Ethnic Criteria Research Articles

Migration, Crisis, and the Global Labour Market

The neoliberal ideology of economic efficiency and shared prosperity masks the exploitation of labour on a global scale. The international mobilization of workers and their differentiation on criteria of gender, race, ethnicity, origins, and legal status are a crucial part of the global economic order. The neoliberal dream is dualistic: a cosmopolitan, mobile world for elites; a world of barriers, exploitation, and security controls for the rest. How has this dream stood up to the shock of the economic crisis? There has been some decline in new migration and increased return home of existing migrants. But long-term economic, social, and demographic factors make it likely that migrants will not go home, despite job-loss and reduced income. Migrants have developed forms of collective, individual, and community resistance that undermine top-down ‘migration management’. This could have major consequences for the future of international migration. La ideología neoliberal de la eficacia económica y la prosperidad compartida, disfraza la explotación laboral a una escala global. La movilización internacional de trabajadores y su diferenciación según el criterio de género, raza, etnicidad, origen y estado legal, forman una parte crucial del orden económico global. El sueño neoliberal es dualístico: un mundo cosmopolita y móvil para las élites, y un mundo de barreras, explotación y controles de seguridad para los demás. ¿Cómo ha podido este sueño levantarse ante el impacto de la crisis económica? Ha habido una disminución en la nueva migración y ha aumentado el regreso a sus casas de los migrantes existentes. Al parecer, a pesar de la pérdida de trabajo y la reducción de ingreso, los factores económicos, sociales y demográficos a largo plazo, no hacen que los migrantes regresen a sus casas. Los migrantes han desarrollado formas de resistencia colectiva, individual y comunitaria que mina de arriba hacia abajo ‘la gestión de la migración’. Esto podría traer mayores consecuencias para el futuro de la migración internacional. 新自由主义强调经济效率与共享繁荣的意识形态，它掩盖了全球范围内对劳工的剥削。工人的国际流动，以及他们在性别、种族、族群、出身和法律地位上的分化，是全球经济秩序的重要组成部分。新自由主义有两个梦想：一是精英们全世界流动，二是对精英之外的人们施加壁垒、剥削和安全控制。经济危机对这两个梦想造成了何种冲击？新移民有一定的减少，现有的移民中有越来越多的人回到了故土。但是，长期的经济、社会和人口因素，使现有的移民仍可能留下来，尽管他们面对着失业和收入减少的压力。针对自上而下的“移民管理”，移民通过集体、个人、社区等多种形式加以抵抗。这对未来的国际移民可能产生重大的影响。

Culture as a primary good: The case of Macedonia

In dealing with issue primary goods must we take into account national belonging as a particularly important form of cultural belonging? In multicultural countries, with tense inter-ethnic relations possible solutions may be position according to which it is impossible to ignore cultural belonging (more precisely, national belonging) when discussing primary goods. From this standing point, respecting politics of recognition is the main goal to these difficult social/cultural/political conflicts. If we accept politics of recognition as the way to raise claims for equal respect, for being recognized as full persons, given and not despite one's different identity, culture must be seen as one of primary goods. In that context, culture recognition is just response to the universal claim to be respected. Respect is always assigned indirectly and often, but not always, by means of acknowledging and granting specific rights. In Macedonian case culture is one of primary goods, pointing out necessity of inclusion in society. International community thought the Framework Agreement directed government's attention toward linguistic and cultural recognition of minority communities. In this way it is emphasized the importance of ethnic belonging rather than the bonds of common citizenship as ultimate values of the individuals living in the country. Citizens of Macedonia are seen as members of ethnic groups rather than simply counted as citizens of the republic. In Macedonian case culture is one of primary goods, pointing out necessity of inclusion in society, but do not provide an equal treatment of all citizens because this was not political necessity. In Constitution the accent was put on the worth of individuals based on ethnic criteria whereby certain ethnic groups were to be put in more privileged positions than others. Article proves that culture is one of primary goods because is a vital component of individual identity, but in practice, in Macedonia, theory is not fulfills completely, it is subordinated to political solution without equal status of all ethnic communities.

