Ayurveda, much of which remains unpublished in manuscript form. Preserving and critically editing these texts is essential for making their knowledge accessible and relevant to contemporary practice. Objective: To collect, decipher, collate, and critically edit the Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya Vyākhyā Pāṭhyam commentary on the first 14 chapters (1–136 folio ) of the Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya Sūtra Sthāna . Materials and Methods: The study is based on a single available manuscript (unicodex), accession number 161, preserved at the Śrī Rāma Varma Government Sanskrit College Manuscript Library. The manuscript is written in Sanskrit using the Malayalam script. Originally in paper format, it was digitized and subsequently processed for critical editing. Textual collation and analysis were performed to prepare a reliable edition. Results: The commentary, authored by C. Nārāyaṇa Menon, was transcribed by an unidentified scribe in March 1931 and verified against the original in April 1931. The manuscript is complete, though the first 10 folios are water-damaged. While less elaborate than other commentaries, it provides concise clarification of key concepts from the Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya . Conclusion: The critical edition of this manuscript contributes to the preservation and accessibility of Ayurvedic knowledge. Despite minor physical damage and brevity, the text holds scholarly value and supports the continued study and application of classical Indian medical literature.

Introduction. This article investigates the markers of non-switchable and switchable direct evidentiality in the discourse of Russian-language perfume criticism. The study defines these two types of direct evidentiality, which differ in the level of control the conscious subject has over perception. It analyzes the semantic and contextual parameters that differentiate them and establishes the quantitative ratio of markers for non-switchable and switchable direct evidentiality within a corpus of perfume criticism texts. The aim of the article is to identify and characterize non-switchable and switchable direct evidentiality for the purpose of its subsequent incorporation into the description of the Russian-language discursive practice of critical perfume blogging and the actualized semantics of perceptual verbs such as slýshat’ and chúvstvovat’. Methodology, methods, and techniques. The research employed methods of semantic analysis, along with elements of quantitative and contextual analysis. The research material comprises 220 texts created by bloggers managing Russian-language perfume-themed channels (the Telegram channels Fragrantius and Dukhi naiznanku). Results. Based on the conducted research, the study establishes specific varieties of direct evidentiality that take into account the parameter of uncontrolled/controlled perception, which determines the specifics of the experiential use of the verbs slýshat’ and chúvstvovat’. It is noted that nonswitchable direct evidentiality represents, at the textual level, primarily the physiological contact of the perceiver with the object of influence — the source of the scent — and is realized in contexts characterized by an incomplete delineation of the olfactory sensation. Switchable direct evidentiality implies the manageability of perception by the conscious subject and is realized in more complete and detailed contexts of a qualifying type. Furthermore, critical perfume blogging is more characterized by the mode of switchable direct evidentiality, in accordance with which the conscious subject controls the perception of the fragrance in order to qualify the olfactory response. Scientific novelty. This study represents the first attempt to distinguish between two types of direct evidentiality based primarily on the parameter of controllability/uncontrollability of olfactory perception by the subject of consciousness. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in the development of academic courses on the theory of evidentiality, pragmalinguistics, discourse analysis, and linguosensorics.

Abstract This article introduces a methodological approach to literary history grounded in praxiography and concepts from actor-network theory, emphasizing the active role of criticism in shaping realities. Instead of treating critical texts as representations, the study examines them as interventions in ontological politics—the contestation of what literature, society, and truth are understood to be. It also employs the notion of the fractional object, which designates entities that belong to multiple, partially overlapping networks and acquire different identities depending on their connections. Another key concept is interessement, understood as the set of strategies by which actors attempt to attract allies and stabilize networks around their preferred version of reality. Using these ideas, the article analyzes five critics—Rákosi Jenő, Schöpflin Aladár, Ignotus, Lukács György, and Horváth János—whose writings enact radically different versions of Ady Endre: as a misguided rebel, a generational voice, a prophet of progress, a modern mystic, or a decadent innovator. Each interpretation is coupled with distinct efforts to engage specific publics. This mapping demonstrates that literary value and readership are contingent and contested, and that criticism operates as a force in cultural politics rather than a neutral commentary.

