Crinum Asiaticum Research Articles

Aquatic plants as niche for lay eggs and raising juveniles by freshwater fish in three swamp habitats in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Dharmono, Mahrudin, Irianti R, Fajeriadi H. 2022. Aquatic plants as niche for lay eggs and raising juveniles by freshwater fish in three swamp habitats in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1520-1526. Swamp is an area that is almost always waterlogged throughout the year, making it a very unique ecosystem. There is a wide variety of ecosystem services provided by swamp ecosystems, one of those is a habitat of freshwater fish, which is related to the presence of swamp vegetation. This study aimed to investigate swamp plants used as niches for freshwater fish to lay eggs and raise its offspring in three swamp areas in three regencies (i.e., Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, Tanah Laut Regency and Barito Kuala Regency) in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Purposive random sampling was conducted in each swamp by observing and documenting the types of plants where fish eggs and offspring were found. We recorded 26 species of aquatic plants used by 17 species of swamp fish to lay eggs and raise offspring/fry. Eichhornia crassipes was the most widely used aquatic plant species with 100% of all freshwater fish species found (17 fish species), followed by Pistia stratiotes by 70.6% (12 fish species) and Cyperus digitatus, Lemna minor, Nelumbo nucifera, Utricularia aurea and Crinum asiaticum with each used by 52.9% (9 fish species). These plant species favored by fish need to be maintained and controlled to support the population of the fish.

Catalytic activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Crinum asiaticum (Sudarshan) leaf extract

Synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) from the green route has been gaining momentum in recent years since it is an eco-friendly, cost-efficient, non-toxic and straightforward use of precursors. The study presents a green route to synthesize Ag-NPs using green leaves of Crinum asiaticum and examines how biomolecules present in Crinum asiaticum lead to the formation of Ag-NPs. Biosynthesized Ag-NPs were confirmed, and the effect of varying pH, reaction temperature and plant extract concentration on the reduction of silver ions was observed. Ag-NPs exhibit an absorption peak at around 449 nm due to surface plasmon resonance. The size, morphology, crystalline structure and stability of Ag-NPs were examined using different techniques like absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and zeta potential analysis. The shape of Ag-NPs was spherical and the average particle size was about 11 nm. Appreciable catalytic properties of Ag-NPs were also ascertained by reducing a toxic dye like methylene blue (MB) in the presence of NaBH4 with a rate constant of 0.097 min−1.

In-vitro Anti-Tuberculosis, Anti-Efflux Pumps and Anti-Biofilm Effects of Crinum Asiaticum Bulbs

Drug resistant tuberculosis remains one of the major challenges associated with treatment and management of tuberculosis (TB) in the public health system and in clinical settings. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about 186,772 people died from drug-resistant tuberculosis out of the 500000 reported cases and this is alarming. There is a pressing need from every angle in drug discovery to develop novel compounds that could possess diverse mechanisms of action to tackle drug-resistant tuberculosis. The Crinum asiaticum bulbs extract are used ethno medicinally to treat upper respiratory tract infections and as well as wound healing agent. The aim of this work is to investigate the in-vitro anti-tuberculosis effect of Crinum asiaticum bulbs extracts and to assess the inhibitory properties against bacteria efflux pumps expression and biofilm formation. The results obtained showed that the Crinum asiaticum bulbs extracts (CAE) were effective in inhibiting Mycobacterium smegmatis (NCTC 8159) and Mycobacterium aurum (NCTC 10437) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml against M. smegmatis and M. aurum respectively. The CAE markedly inhibited the efflux pumps of both M. smegmatis and M. aurum from expressing with the chloroform extract producing the greatest inhibition. The CAE (ethanol, methanol, chloroform and hexane) significantly (***ρ˂0.005) inhibited M. smegmatis’ and M. aurum’s biofilm formation in-vitro. Among the various extracts of Crinum asiaticum, the chloroform extract exhibited the greatest inhibition against M. smegmatis and M. aurum biofilm formation with significance levels of ***ρ˂0.005 and ***ρ˂0.005. In conclusion the CAE has anti-tuberculosis effect and could tackle drug resistant TB as exhibited through the anti-efflux and anti-biofilm forming properties of the extract against the selected Mycobacterium species.

