Criteria Of Identity Research Articles

Genetic Enhancement and Problems of Personal Identity

There are various discussions on personal identity in philosophy. Some differences of opinions exist in western philosophy regarding the criteria that needs to be fulfilled for two different persons at two different times to be considered as identical. Some philosophers think if physical continuity exists between the persons before and after, then they are identical. Some philosophers go against this and think that only psychological continuity must exist between the persons before and after to be considered as identical. There are also some philosophers who think only if both physical and psychological continuity exist between two persons at two different times, then they can be considered identical. The answer to the question , which of the three criteria, i.e. physical, psychological or mixed, is acceptable as the criteria of personal identity - is entwined with a very important question : when an entity becomes a person. In this paper, personhood of an entity, whether a fetus and who are in vegetative state can be considered as a person etc will be discussed along with another issue on whether personal identity changes after genetic enhancement.

The Bridge from Language to Mind: PI, §§240-256

This article is an examination of a remarkable set of 16 passages that mediate Wittgenstein’s treatment of language in the Philosophical Investigations prior to these remarks and his turn to mind, beginning with his two private language arguments of PI, §258 and PI, §293. The intervening remarks, PI, §§240-246, function to identify six central lessons concerning the nature of language that are essential to mind as well. These six stages are linked by what Wittgenstein considers the two fundamental philosophical problems for language, and now for mind: the Problem of Reference (or Identity) (PI, §239) and the Problem of the Criterion of Identity. The general conclusion is two-fold: Ordinary language is necessary to the human mind; and neither are reducible or eliminable in favor literally inner events.

THE GENUS ORBITOLINA D’ORBIGNY, 1850 (LARGER BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA) AND ITS CONSTITUENT SPECIES: NOTES ON IDENTITY AND STRATIGRAPHIC RANGES

Following a literature review of the species of Orbitolina and its allies, the identity criteria and stratigraphic ranges of the six potential constituent species of the commonly encountered mid-Cretaceous foraminiferal genus Orbitolina d’Orbigny, 1850 (sensu stricto) are reviewed based on published material. It is noted that correct taxonomic assignment of Orbitolina species requires observation and measurement of both the embryonic apparatus in centred axial thin-sections and of the chamber passage shape in tangential sections. As a consequence, many illustrations purportedly of Orbitolina sensu stricto in the published literature cannot confidently be identified to species level, and such specimens (including new material) should be described or re-described as Orbitolina spp. The genus Orbitolina has a range of late Albian – middle Cenomanian. Species of Orbitolina, when identifiable, have shorter ranges. Orbitolina concava (Lamarck 1816) is restricted to the early – middle Cenomanian, and its inception thus forms a potential proxy for the base of the Cenomanian in carbonate platform settings, but care needs to be taken in its identification and separation from other species of Orbitolina that have at least partial late Albian ranges.

The Impact of Identity on the Success of Peacekeeping Missions: The Pakistani Perspective

Modern peacekeepers face many challenges in the areas in which they are deployed, including often dealing with a non-cooperative host population. However, if the peacekeepers shared an identity characteristic (this paper focuses on race, religion, language, gender, and geo-economics) with the host population, would this improve how peacekeepers and the host population interact, increasing the chances of the mission’s success? This study aims to answer this question and propose whether the UN should deploy peacekeeping troops based on this common identity criteria. Since the research was qualitative, data was primarily collected through interviews and focus group discussions with veteran and undertraining peacekeepers. After an extensive thematic analysis of the interviews, the thesis yielded the following results: a) A positive link exists between a shared identity (amongst peacekeepers and civilians) and success in peacekeeping missions b) Impartiality and timely provision of humanitarian assistance builds the good reputation of a UN contingent and can enhance ‘local acceptance’ for a peacekeeping mission c) While peacekeepers should not be deployed based on identity, language training before deployment can vastly improve how peacekeepers interact with the local populace. Hence, while the UN does not need to amend its deployment policies, language is a crucial identity characteristic that the UN can utilize to improve success in peacekeeping missions

Peculiarities of using hardiness training in psychological rehabilitation of combat participants