This study of Qur’anic vocabulary emphasizes the importance of examining near-synonymy to uncover subtle semantic distinctions in Arabic discourse. Although classical lexicographers have addressed synonymy extensively, corpus-based analyses of Qur’anic near- synonymy remain limited. This study analyzes semantic differentiation, syntactic patterns, and lexical distribution in selected near-synonymous pairs found in Al-Raghib al- Asfahani’s Mufradat Alfaz al-Qur'an, focusing on khawf– khashyah, ghaḍab–sakhaṭ, ḥuzn–asā, qalb–fuʾād, and ʿilm–maʿrifah. The primary data source consists of a verified digital (.txt) edition of Mufradāt Alfāẓ al-Qur’ān, cross-checked against a printed critical edition to ensure textual reliability. The corpus includes all lexical entries related to the selected pairs. The dataset was processed using AntConc and Sketch Engine to extract concordance lines, collocational patterns, and frequency distributions. The results reveal consistent semantic and functional distinctions across the pairs. For instance, khawf appears in broader experiential contexts, while khashyah is associated with reverential awareness; ghaḍab denotes emotional anger, whereas sakhaṭ conveys divine disapproval. Similar differentiation is observed in the remaining pairs in terms of meaning, syntactic behavior, and thematic distribution. These findings demonstrate that integrating classical Arabic lexicography with corpus- linguistic methods provides clearer empirical insight into Qur’anic near-synonymy within Arabic linguistic studies.

Local councils often struggle with how and when to insert novel urban planning ideas into local discourses and effect change from ‘above’. This article examines the pre-suasive communication strategies employed by the Moreton Bay Regional Council (MBRC) to realign the city's planning horizons and branding, and to convince stakeholders that the Moreton Bay Region (MBR) should become a city. Support for the proposed changes was initially uncertain and elusive. The application's ultimate success in the face of widespread scepticism warrants a closer examination of the MBRC's public communication strategies. This article uses theories of framing and rhetorical analysis to examine how MBRC crafted city-shaping narratives to mobilise stakeholder support across diverse audiences. We analyse two critical texts in this shaping process: the Local Government Reclassification Report submitted to the Local Government Change Commission, and the brief public-facing ‘discussion document’, Reimagining our Moreton Bay: A City of Amazing Places and Natural Spaces . We find that the Council deployed the notion of a ‘polycentric’ city as a ‘floating signifier’ early in the process, allowing stakeholders to refract and absorb meanings that mattered to them, thereby galvanising sufficient support to secure city status for Australia's third-largest Local Government Area (LGA). Results from this ‘pre-suasive’ communication process serve to complement future city and regional planning and participatory processes, contributing to broader scholarship on persuasive communication, framing and place-shaping.

Health service staff have been criticized for implementing practices (e.g. a new procedure, new checklist) into care because they seem like 'good ideas' yet may not have the evidence to support them. The Just Cos Initiative (Just Cos) was developed based on a Learning Health System approach to address this problem. It encourages staff to think critically about their work practices and provides a pathway for staff to submit queries about potentially low-value or non-evidence based/informed (low-value) practice. Just Cos then integrates internal audit data and external research evidence with stakeholder consensus and puts that knowledge into practice using quality improvement methods. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether this integrated quality improvement and research approach can identify low-value practices and where identified, whether these practices can be minimized. It is important to adopt and evaluate systematic approaches to identifying low-value practices in health so that the patient care is delivered optimally and risks are minimized. This study was a multi-method evaluation utilizing the RE-AIM framework. Submissions received over 14 months were collated from a Just Cos submission log. Implementation of Just Cos was explored through nine semi-structured interviews with staff who either submitted a Just Cos request or otherwise participated in at least one element of the Just Cos process. Twelve unique Just Cos submissions were received from nursing (7), allied health (3), executive (1), and management (1). Two submissions identified a low-value practice that required practice change. Policy changes (e.g. clarification of a process or approach) occurred in four submissions. No change to practice or policy was required in three, and three submissions did not complete the Just Cos process. Participants described Just Cos as giving staff a 'voice' and that they valued being able to update practices. The use of centralized resources to review submissions saved time for busy staff, and protected individuals from any criticism for raising the concern. An integrated model using research evidence combined with quality improvement identified two low-value practices that required practice change. It provided a psychologically safe mechanism through which staff could be curious about their practice. There is the opportunity to scale this approach to further improve the uptake of evidence based or informed practices within the healthcare setting.