The dynamic of stereotypes and prejudices in the multicultural enviroment

We are dealing with different entities, they form patterns of behaviour and pupils may belong to different socio-cultural segments through the origin, language, religion, values, mentalities and attitudes towards the world. In our community the Romanians the majority and they are living with Hungarian, Germans, Gypsies, the Hungarians being the most representative ethno-cultural group in Tirgu Mures (from Transylvania, Romania).The purpose of our research is to capture in what way this multicultural school environment influences the adolescents in perceiving people from another culture, taking in consideration the ethnic criteria. In order to reveal the perception between Romanian and Hungarian teenagers, we have applied the “Social Distance” Test, inspired from the research of Bogardus. The “Social distance” reveals the behavioural intentions, the degree of acceptance of people from two different ethno-cultural groups.

A flock divided: race, religion, and politics in Mexico, 1749-1857

Catholicism, as it developed in colonial Mexico, helped to create a broad and remarkably inclusive community of Christian subjects, while it also divided that community into countless smaller flocks. Taking this contradiction as a starting point, Matthew D. O'Hara describes how religious thought and practice shaped Mexico's popular politics. As he shows, religion facilitated the emergence of new social categories and modes of belonging in which individuals-initially subjects of the Spanish crown, but later citizens and other residents of republican Mexico-found both significant opportunities for improving their place in society and major constraints on their ways of thinking and behaving. O'Hara focuses on interactions between church authorities and parishioners from the late-colonial era into the early-national period, first in Mexico City and later in the surrounding countryside. Paying particular attention to disputes regarding caste status, the category of Indian, and the ownership of property, he demonstrates that religious collectivities from neighborhood parishes to informal devotions served as complex but effective means of political organization for plebeians and peasants. At the same time, longstanding religious practices and ideas made colonial social identities linger into the decades following independence, well after republican leaders formally abolished the caste system that classified individuals according to racial and ethnic criteria. These institutional and cultural legacies would be profound, since they raised fundamental questions about political inclusion and exclusion precisely when Mexico was trying to envision and realize new forms of political community. The modes of belonging and organizing created by colonialism provided openings for popular mobilization, but they were always stalked by their origins as tools of hierarchy and marginalization.

Abstract A37: Methodological considerations in comparing first-generation Jamaican black immigrants to U.S.-born black (African-American) men in public health, behavioral, or health disparities research

Abstract Introduction: The findings of the present study resulted from a larger study of African American and Jamaican culture-based attitudes and behaviors regarding prostate cancer and prostate cancer screening. The original study was designed to conduct an in-depth exploration of ethnicity and culture-related pathways by which psychosocial processes may influence prostate cancer knowledge, attitudes, and screening behaviors. To identify and describe the unique cultural norms that influence African American and African Caribbean (Jamaican) men's attitudes and cancer screening practices, we first had to determine if a clear distinction between African American and Jamaican cultures existed between the two black ethnic subgroups. This study describes the process and challenges whereby investigators identified the ethnic and cultural inclusion criteria by which black men would be categorized as African American or Jamaican as well as the exclusion criteria which would preclude men from participating in the larger study of black ethnicity, culture, and prostate cancer knowledge, attitudes, and screening behaviors. Methods: A qualitative research design was used to explore what it meant to be either AA/Black or Jamaican/Black. Investigators conducted face-to-face, semistructured, taped interviews with 36 self-identified AA men and 24 Jamaican black men residing in the southern U.S. The participant's open-ended responses of their perceptions of ethnicity and culture were analyzed using the constant comparative method. The results of the analyses were used to assign study participants to either AA or Jamaican ethnocultural categories. Results: The results of the in-person interviews and analyses revealed qualitative distinctions between AA men born in the U.S. to at least two generations of U.S.-born black parents and first generation Jamaican-born men who resided in the country of Jamaica until at least age 12 and immigrated to the U.S. thereafter. In addition, a subsample of black men who self-identified as Jamaican were able to describe their ability to move effortlessly between the AA and Jamaican cultures depending on the social and political circumstances (these Jamaicans migrated to the U.S. prior to age 12). By contrast, AA men born and residing in the southeastern U.S. did not describe the ability to move in and out of Jamaican cultures. Conclusion: As a result, we concluded that in order to draw clear distinctions between AA and Jamaican cultures, the Jamaican men in our study population would be defined as first-generation Jamaican immigrants to the U.S. who resided in the country of Jamaica until at least age 12. AA men would be U.S.-born to at least two generations of U.S. born black parents and have lived in the U.S. with the exception of military service. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A37.