Ameliorative potential of Crinum asiaticum Linn leaf extracts on Elevated blood glucose in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

In the present investigation the glucose lowering potential of the leaf extracts of Crinum asiaticum were prepared using cold maceration technique in solvents of varying polarity. The extracts exhibited the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics and tannins. The oral toxicity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts was determined and these two extracts were used of evaluating the antidiabetic activity. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed and diabetes was induced using alloxan (150 mg/kg) in rats. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts at two dose levels (200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg) were used for evaluating glucose lowering capability. Both the aqueous and the ethanolic extracts were found to significantly reduce glucose levels with the aqueous extract at dose level 200 mg/kg being the most effective (50% reduction) whereas the ethanolic extract was able to reduce the blood glucose by around 35% at the same dose level.

Hepatoprotective effects of norgalanthamine on carbon tetrachloride induced-hepatotoxicity in mice

Norgalanthamine is a major component of Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum that exhibits several biological activities. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of norgalanthamine in mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Norgalanthamine (1 and 10 mg/kg) was orally administered to mice for 7 or 14 days, after which liver injury was induced by CCl4 (1.5 ml/kg, i.p.). The vehicle and positive controls consisted of phosphate-buffered saline and silymarin (100 mg/kg), respectively. In CCl4-injured mice, norgalanthamine pretreatment significantly reversed the increases in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin levels, and the decrease in the serum glucose level. In the liver, norgalanthamine restored the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, while reducing lipid accumulation and, concurrently, the expression of genes involved in lipid synthesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and adipocyte protein-2. Norgalanthamine also ameliorated inflammation by down-regulating the expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1, and up-regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. In addition, norgalanthamine decreased collagen deposition in liver tissue as shown on picrosirius red staining by down-regulating expression of the fibrosis-related genes αSMA and fibronectin. Collectively, these findings imply that norgalanthamine mitigates CCl4-induced hepatic injury by increasing anti-oxidative activity, down-regulating pro-inflammatory mediators and fibrosis-related genes in the liver. Highlights Norgalanthamine ameliorated the hepatotoxicity after CCl4 injury. Norgalanthamine suppressed the activation of Kupffer cells and macrophages. Norgalanthamine down-regulated pro-inflammatory mediators. Norgalanthamine increased anti-oxidative activity via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Norgalanthamine downregulated fibrosis-related genes in the liver.

EFFECTIVENESS OF BAKUNG EXTRACT (CRINUM ASIATICUM L) AS AN ANALGESIC IN ACETIC ACID-INDUCED MICE

Crinum asiaticum L. leaves is a plant that has a pharmacological effect, which is to relieve pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ethanol extract of daffodils as an analgesic effect on male mice DDY. The extract was obtained through the maceration extraction method and was administered by oral administration with three dose variations, namely 200 mg/kg BW, 400 mg/kg BW, and 800 mg/kg BW. Ibuprofen 52 mg/kgBW was used as a positive control and Na-CMC 0,5% as a negative control. 30 minutes after induced with 1% acetic acid the amount of stretching was observed every 5 minutes to 60 minutes. The results showed the best analgesic effect at dose III 800 mg/kg BW with the percentage of analgesic protection of 80,66%. The results of effectiveness at dose III 800 mg/kg BW of 99,37% which is almost the same as the effectiveness of Ibuprofen at a dose of 52 mg/kgBW of 100%

Flavanols and Flavanes from Crinum asiaticum and Their Effects on LPS Signaling Pathway Through the Inhibition of NF-κB Activation.