Abstract This article explores J. N. Epstein’s call for a critical edition of the Mishnah, delivered in his 1925 inaugural lecture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Framing textual criticism as a national imperative, Epstein envisioned “Talmudic Philology” as foundational to the rebirth of Jewish life in the Land of Israel. By examining Epstein’s early academic trajectory, his role in Berlin’s circles of Jewish intellectuals and scholars, and his collaborations with Hayim Nahman Bialik, the article reveals how Zionist ideology increasingly shaped his philological goals. Special attention is given to the conception of the Mishnah as a national text and to Epstein’s understanding of it as having had a written Urtext, recoverable through critical methods. The study situates Epstein at the intersection of nationalism and philology, showing how his work responded to Christian scholarly challenges and aimed to build a Hebrew-language academic tradition rooted in the perceived needs of the Jewish people.

Pseudo-Māshā'allāh, On the Astrolabe: A Critical Edition of the Latin Text with English Translation by Ron B. Thomson (review)

Aim. To examine a scientific foreword as a form of paratext, to study its functional, compositional, and communicative features and to describe the ways in which it realizes its advertising function. Methodology. The forewords to monographs on ecology were analyzed, their varieties were determined, an analysis of forewords was carried out using the comparative-contrastive method, the method of interpretative and linguistic pragmatic analysis of the text. Results. Based on the implementation features of the advertising function in forewords, a classification of forewords was proposed in terms of the presentation of review and narrative elements in them, and a pragmatic linguistic analysis of three groups of prefaces was given. Research implications. The results of the study can be used in clarifying forms of paratexts and further exploration of their pragmatic and functional characteristics. The use of interdisciplinary knowledge on advertising, reviews, and narrative can contribute to the development of narratology, textual criticism, and communication studies, as well as enrich the theory of reader perception of text. The results of this study can be applied in further research on paratext and narrative as means of persuasion.

Historical Dialectical Materialism is a Marxist framework that explains social change through the interaction of material conditions and human activity. It posits that history progresses via contradictions within economic and social structures, leading to conflict and transformation. Society’s development is driven by the tension between forces of production and relations of production, ultimately shaping political, cultural, and social institutions. This perspective emphasizes that change is not random but rooted in material realities, highlighting the dynamic, interconnected nature of history and society. The Chief objective is to examine how dialectical materialism explains the mechanisms of social change from a Marxist perspective. This study adopts an explanatory research design to investigate the relevance of dialectical materialism in social change. It primarily relies on qualitative data, collected through a review of selected books, academic articles, and critical texts. The research focuses on both global and Nepali contexts, synthesizing insights to analyze how contradictions within economic and social structures drive societal transformation. This study demonstrates that dialectical materialism, as conceptualized by Marx and Engels, provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing social change through the interplay of material forces and production relations. Class conflicts and contradictions within economic structures drive transformation. Technological advancement, inequality, and neoliberal policies create new tensions, confirming their relevance in transitional societies like Nepal. This study is significant as it applies dialectical materialism to analyze how material conditions and class relations drive social change. This study helps fill the gap in research within both the Nepalese and global contexts. It will be valuable for those seeking to understand social dynamics and for providing insights to guide socio-economic transformation.