Cultural Demarcation of Hausa Song and Poetry Tradition

The aim of this article is to discuss the ethnic criteria for the classification of the Hausa literary genres of song and poetry. In terms of texts, no remarkable difference is noticed between song and poetry. In fact, Hausa has a single term, wak'a (plural wak'ok'i) for both types of literary expression. All wak'ok'i share certain things in common such as sung oral presentation (not spoken recitation) and strict metrical (or rhythmic) patterns. Nevertheless, one can draw a distinction between these two types of traditions: song is orally composed, whereas poetry is composed in written form, then sung or performed on the basis of a written text. In addition to these differences in modes of composition, one can discern other differences in types of meters, verse structure, performance style, rhyme pattern, themes and origin. This article will discuss these features and arrange them into three main categories: cognitive features, expressive features and social features. The primary emphasis of the discussion will be placed on how song and poetry can be culturally conceived as distinct literary entities. An analytical model proposed by Dan Ben-Amos in his study ‘Folklore in African society’ will be the methodological framework of this article, which arguably suggests that some theories developed in the field of folklore studies may also be efficiently employed in the field of literature studies.

Ethnicity and Choice Criteria in Retail Banking: A Malaysian Perspective

This exploratory research empirically investigates variation in bank choice criteria between three distinct culturalgroups in Malaysia, namely Malays, Chinese and Indians. The author predicted that, due to differences in valuesand lifestyles of the three ethnic groups, cultural differences would be observed in the level of importancemembers of each group attached to specific bank choice criteria. A quantitative methodology, using responsesgiven by 482 Malaysia’s undergraduates, is employed in the analysis. The results of this comparative analysisindicate that there is a difference in bank choice criteria based on ethnic backgrounds, and bank marketers cancapitalize on these differences, by identifying them and designing appropriate operations and marketingstrategies, leading to increased customer satisfaction and competitive advantage.

Polska kultura i nauka w 1968 roku. Uwarunkowania i podstawowe problemy egzystencji