Three new flavanols, (2R,3S)-7-methoxy-flavan-3-ol (1: ), (2R,3S)-7-hydroxy-flavan-3-ol (2: ), and (2R,3S)-2'-hydroxy-7-methoxy-flavan-3-ol (3: ), together with two known flavans (4: and 5: ), were isolated from the chloroform extract of Crinum asiaticum. Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and CD data. The isolated compounds 1: and 3: -5: showed inhibitory activity toward LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. Further investigation of the NF-κB pathway mechanisms indicated that 1: and 3: -5: inhibited the LPS-induced IL-6 production and p65 subunit phosphorylation of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells, with an effective dose of 10 µM.

Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of the chloroform extract of Crinum asiaticum bulbs in mice.

Crinum asiaticum bulbs are widely distributed in parts of Africa and Asia, most evidence suggest this plant is an Asian in origin with some occurrence in the Indian Ocean islands. In Ghana, it is mostly found in the southern part and used ethno-medicinally to treat upper respiratory tract infection, severe cough, skin infection and healing of wounds. In spite of the usage among the indigenous people, there is very little published research on toxicity pertaining to the short or long term use of the bulbs of Crinum asiaticum. The aim of this study is to assess the acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of the chloroform extract of Crinum asiaticum bulbs (CCAE) in ICR mice. In the acute toxicity test, healthy male and non-pregnant female ICR mice (15-20 g) were used. Mice were given single low dose of CCAE orally (2000 mg/kg) in one group and 5000 mg/kg in another group as the highest dose and the control group recieved 1 ml/kg of normal saline (p.o). Gross observation from the acute toxicity study was made for seven days. In the sub-acute toxicity study, doses of 500 and 1500 mg/kg of CCAE were administered orally for 14 days consecutively and observations made throughout the period. In both studies, the animals were closely observed for clinical behavioral changes such as fixed posture, vasodilatation, irritabilities, change in body weight, loss of appetite, hair loss and mortalities. The toxic effect of the extract on liver, kidneys, haematological, and biochemical parameters were assessed including histopathological examination to assess the integrity of the cells of kidney and liver. In conclusion the toxicity study of CCAE showed no significant toxic effect on the liver, kidney, body weight, neurological functions, haematological and biochemical parameters in oral acute toxicity test followed by sub-acute oral toxicity test. Histopathological studies on the cells of kidney and liver appeared normal. The LD50 was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Hence the chloroform extract of Crinum asiaticum bulbs are not toxic when the dosing is below 5000 mg/kg.

Uji Aktivitas Antinosiseptif Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Dandang Gendis [Clinacanthus nutans (Burn F) Lindau] Dan Daun Bakung (Crinum asiaticum L.) secara In Vivo

The development of new and effective pain medications that are natural isexpected to have the benefits of treatment. The purpose of this study was todetermine the antinociceptive effectiveness of a combination of 75% ethanolextract from dandang gendis leaves and 96% ethanol fraction of bakungleaf. In this study was used chemical method induction (Sigmund's method)in 25 male mice which were divided into 5 treatment groups, namelytreatment group I as negative control was given CMC 0.5%, treatmentgroup II as positive control was given acetosal 100 mg / kg BW, treatmentgroups III, IV and V were given combinations extract. Each group was giventreatment orally, thirty minutes then induced with 0.6% acetic acidintraperitonially, after which it was observed and counted for the amount ofstretching for sixty minutes. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test.The results of this study showed that all treatment groups had a significantdifference (p <0.05), the combination of 75% ethanol extract dandanggendis leaf and 96% ethanol fraction of bakung leaf with a dose of 100 mg/ kg BW had good effectiveness with a percent effectiveness value of 92.50%.The results of this study indicate that the combination of 75% ethanolextract from dandang gendis leaf (Clinacanthus nutans (Burn F) Lindau)and 96% ethanol fraction from bakung leaf (Crinum asiaticum) with thesame concentration ratio, have relatively higher antinociceptive of theactivity of each extract, in other words both of them work together.