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the use of resilience and vitality training for psychological adaptation to new living conditions. Resilience is characterized as a person's ability to act effectively, despite stressful life situations. Resilience training is defined as a set of exercises aimed at forming effective interpersonal relationships based on support and trust, taking into account a person's previous traumatic experience. Identifying the possibilities of using strengthening training in the psychological rehabilitation of combatants. The objectives of the article are to define the concept of hardiness, the ways of its development in adulthood, the degree of pronouncedness of hardiness in demobilized combatants, analysis of the adaptation of hardiness to the conditions of Ukraine, the formation of a perspective identity in the context of this training, and the influence of training on the psychological adaptation of combatants. The following methods were used in this study: PCL-5 (F.W. Weathers), Rogers-Diamond questionnaire adapted by O. Osnitsky, viability questionnaire (S. Maddy). Endurance training is a set of exercises aimed at forming adaptive coping strategies, effective interpersonal relationships based on support and trust. The training basis of Hardinez is continuity, presented as the unity and wholeness of a person in the process of time, which reflects the temporary character of the individual. The described criterion of identity is ensured by the process of transformation of any changes that occur with a person and in a person into a continuous, continuous whole. Traditionally, resilience has been viewed as a general positive adaptation to stressors. However, the trait of resilience – returning to a previous state after crisis or extreme situations – can also have serious, often overlooked, drawbacks. In particular, it may be unrealistic to return to a previous state, or resilience may lead to a person being stuck in an unwanted, uncomfortable state. Since the concept of resilience is closely related to the impact of a stressor, it is necessary to clearly explain what a stressor is and how it affects a person. When resilience is conceptualized as a general positive adaptation, the stressor is usually defined as an event that is statistically associated with impairment, such as trauma. Resilience and hardiness training as a group form of psychological rehabilitation can be successfully used to improve adaptation skills to new life conditions, which are the Russian-Ukrainian war.

«Тонкие» объекты Эйстейна Линнебо: проблема референции

Introduction. The introduction formulates the problem of abstract objects for the philosophy of mathematics, epistemology, and metaphysics. Special attention is paid to the problem of reference. Theoretical analysis. The first section examines Linnebo’s proposed concept of abstract objects as “thin” i.e., not imposing substantial demands on the world. The second section is devoted to the criteria of identity as a special tool for introducing abstract objects into discourse. Linnebo interprets abstraction principles as a particular kind of identity criteria. They allow fixing reference and ensuring its success. The third section presents metasemantic arguments used by Linnebo to justify the preference for a realistic interpretation of the semantics of singular terms. The fourth section criticizes Linnebo’s proposed mechanism of referential access to abstract “thin” objects. In our view, the metasemantic constraints proposed by Linnebo are insufficient to determine the uniqueness of the referent. An additional principle is necessary. Lewis’s “referential magnetism” can be considered as such, but it threatens the concept of “thin” objects. Conclusion. In conclusion, the strengths of Linnebo’s project are acknowledged. His interpretation better reflects how we actually use language. The importance of Linnebo’s theses and ideas for contemporary philosophy is noted.

The architectural and construction features as a criteria of identity of the Orthodox Churches

The architectural and construction features as a criteria of identity of the Orthodox Churches

Frege on Identity and Identity Statements: 1884/1903

ABSTRACT In this essay, I first solve solve a conundrum and then deal with criteria of identity, Leibniz's definition of identity and Frege's adoption of it in his (failed) attempt to define the cardinality operator contextually in terms of Hume's Principle in Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik. I argue that Frege could have omitted the intermediate step of tentatively defining the cardinality operator in the context of an equation of the form ‘NxF(x) = NxG(x)'. Frege considers Leibniz's definition of identity to be purely logical, although without saying why it is in line with his logicist project. I argue that the universal criterion of identity that Frege takes from Leibniz's definition and the specific criterion of identity for cardinal numbers embodied in Hume’s Principle (namely equinumerosity) work hand in hand in the tentative contextual definition of the cardinality operator. Yet the interplay between the two criteria is powerless to prevent the emergence of the Julius Caesar problem, let alone suggests how it could be solved. The final explicit definition of the cardinality operator that Frege sets up still rests on the identity criterion of equinumerosity since cardinal numbers are defined as equivalence classes of that relation.