The author presents the determinants and basic problems of existence of Polish science and culture in the period preceding the turbulent year of 1968, as well as the events directly related to this key date in Poland’s history. The departure, by Mr Gomułka’s team, from the ‘achievements’ of the Polish October of ’56, that is, from certain concessions of a democratic nature, evoked deep disappointment in both institutions and the scientific, cultural and artistic milieus, and this, in time, led to attempts at protest. The PRP authorities and, most of all, the sections therein which were responsible for science, education and culture, systematically intervened in activities of the respective professional groups. The tightening of censorship, restrictions in the allocation of printing paper for books and periodicals, the closing down of newspapers, weeklies and magazines ‘inconvenient’ from the point of view of the authorities, the lack of opportunities for dialogue and constructive criticism, repressions against those who openly expressed their independent opinions, and the systematic surveillance of the scientific and creative milieus, were only a part of operations undertaken by the PRP powers-that-be in the second half of the 1960s. It was in that climate that a conflict between the state and the Roman Catholic Church was played out in the process of the Polish State Millennium celebrations in 1966, which coincided with the escalation of the party’s conflict with the intellectuals and men and women of letters, as well as with intra-party infighting between factions within the PUWP. It was the shortcomings of the centralised, command economy and the growing shortages in the shops which resulted in Poland’s situation becoming unstable and threatening to explode. The role of the fuse was performed by the events of March 1968, which were enacted in the cultural and scientific milieus: the turbulent meetings of Warsaw’s men and women of letters, the removal of Adam Mickiewicz’s Dziady (Forefathers’ Eve) from the National Theatre’s repertoire, the manifestation in protest against the removal which followed the last performance, and finally, the students’ rally in the courtyard of Warsaw University, as well as the strikes on the part of students and the personnel of higher education institutions in Warsaw and other Polish cities as the continuation of that rally. It was after these events, when the party had launched an anti-intelligentsia campaign, supplemented with an anti-Semite witch hunt and smear campaign, unleashed by the ‘partisans’ faction around Mieczysław Moczar and by Mr Władysław Gomułka himself. An ‘ethnic criterion’ was applied to the Polish scientific and cultural milieus, eliminating, in the climate of a media witch hunt, renowned academic teachers, scholars, film-makers, publishers, journalists, men and women of letters of Jewish extraction and, finally, driving them to emigrate from Poland. The Polish Armed Forces’ participation in the aggression against Czechoslovakia in 1968 evoked another wave of protests in Poland. The world of culture and science and its representatives living in the West expressed solidarity with the Czech and Slovak nations. This resulted in new arrests and the further emigration of the intellectual elites. It was the most dogmatic and anti-liberal faction of the party apparatchiks, supported by secret and overtcollaborators with the security structures, who came from different professional groups that were also related to science, culture and education, which became highly vocal and obtained wide access to the mass media. It was in this period that Polish culture and science toughened up and delivered itself of illusions; however, it also suffered losses, the recouping of which would be a painful process and, subsequently, would subsequently take its full toll of years.

Is the prevalence and level of astigmatism different in indigenous Bangladeshi children compared with first-generation children of Bangladeshi origin born in the United Kingdom?

Aim: To compare the prevalence and level of astigmatism in indigenous Bangladeshi, first-generation British-Bangladeshi and indigenous white British children. Method: Indigenous Bangladeshi, first-generation British-Bangladeshi and indigenous white British children, aged 6–10 years, were recruited from within six London primary schools in the borough of Tower Hamlets. Each child’s refractive error was measured using the Plusoptix autorefractor without cycloplegia. Three readings were taken for each child and averaged to give the mean value for astigmatism. Results: One hundred and thirty-eight (12.8%) positive responses were received in total. Of these, 80 (57%) children fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Fifty-eight (42%) children were rejected because full parental consent was not given for 15 children, 32 children did not fulfil the strict ethnic criteria of the study and 11 children were not within the age range of the study. Eighteen children who fulfilled the criteria were absent from school on the day of testing. In total 62 (45%) children were tested. Analysis showed there was no significant difference in the amount of astigmatism for the right eye (x 2 = 2.306, d.f. = 2, p = 0.316) or left eye (x 2 = 2.935, d.f. = 2, p = 0.231) across the three groups. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the amount of astigmatism for the right and left eye between indigenous Bangladeshi, first-generation British-Bangladeshi and white-British children aged 6–10 years old. However, due to the small number of children recruited there was limited power to detect any significant differences in the findings.

Improving performance of ethnic group evolution algorithm by Gray code

The Ethnic Group Evolution Algorithm (EGEA) has used ethnic group mechanism, a kind of population-structured technology, to control the evolution tendency of population; meanwhile, it has used the binary code similarity among individuals to be the ethnic group clustering criterion. Because the hamming cliff problem of nature binary code was likely to affect the accuracy of ethnic group clustering, we proposed to make use of gray code to improve the evolution efficiency of EGEA. The simulations of numerical optimization show the EGEA based on gray code can improve the searching speed and the solution precision greatly.