Linh Phu Khang Tue Tinh inhibited prostate proliferation in rats induced benign prostatic hyperplasia by testosterone propionate

Ethnopharmacological relevanceBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the hyperproliferation of the stromal and the epithelial cells within the prostatic transition zone. In recent years, phytotherapy have been studied with the concern for increasing quality of life, improving lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) as well as reducing prostate volume and the frequency of adverse events was similar to that of placebo.Linh Phu Khang Tue Tinh (LPKTT) capsules are formulated from 4 herbs widely used in traditional Vietnamese medicine - Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen - Tam thất (radix), Crinum asiaticum L. - Náng hoa trắng or giant crinum lily, Polygonum cuspidatum Willd. ex Spreng. (= Reynoutria japonica Houtt) - Cốt củ khí or Japanese knotweed (radix), Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. (formerly known as Hedyotis diffusa Spreng.) - Bạch hoa xà thiẹ^t thảo or slender oldenlandia (herb). The preparation has been used in traditional Vietnamese medicine to treat nocturia, weak urine stream, urinary tract infection. According to modern studies, these herbs have anti-inflammation, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. Aims of the studyEvaluating the effects of LPKTT capsules on the development of BPH using a rat model of BPH induced by testosterone propionate (TP). Materials and methods60 male Wistar rats, 10–12 weeks of age, weight 200–250 g were separated into six groups: (G1) a normal control group that was taken orally phosphate-buffered saline (p.o.; PBS.) with corn oil (subcutaneous injection- Sc); (G2) a BPH model group that received PBS (p.o) with TP (Sc); (G3) a positive control group that received dutasteride (25 μg/kg BW/24 h, p.o.) with TP (Sc); (G4) a positive control group that received alfuzosin HCl (1.8 mg/kg BW/24 h, p.o.) with TP (s.c.) and (G5 and G6) LPKTT groups that received LPKTT at 289.8 or 869.4 mg/kg(p.o.) respectively, with TP (s.c.). BPH model was induced by Sc of TP, 3 mg/kg for 4 weeks. After that, rats were received NaCl/Dutasteride/Alfuzosin/LPKTT for the next 28 days. On the 56th day, assessed the results were through the indicators: micturition frequency, voided volume, total voided volume, the prostate and body weights, the ratio of prostate weight to body weight, prostate histology. ResultsLPKTT reduced micturition frequency and increased the voided volume when compared to the control group (p < 0.01). The results were equivalent to those of the alfuzosin ones (G4). LPKTT lowered prostate weight and the ratio of prostate weight to body weight when compared to the control group (p < 0.01). These reductions were the same in the dutasteride ones. Histomorphology in G5 and G6 also showed that LPKTT inhibited TP induced prostatic hyperplasia. The results were similar to that in the dutasteride group. Microscopic images of prostate in G5 and G6 were almost similar to that of G1. ConclusionLPKTT capsules work to inhibit prostate proliferation in rats induced BPH by TP.

Reduksi Kadar Phospat Limbah Cair Rumah Sakit Menggunakan Bakung Putih (Crinum asiaticum Linn.) (Studi Kasus: RSUD dr. Soehadi Prijonegoro Kabupaten Sragen)

RSUD dr. Soehadi Prijonegoro Sragen produces liquid waste containing microorganisms, toxic and radioactive chemicals. The results of the laboratory examination showed that the liquid waste level always exceeded the quality standard, namely the parameter of phosphate. The phosphate level in September 2013 was 4.80 mg / L, while in December 2013 the concentration was 2.60 mg / L, so additional treatment is needed, one of which is phytoremediation using white daffodils (Crinum asiaticum Linn.). This research method is an experimental research design with pre-post Test with Control Group Design where the wastewater will pass through a wet tank containing white lily plants with a residence time of 24 hours/day and a treatment rate of 1100 liters/day. Th research aimed to determine the effect of phytoremediation of white daffodils on the reduction of phosphate levels and the average percentage of its reduction. The results of this study in the ninth and tenth sample collection met the quality standards of 1.99 mg / L and 1.89 mg / L. Phytoremediation of white daffodils (Crinum asiaticum linn.) may reduce phosphate levels by 45.59%.