It seemed as if the time for Derrida’s reflections on sovereignty, democracy and the morality behind the belief that “force ‘trumps’ law” especially as it unfolded in Rogues: Two Essays on Reason had come and passed. Delivered as two lectures in the summer of 2002, in the interval between the aftermath of 9/11 and the impending invasion of Iraq by the United States and its allies in 2003, Rogues claims for its theme, as Derrida announces in the first lecture, “democracy in America, or, more precisely, democracy and America […].”And yet, almost twenty-three years after its publication, this critical text that contains Derrida’s most intricate analysis of the enigmatic phrase ‘democracy to come’ has taken on a new significance. Pretexted on wars, refugee and border crises, the COVID-19 pandemic, terror attacks and the forceful return of the so-called “Rogue States,” democracies around the world, including most recently democracy in America, have experienced a resurgence of what Derrida in the preface of Rogues calls the “old-new enigma” of sovereignty. Furthermore, the transformation of the space of democracy itself – the public sphere – by intensifying globalization and new technologies has brought the very question of democracy back to the forefront of political and philosophical discourse.

Artificial airway suctioning is a complex and high-risk procedure that requires adequate training before clinical exposure. Remote simulation has emerged as an alternative educational strategy; however, evidence regarding its impact on procedural competence and related learning domains remains limited. A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 4th-year physiotherapy students enrolled in a cardiorespiratory course. Participants completed a 4-week asynchronous remote simulation program that included instructional materials, practice on a low-fidelity 3D airway model, and individualized multimodal feedback. Procedural performance was assessed using Directly Observed Procedural Skills (DOPS) and compared with expert performance. Theoretical knowledge, anxiety levels, and students' perceptions were also evaluated. Psychometric analyses were performed for the theoretical test and perception questionnaire. Fifty-six students completed the program. Procedural performance improved significantly across training sessions (P < .001), with students achieving DOPS scores comparable with expert performance under standardized assessment conditions. No statistically significant changes were observed in theoretical knowledge or anxiety levels. Theoretical test analysis showed acceptable internal consistency and evidence of ceiling effects. Students reported positive perceptions of the training experience, and the perception questionnaire demonstrated high internal consistency and a predominantly unidimensional structure. Asynchronous remote simulation was associated with improvements in procedural performance and positive learning perceptions in physiotherapy students. These findings support remote simulation as a feasible strategy for competency-based training while highlighting the importance of appropriate assessment tools and contextual interpretation of outcomes.

New Testament textual criticism in the twenty-first century continues to refine principles and approaches that have been part of this scholarly discipline since the development of the modern era of textual criticism. At the same time, even as New Testament textual criticism remains connected to its roots in pursuing the (re)construction of a critical text of the New Testament, more recent approaches have expanded the set of questions being asked by textual critics to include far more than simply the words of a New Testament text. In all of these developments, there is both “Old” in the “New” and “New” in the “Old,” resulting in New Testament textual criticism in the twenty-first century having become not only one of the more vibrant fields in New Testament studies but also having captured the popular imagination.

Proficiency in surgical knot tying is a fundamental skill for surgical trainees, yet objective assessment tools are limited. This study aimed to develop and provide initial reliability and validity evidence for a unified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) tool tailored for open surgical knot-tying across multiple knot types. A prospective observational study was conducted with fifty medical students at Vajira Hospital. All participants received structured simulation-based training using the Modified Peyton’s Four-Step Approach, covering Square, Surgeon’s, Aberdeen, and Roeder knots. Each participant performed three repetitions of each knot on a synthetic tissue model. Performances were video-recorded and assessed by two experienced surgeons using a newly developed OSATS tool consisting of a General Technical Skills (GTS) checklist and a Global Rating Scale (GRS). Reliability and validity were statistically analysed. The unified OSATS tool demonstrated inter- and intra-rater reliability. Mean global rating scores did not significantly differ across knot types (p = 0.217), providing initial internal structure evidence across knot types. Student feedback indicated high acceptability and perceived learning confidence following the structured training programme. This unified OSATS tool provides a reliable and practical framework for assessing open surgical knot-tying skills. As implemented within a structured training programme, the tool appears feasible for formative assessment in novice learners. Broader application with additional raters, objective performance metrics (e.g., time and errors), and multi-institutional samples is recommended to strengthen validity evidence and generalisability.