The impacts of public space flagship projects on local communities: evidence from Atigh Square of Isfahan, Iran

The examination of the comprehensive effects of flagship projects on adjacent neighborhoods remains inadequately explored, particularly within developing countries. This scholarly void is expanding despite limited research on public space flagship projects. The current study delves into a problematic case study: Atigh Square, located within the historical center of Isfahan, Iran. This site has undergone substantial efforts to transform into a pedestrian-oriented public space, aimed at recapturing its original configuration fro the eleventh century. The 5 criteria of identity, economy, social, physical, and tourism features and 22 indicators attributed to them were extracted from the theoretical literature. Mixed methods research was pursued, using seminal publications, quantitative data from a questionnaire, and qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with several experts. Furthermore, the integration and connectivity of the area before and after regeneration was compared using Depth map software package. The results of the analysis show that the impact of the project in social, identity-related, infrastructural, and economic sub-criteria was weak, but it achieved relative success in terms of planning and tourism indicators. Besides, the sanitation sub-class received the highest rank whereas facilities and public services had the lowest rank among the sub-classes. As with the subjective and objective quality of life, the project was not a great success. Overall, although the project has considerably enhanced the physical and visual conditions of the area, it has failed to solve the social and economic problems of the surrounding fabric. The findings significantly contribute to the existing body of global literature concerning the impacts of flagship projects on surrounding areas, as the research explores diverse facets of these effects. The results underscore the necessity for flagship projects to be meticulously planned, taking into account not only the specific circumstances and challenges of local communities but also their integration into the broader socio-economic dynamics of the entire city.

Possible world semantics meets metaphysics

Possible world semantics has been gradually fine-grained over the years. First, simple extensional semantics was fine-grained by relativizing it to worlds considered as counterfactual, thus generating standard possible-world semantics, which was later further fine-grained by relativizing it to worlds considered as actual, thus generating two-dimensional semantics. However, worlds considered as actual were only considered with respect to the empirical facts obtained in such worlds. This paper shows that no less of an important role is played by another feature of actual worlds, namely, the criteria of identity that obtain in such worlds.

Anomaly stands

Donald Davidson’s anomalous monism has been repeatedly criticized since its initial defense in the paper Mental Events, which was published in 1970. Despite the widespread rejection, there seems to be no agreement on why anomalous monism fails. This paper systematizes two strong objections to anomalous monism. First, Davidson’s argument for monism requires the problematic assumption that physics can provide strict causal laws for causal relations in general. Second, Davidson’s monism requires an ontology of events for which no satisfactory criterion of identity has been provided. Despite these problems, the paper argues that the theses on the anomalism and irreducibility of the mental remain acceptable, despite the difficulty of reconstructing precisely the arguments Davidson uses to defend them.

Affectivity in its Relation to Personal Identity

My aim is to propose affectivity as a criterion for personal identity. My proposal is to be taken in its weak version: affectivity as only one of the criteria for personal identity. I start by arguing for affectivity being a better candidate as a criterion for personal identity than thinking. Next, I focus on synchronic vs. diachronic and on ontic vs. epistemic distinctions (my proposal will concern diachronic ontic personal identity) and consider the realm of affectivity in its temporal dimension. In my argument, I rely on the genuineness of affectivity and I exploit chiefly long- or everlasting feelings (or emotions) and those which involve the feeling subject more rather than less. I conclude by stating that genuine long-lasting feelings (or emotions) are constitutive of diachronic ontic personal identity.

Dermatoglyphic palmar pattern variations in congenitally deaf and mute subjects

Background: Dermatoglyphics have the unique merit of retaining all their peculiarities unchanged throughout life, and afford in consequence an incomparably surer criterion of identity than any other bodily feature. The rationale for studying dermatoglyphic features is derived from the fact that development of dermal ridges and congenital deafness seems to develop at around the same time. Methods: The material for the study consisted of palm prints of congenitally deaf and mute children of 100 subjects with congenital deafness and muteness between 5-21 years of age and 50 control of similar age group with normal hearing and speech were chosen. The principal patterns of thenar/ I interdigital, interdigital II, interdigital III, interdigital IV and hypothenar area were noted. Position of axial triradius, ‘atd’ angle, pattern of palmar Flexion Creases, presence as well as pattern of the Simian Line and the Sydney Line were recorded. Results: The percentage of open field was maximum in subjects in thenar / interdigital area I. and in interdigital area IV. The mean a-b, c-d and atd angle ridge palmar ridge count was less in subjects in comparison to controls. Highly statistically significant results were obtained between subjects and control for the simian crease pattern when both hands were considered together in which the percentage of transitional type was more than the typical simian crease in subjects. Conclusion: When combined with other clinical and investigative features, dermatoglyphic study can serve as a diagnostic impression and can be advocated as a useful screening device.