Notes toward a cultural construction of modern foods

The creation of a scientifically pure sweetness was a historical process comparable to the standardisation of cooking oil or salt. But the case of sugar is almost unique. Today, quite different processes, concerned more with marketing than with chemistry, serve to elaborate, multiply and reshuffle products. These have the common objective of enlarging the aggregate market. They play upon taste, class aspiration and otherwise, to diversify the market in terms of class, ethnicity, and other criteria of social assortment, by inflecting the products themselves. Here I argue that two different meanings of the term ‘purity’ are popular, and that both are used to broaden and to deepen consumption.

Ethnicity and dangerousness criteria for court ordered admission to a psychiatric hospital

Black and minority ethnic (BME) populations are disproportionately detained in psychiatric hospitals. To examine the dangerousness criteria for compulsory court ordered admission to a psychiatric hospital in White and BME persons. We examined the psychiatric examinations for court ordered compulsory admissions in 506 White and 299 BME persons from October 2004 until January 2008 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The White and BME groups are compared using Chi-square tests and in case of significant differences with logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, mental disorders and socio-economic background. In BME persons, violence towards others and neglect of relatives were more often reasons to request court order admission as compared with Whites (39.8 vs. 25.3%, P < 0.001, respectively, 6.4 vs. 2.4%, P = 0.01). This remained true after adjustment for age, gender, mental disorders and socio-economic background [OR 1.56 (95% CI 1.12-2.18), P = 0.01, respectively; OR 3.08 (95% CI 1.31-7.26), P = 0.01]. The other reasons for a request of court order admission had a similar prevalence in both groups (suicide or self-harm, social decline, severe self-neglect, arousal of aggression of others, danger to the mental health of others, and the general safety of persons and goods). Violence towards others and neglect of relatives are more often a reason to request court ordered admission in BME than in White persons. BME patients are more often perceived as potentially dangerous to others.

Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation After Catheter Ablation

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), as well as several risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, is known to be associated with atrial fibrillation (AF), but its impact on the recurrence of AF after catheter ablation has not been explored. The data for 654 consecutive AF patients who underwent an index circumferential pulmonary vein ablation were retrospectively analyzed. Of them, 323 (49.4%) had MetS according to the modified National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and Chinese ethnic criteria. After a mean follow-up of 470+/-323 (91-1,245) days, patients with MetS had a significantly higher incidence of AF recurrence (43.7%) compared with non-MetS patients (30.5%, P<0.001). Univariate analysis revealed that nonparoxysmal AF, left atrial size, MetS and body mass index were predictors of AF recurrence. Multivariate analysis revealed that MetS (hazard ratio =1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-2.49, P=0.022) and nonparoxysmal AF (hazard ratio =1.57, 95% CI 1.15-2.14, P=0.004) were independent predictors of AF recurrence. The major complications rate did not differ between the MetS and the non-MetS groups (1.86% vs 2.42%, P=0.621). MetS diagnosed prior to AF ablation is an independent predictor of AF recurrence.

Circulating fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in a nested case‐control study: The Multiethnic Cohort

Dietary fat, including specific fatty acids (FAs), has been proposed to contribute to prostate cancer pathogenesis, but findings from studies based on biomarkers have been conflicting. We examined the association between erythrocyte membrane FA composition and prostate cancer risk in a nested case‐control study within a large cohort of African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and Whites. Analyses included 376 cases and 729 matched controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) with adjustment for the matching criteria of ethnicity, age and date of blood draw, and fasting status, as well as family history of prostate cancer, BMI, physical activity, and education. No significant association was found for saturated, mono‐ and polyunsaturated FAs, or for specific n‐3 and n‐6 FAs, even when the analysis was limited to advanced or high grade prostate cancer. An ethnic‐specific analysis of African Americans, the only group with enough case numbers, showed a suggestive, but not statistically significant inverse association between α‐linolenic acid and prostate cancer risk (OR for the highest vs. lowest tertile = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.14–1.09, Ptrend = 0.09). Our findings do not support an association between FAs and prostate cancer risk. Grant sponsor: National Cancer Institute; Grant No. R37 CA54281.