Diverse large lepidopteran pollinators promote the naturalisation of Crinum asiaticum in invaded and disturbed habitats, despite apparent floral specialisation

Crinum asiaticum is phenotypically specialised with white, scented, very long-tubed flowers, suggesting that only long-proboscid hawkmoths may be effective pollinators. However, this species has frequently escaped cultivation in many tropical and subtropical regions. We therefore investigated the reproductive biology of C. asiaticum to understand how it is able to naturalise, despite phenotypic specialisation. We examined the ability for autonomous selfing and reliance on sexual versus vegetative reproduction in C. asiaticum var. sinicum, using a group individuals growing and propagating naturally in a suburban botanical garden. We also analysed the floral syndrome, recorded floral visitors, determined the pollination effectiveness of floral visitors, and reviewed records of floral visitors at different observation sites. Sexual reproduction provides a much greater potential for dispersal than vegetative reproduction in C. asiaticum var. sinicum. This plant does not perform autonomous selfing and shows poor self-compatibility. The floral syndrome strongly points to long-proboscid hawkmoth pollination, whereas both hawkmoths and swallowtail butterflies with varied tongue lengths were observed as floral visitors because the nectar can accumulate to high levels and therefore fills the majority or all of the perianth tube. Both butterflies and hawkmoths effectively deposited pollen on stigmas. Thus, natural propagation should be attributed to sufficient cross pollination by local lepidopterans. Our findings suggest that autonomous selfing and vegetative reproduction may not be necessary for naturalisation and long-term persistence of plant populations in highly disturbed habitats or new ranges, even if the plants exhibit an extremely specialised floral syndrome.

COMPARATIVE KARYOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF TWO SPECIES OF CRINUM

Crinum asiaticum L. and Crinum latifolium L. are members of the family Amaryllidaceae. Karyomorphological studies of these two species had been performed by using different quantitative and qualitative parameters to know the karyotype asymmetry, which defines the advanced and primitive nature of these two species. The study revealed that Crinum asiaticum L. and Crinum latifolium L. are diploid with 2n=22 chromosomes. based on Total Chromatin Length, Arm Ratio, Gradient Index, Form Percentage, Total Form Percentage, Karyotype Asymmetry Index, Symmetry Index, and Stebbins classification, Crinum asiaticum L. is more advanced than Crinum latifolium L.

Strategic planting for watershed restoration in coastal urban environment – Toward carbon sequestration by stormwater improvement

Organic compounds and nutrients in urban runoff create negative impacts to global warming. Riparian planting (RP) of urban watershed can enhance the degradation of pollutants, while fixing the carbon and nitrogen in plant biomass. Although a few previous publications have demonstrated the potential benefits of stormwater treatment by RP, the critical plant-specific indexes and corresponding contributions to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, in both the senses of water purification and carbon fixation, have never been elucidated quantitatively. This study investigated a total of 21 plant species to their capacities reducing both carbonaceous pollutants and ammonia in synthetic stormwater during a 30-day period and under different operational conditions. Water quality data were collected to analyze the half-life (t1/2) of pollutants degradation rates of each plant species. Carbon contents in the stem, leaf, and root of each species were measured and used to calculate the total carbon sequestration potential per planting area. Colocasia tonoimo (CT) and Thalia dealbata in freshwater; Crinum asiaticum and Phragmites australis in brackish water; and Kandelia obovate and Aegiceras corniculatum in seawater showed shortest average t1/2 for the degradation of all three pollutants. Negative linear relationships were found between the t1/2 of ammonia and the increased biomass in leaves and shoot. The highest carbon sequestration densities calculated using plant CT in the batch and continuous flow systems were 231.1 and 313.9 g/m2, respectively. Nitrogen sequestration densities of CT in batch and continuous flow conditions were 16.7 and 22.6 g/m2, respectively, which were also the highest among all the tested plant species. Current GHG emission of the targeted watershed without planting (Tsui Ping River, Hong Kong) were 0.151 kg CO2-e/m3-water treated. When CT were planted in the simulated watershed at the maximum areas the GHG emission can be reduced to lower than 0.082 kg CO2-e/m3.