Психологическая непрерывность как онтологический критерий личной идентичности субъекта

In the current article the author considers the problem of the subject’s personal identity. The analysis of this concept seems to be very relevant, since in today’s public space the concept of identity is used, firstly, as non-problematic, and, secondly, as completely politicized. The analysis of the concept of identity is important because philosophy can look at the subject’s identity without prejudice and thereby depoliticize its concept. And ontology as a branch of philosophy is able to carry out a truly fundamental and comprehensive research of the concept of the subject’s identity. Personal identity turns out to be an ontological concept because the subject exists as identical to itself, and consistent reflection on the modes of existence of the subject inevitably leads us to discover the concept of its identity. The subject of the article is the subject’s personal identity. On the basis of philosophical methodology and on the method of historical analysis, the author of the study considers personal identity as something non-self-evident, placing it in the conceptual framework of subjectivity proposed by Levinas. The personal identity of the subject is endowed with the status of a mediator, smoothing out the collision of the same and the other. In this research, human identity appears as both a space and the result of a collision of familiar experience and new impressions – in the terminology of Levinas – identical and different. The temporal structure of the subject’s identity is revealed. The concept of an ontological criterion of personal identity is put forward and four historical concepts that offer such a criterion are considered: Locke, Hume, Kant and Parfit. Thus, four ontological criteria are found – consciousness, memory, transcendental criterion and psychological continuity. Each criterion is analyzed, integrated into the ontology of the subject’s personal identity and the role of each criterion is traced in the organization of its temporal structure. The results of the research are the reconstruction of the discovered concepts in the status of ontological criteria of personal identity, their comparative analysis is carried out. It is concluded that Parfit’s psychological continuity is the most consistent of all the analyzed criteria because it simultaneously affirms the possibility of the subject’s personal identity and outlines the boundaries of the application of this concept. Though psychological continuity doesn’t fit in Levinas’ conceptual frame because it doesn’t solve existential and ontological problems, that exist around concept of personal identity.

Репрезентация женской идентичности в немецких неопаремиях с гендерным маркером

The aim of the research is to identify the combinatorial-semantic and cognitive-dynamic specificity of the reflection of female identity in neoparemias (anti-proverbs) in German with a feminine and a combined (feminine and masculine) gender marker. The scientific novelty of the research lies in applying a specially developed algorithm for linguistic analysis of neoparemias, which takes into account several aspects of studying these units and is aimed at attaining the stated aim. As a result, it was found that the principle of linguistic combinatorics serves as the basis for the formation of German neoparemias about female individuality, which includes such mechanisms of transformation of well-known paroemias as explication, substitution, contamination, combination, as well as well-known paremic models. The gender-systemic aspect of the study of neoparemias consists in identifying gender indicators, i.e., lexical, grammatical and other linguistic means indicating female gender. The method of semantic and cognitive analysis helps us to determine the meanings embedded in new paremiological units by native German speakers. The cognitive-dynamic aspect of the study is aimed at identifying non-traditional attitudes about the criteria of female identity and correlations caused by the new realities of the modern anthropocentric paradigm.