Border agglomerations in the Baltic area : obstacles and possibilities for local interaction

Abstract. In order to evaluate the factors that influence the spatial behaviour of border agglomeration inhabitants and to relate them to the geopolitical Situation, attention is given here to three divided towns in the Baltic Sea region: Haparanda-Tornio, Narva-Ivangorod and Valga/Valka. The three cases represent different geopolitical and ethnical configurations. Boundary theory is discussed as part of (inter)action theory, with particular emphasis on the homogenizing role of the State in contrast to the (inter)action possibilities of individuals living in a border area. In the Haparanda-Tornio study case, a homogenous population on the Finnish side is compared to a more diversified ethnie grouping in Haparanda, Sweden. Here, immigrants from Finland are seen to have an action space directed towards Finland, while bilingual locals act as bridge-builders. In Narva-Ivangorod, the same Russian ethnic group lives on both sides of the boundary, but geopolitical restrictions hamper local cross-boundary interaction. Valga/Valka, in contrast, is divided according to ethnic criteria. Little motivation for border crossing appears to be given, except for the Russian speaking population, which at the same time has the greatest formal difficulties in crossing.The internal European Union borders, both recent and older, thus allow ethnie and linguistic factors to influence the action and communication space of inhabitants.The EU/non-EU boundary restricts the possibilities of local cross-boundary interaction even in situations where the population belongs to the same ethnie group.

Self-determining the Self: Aspects of Saami Identity Management in Sweden

The topic of this paper concerns the variable essentialist and constructivist perceptions of Saami identity as reflected in the criteria specified by the Swedish state on the one hand and the notions of those who self-identify as Saami on the other. Hence, it deals heavily in the comparison of state as opposed to Saami formal definitions of “Saami”, but it is the general principles and the dilemmas highlighted in these definitions that are under scrutiny here. Although this paper focuses predominantly on the taxonomies of various criteria of ethnicity, it does so in an effort to make these open to changeable, relational content. Just what characterizes Saami relational content or what different content might be emphasized by different Saami groups is not the primary focus here. This heuristic discussion is aimed not to consider the replacement of rights inherited through individual descent lines as per the original conception of immemorial right. Rather it is to chart a possible ‘‘phase-in’’ course by which cultural competency can come in time to warrant rights accorded to members of a collective ethnic ancestry.

Les historiens de l’art au pays des anthropologues. Emprunts de catégories et impasses disciplinaires

Art Historians in the Society of Anthropologists : Borrowing Categories and the Limits of the Disciplins Around 1860 several French artists, architects and art historians started to join the two big Parisian societies : the Société d’Anthroplogie de Paris and the Société d’Ethnographie. What was their purpose in doing so ? At the time the field of art history was still in its infancy, and in the process of defining a methodology and creating its own institutions. Both physical anthropology and ethnography (understood in its more cultural aspects) seemed able to provide guidelines to this fledgling discipline, which aspired to the status of a science and set as its goal a comprehensive approach to art. The study of reviews, publications and exhibitions reveals the existence of informal intellectual circles reuniting the members of these scientific societies. The systems they devised together relied heavily on principles of causality and on racial or ethnic criteria. Their scientific model was no longer simply the scientism of Taine, but also, in a deeper sense, the construction of an evolutionist and hierarchical art history. This marriage of art history and anthropology paradoxically closed off for many decades the possibility of a new art history, which, breaking with traditional concepts, would have opened itself to other, non-Western cultures. It also encouraged in some respect an esoteric tendency in art history.

Dual Citizenship Debates in Armenia: In Pursuit of National Identity since Independence

Abstract: Dual citizenship has been a highly contested issue in Armenia since independence. Contesting perceptions of Armenian national identity have largely contributed diverging policies on dual citizenship. On the one hand, pragmatists have emphasized state security concerns, endorsed a civic type of national identity and rejected dual citizenship. Nationalists, on the other, have emphasized pan-national/ethnic security concerns, endorsed an ethnic vision of national identity and advocated dual citizenship based on ethnic criteria. Following a liberal nationalist approach, this article argues that national identity is not just a function of a pre-existing ethnicity or religion. It is primarily a political phenomenon and requires shared political experiences within a bounded political community. Therefore, granting citizenship diaspora Armenians with different political experiences and worldviews most probably will restrict the capacity for self-determination among local citizens and will aggravate the existing democratic deficit and endemic lack of trust in government. Key words: Armenia, democracy, dual citizenship, national identity, nationalists, pragmatists ********** Constitutional amendments a pivotal political issue for Armenia. (1) Among several changes that the amended constitution does not contain is a clause banning dual citizenship, specified in Article 14 of the constitution. (2) The issue of dual citizenship in Armenia has been at the heart of political debate since independence. As the National Assembly's (NA) Deputy Speaker, Ara Sahakyan, announced in 1994, debates around dual citizenship and citizens' rights and obligations divided the NA into two extreme poles. (3) This article discusses two interrelated themes. First, it will present official and opposition attitudes on dual citizenship in Armenia from 1994 2005. In this section it will be argued that the dual citizenship debate in Armenia is essentially a result of differing perceptions of national identity. While the pre-1998 official discourse on national identity clearly leaned toward a civic type, the post-998 official discourse is marked by a tendency toward an ethnic definition of national identity. A great deal of the literature on citizenship indicates that the historical link between citizenship and nationality is disappearing as a result of processes such as globalization and the proliferation of human rights. The importance and impact of those processes is undeniable. Yet the Armenian case indicates that the current debates on citizenship also debates about nationhood. As William Rogers Brubaker argues, debates on citizenship are debates about what it means, and ought mean, be a member of a nation-state in today's increasingly international world. (4) Moreover, while adopting international norms and the standardized language of universal rights, states in a position mold and adjust the discourse domestic priorities and security concerns. Second, based on the theory of liberal nationalism, an argument will be made against dual citizenship in Armenia. It will be argued that concessions and tolerance possible only when there is trust within ethical communities, that is, states whose citizens have special moral obligations each other, but not outsiders. (5) The sense of shared national identity (based on shared political experiences), and belonging a bounded political community, helps sustain the trust and solidarity needed for citizens to accept the results of democratic decisions and the obligations of liberal justice. (6) Some Theoretical Considerations on Civic and Ethnic Typology of National Identity Since the mid-twentieth-century, scholars have categorized nationalism based on a Western/civic/liberal and Eastern/ethnic/organic definition. According this definition, civic national identity, which emerged in the late sixteenth-century in Western Europe, and later in North America, is based on concepts of individual liberty, choice, and rational cosmopolitanism. …

From Reeds to Tourism: The Transformation of Territorial Conflicts in the Titicaca National Reserve

This paper explores the ways in which tourism development has resulted in new and competing forms of territoriality in the Peruvian Andes. In a predominantly subsistence economy, the income opportunities offered by tourism have intensified conflicts relating to territorial control. Analysis focuses on a dispute between the direction of the Lake Titicaca National Reserve and the Uros, an indigenous group living within the Reserve. Both have attempted to enforce their authority over the Reserve’s territory in order to control tourism flows and revenues. The Uros strive for the establishment of their own Communal Reserve, creating a new territorial division based on ethnic criteria. The elaboration of contradicting tourism use plans has created multiple normative frameworks used by both parties to support their claims for authority over the contested territory.

Territorialisation de l'ethnicité, ethnicisation du territoire. Le cas du système politique soviétique et russe

Despite the cultural, social and economic diversity of the population groups making up the Russian empire, ethnic criteria generally did not play any role in the administrative division of the territory. After October 1917, the Bolsheviks chose the concept of a multi-ethnic state over a nation-state. A multi-ethnic state - or, more specifically, a federation based on ethnic criteria - was derived from the principle of national self-determination. As a result of this political choice, ethnicity has become a central concept of the system of social representation as well as a key instrument in population management.