Achieving Organizationality Through Authorship Affordances — A Communicative Episode of Telegram Polling from 2019 Hong Kong

ABSTRACT In 2019, Hong Kong activists mobilized against the proposed Extradition Law Amendment Bill (Anti-ELAB) and relied on a mobile chat-app’s polling feature to make collective decisions. To understand the chat-app’s role in the movement’s ‘backstage’ dynamics — i.e., building coalitions, making decisions, and coordinating action away from public view — I analyzed a series of Telegram polls during the Anti-ELAB movement's airport sit-in/takeover. To generate insights into social movement studies, I combined aspects of a vibrant stream of research known as Communication as Constitutive of Organizing (CCO) with a nuanced use of the affordances concept. To identify the backstage dynamics of the movement, I applied criteria from the organizationality concept to assess the extent to which the movement communicatively exhibited organizational characteristics. Therefore, I addressed how chat-app polling facilitated collective decision-making and cultivated the movement’s social address and collective identity. Recognizing chat-app polling as pivotal in transforming voiced concerns to legitimized authority, I identified three authorship affordances that fostered authority practices: anonymity, hyper-temporality, and affectivity. This study makes three contributions: (1) it extends the understanding of backstage organizational dynamics of social movements by adding two additional criteria of collective decision-making and collective actorhood to the extant criteria of collective identity, (2) it refines the affordances concept to explore how chat-apps influence data-related practices in contentious politics, and (3) it provides a novel method of analysis to isolate and investigate the processual dynamics of authority practices.

Ilektra Apostolou: A Greek female resistance fighter and a heroine of the left

The Greek resistance fighter Ilektra Apostolou was executed on 26 July 1944, by the collaborationist security forces in Greece during the Second World War. Apostolou was a member of Kommounistiko Komma Ellados (KKE, Communist Party of Greece) and of Eniaia Panneladiki Organosi Newn (EPON, United Panhellenic Organisation of Youth), and was involved in pre-war antifascist action. During the resistance, she tried to pass on the mentality she had developed from this early involvement to young women in EPON and Lefteri Nea (LT, Free Young Woman): that women would be liberated only by actively participating in social struggles. Her biography is examined with a critical eye, taking into consideration that it was largely written after the war. This means that it not only provides a factual representation of Apostolou: it also functions as a lieu de memoire, a site of memory. The politics of memory influences how her biography is constructed. The second part focuses on the memorialisation of Apostolou, examining it through the lens of intersectionality. Identity criteria – such as gender, race, age and political identification – and the changing relative significance attributed to them are important both for shaping and understanding, memorialisa- tion processes. An intersectional approach seeks to reveal the hidden dimensions behind the memorialisation process. The last part focuses on Apostolou's post-war legacy and explores how her memorialisation was intertwined with political developments from 1944 to the present, with a particular focus on the contestation over Apostolou's memory between the right and the left at various points in modern Greek history. The article draws on a combination of secondary and primary sources, the main primary sources being those found in the Educational Centre of Charilaos Florakis (Archive of the Greek Communist Party) and the Contemporary Social History Archives (ASKI).

Методологические принципы определения направлений развития первичной медико-санитарной помощи в Российской Федерации на основе когнитивной матрицы.

The main approaches to assessing the level of development of primary health care (PHC) in the Russian Federation generally correspond to global trends, however, to a greater extent it is still concentrated on individual areas and not fully systematized. To solve this problem and create a common methodological basis for determining the most acceptable classification features for the Russian Federation, allowing to verify the current state of PHC, identify problem areas and gaps in its development, as well as to form priorities for scientific and practical research and public policy, it seems appropriate to develop a unified cognitive matrix of taxonomic features for the analysis and evaluation of PHC based on at the country level. O b j e c t i v e . To develop a cognitive matrix of taxonomic features for the analysis and evaluation of PHC in the Russian Federation based on international approaches to assessing the level of PHC development, the conceptual structural hierarchy and concrete steps to achieve the targets laid down in the strategic documents of the Russian Federation and elements of the healthcare system studied in scientific researches. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . Based on the previously prepared analytical review of WHO strategic documents, scientific research and publications [1, 2] by correlating with them on the principles of semantic or logical identity attributes, indicators, criteria or measures that determine the directions for research and evaluation of the current level of PHC development and directions of its prospective development, a content analysis of domestic publications (n = 41,824) with subsequent terminological adaptation. R e s u l t s . A cognitive matrix of taxonomic features has been developed to analyze and assess the current level of PHC development in the Russian Federation, as well as to search for existing gaps for concentrating the efforts of health policy makers and the scientific community in solving the problems of its long-term development. C o n c l u s i o n . The cognitive matrix of taxonomic features for the analysis and evaluation of PHC in the Russian Federation is a working tool for researchers, specialists of executive and legislative authorities in the field of health protection, experts in the field of health care and public health, allowing to determine the degree of study of certain areas of PHC, to identify gaps and unresolved legal provisions that create obstacles to its effective functioning and long-term development, directions for new fundamental and applied research, to unify approaches to determining priorities in the implementation of public policy.

BETWEEN MISSION AND MONEY: A LESSON LEARNED FROM SOCIAL ENTERPRISE IDENTITY

Social Entrepreneurship is a popular business model that proposes entrepreneurship to solve social and environmental problems by selling products or services. In Indonesia, the development of the number and awareness of entrepreneurs supported by the Social Entrepreneurship ecosystem is growing. However, due to the need for a unified definition of 'Social Entrepreneurship' and the slow pace of formal recognition from the government, organizations have developed with mixed practices and results. This study aims to describe the practice of Social Enterprise through the disclosure of corporate identity. Using Identity and Stakeholder Theory, this study explores the five characteristics of identity: mission, activity, governance, performance, and accountability. This multiple case study uses 10 Indonesian Social Enterprises. Data was collected through interviews and speeches in webinars coupled with documentation studies of uploaded narratives, photos, and videos on the company's official website, carried out from March to June 2023. Data analysis uses Nvivo to find themes from various Social Enterprise identity criteria groups. The results show that Social Enterprise has a unique mission and activities that carry a social value where community, empowerment, welfare and sustainability are more emphasized than profit. Institutional commitment as a Social Enterprise is proven by disclosing the impact achieved through impact reports, impact achievement profiles, SDG achievements, or articles in the news column. However, Financial performance is rarely disclosed, even though several companies have disclosed the distribution of their profits. Accountability practice in formal and informal to its stakeholder. This study provides guidelines for how companies disclose and be accountable for their identity as a Social Enterprise.

Broadening Consequentialism for Environmental and Medical Ethics

Utilitarianism has the strength of taking into account all the foreseeable consequences of actions, but the weakness of heeding only their impacts on subjective states such as happiness and unhappiness. This omits many impacts of positive and negative value for human beings, let alone non-humans. Thus it fails to take into account the value of people’s lives developing in accordance with their autonomous wishes, one of the emphases of modern medical ethics. John Stuart Mill wrote as if autonomy and happiness co-incided, people being the best judges of where their happiness lies. But there is no guarantee of this coincidence. The omission of autonomy also points to the omission within utilitarianism of the value of the fulfilment of people’s capacities, insofar as these are central to their humanity. Ignoring the value of fulfilled capacities suggests that people are living well if their lives are pleasant but many central capacities are underdeveloped, whether through lack of education, of encouragement, or of love and care. Nor should subjective states be prioritised as favoured by utilitarianism, for happiness is compatible with a stunted life, and unhappiness with one fulfilled in most but not all respects. Thus a broader value-theory is needed than that of utilitarianism, including the fulfilment of capacities central to one’s inherited nature. This brings in the flourishing of non-human creatures as well as of humans. The capacity of captured wild animals to function in the wild is, on this basis, of significant value, even if the fulfilment of reflective capacities has greater value. Moral standing should be seen as attaching to whatever has a good of its own, and thus of whatever is alive [1]. The range of ethical concern extends to future creatures, as well as current ones, and all the foreseeable impacts of current actions and policies should be taken into account when decisions are being made. This already helps show how consequentialism may comprise an acceptable environmental ethic. Some philosophers, however, maintain that wholes such as ecosystems and species are valuable and are not yet taken into account. However, both ecosystems and species can be understood as composed of their living members, present and future, and the good of all of these in recognised by the broadened consequentialism just presented. Ecosystems also include non-living components, but there is no need (or point) in ascribing intrinsic value to these. Ecosystems, including their non-living components, are of great importance, but their importance is instrumental to the lives and the flourishing of their living members. As ecosystems, they lack a good of their own, partly because they have no clear boundaries and criteria of identity, and partly because they lack inherited capacities by reference to which their good could be appraised. Species, understood as populations, include both their present and future members, the flourishing of all of which counts within broad consequentialism. They can alternatively be construed as abstractions, but have no value as such. Thus broad consequentialism omits nothing of value, and potentially comprises an acceptable environmental ethic.