Effects of Various Preextraction Treatments of Crinum asiaticum Leaf on Its Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Chemical Properties.

Crinum asiaticum Linn. has been used in Thai traditional medicine to relieve inflammatory symptoms and treat osteoarthritis. There have been reports on its potent anti-inflammatory property but nothing on the effects of different pretreatments on its chemical properties and anti-inflammatory activity. Pretreatment of herbal raw materials is an important step which affects the overall quality of Thai traditional medicine. The objectives of this study were to investigate different treatments of C. asiaticum leaves prior to ethanolic extraction and to compare the extracts for their anti-inflammatory activity and chemical properties. The treatments included hot air drying in an oven, microwave drying, traditional grilling on a charcoal stove before drying in an oven, and temperature shock in hot and cold water before hot air drying. The anti-inflammatory activity and chemical properties of the extracts were analyzed using the established methods. Results showed that 95% ethanolic extract of hot air oven-dried leaves had the highest anti-inflammatory activity and total phenolic and lycorine contents. We recommend hot air drying as a preextraction treatment for C. asiaticum leaves for its simplicity, best retention of the herbal quality, and suitability for scaling up to an industrial process.

The Effects of Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Baker Seeds on Neuroprotection and Antineuroinflammation in Neuronal Cell Lines

Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Baker is a Korean herbal medicine that is traditionally prescribed for reducing fever and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated if the ethanol extract of C. asiaticum seeds (ECAS) influences the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. ECAS markedly inhibited the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Concurrent treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ECAS significantly prevented the neuronal cell death by regulating phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. ECAS revealed antineuroinflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide production and suppressing inducible nitric oxide expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Furthermore, the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis determined lycorine as a standard compound of ECAS. Our data suggest that ECAS has inhibitory effects on AD pathogenesis such as AChE activation, neuronal damage, and neuroinflammation.

Phytopharmacological Review on Crinum asiaticum: A Potential Medicinal Herb

Background: Herbs have been used since ancient times for the treatment of various ailments. One such herb is Sudershan which has widely been used (Crinum asiaticum, family Amaryllidaceae), in traditional and Ayurvedic systems of medicines in India, Hongkong, Sri Lanka, China, Thailand and other countries due to its efficacy in curing and preventing of various diseases. Hence, the compilation of the botanical, ethnomedical uses and phytoconstituents data will be of great benefit to mankind. Method: The literature review of the plant was collected from various databases viz. Web of Science, PubMed and Science Direct from the year 1935 to date. Results: The compiled data on the therapeutic efficacy and phytoconstituents nature of the plant provides a platform for the future researcher. Conclusion: The data revealed the therapeutic effects viz. antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-thrombotic, anti-HIV and hair growth promotion activities of the crude drug, fractions, isolated secondary metabolites by various analytical methods that can be useful in the utilization for the development and formulation of herbal preparation by future researcher.

Assessment of Antiurolithiatic Potentials of Crinum asiaticum Bulbs by in vitro and in vivo Approaches

Objectives: To evaluate the antiurolithiatic potential of Crinum asiaticum through in vitro and in vivo methods. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of Crinum asiaticum (EECA) subjected for phytochemical screening and HPTLC fingerprinting. In vitro antiurolithiatic activity of EECA was determined by Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) crystal nucleation and aggregation assays. Acute toxicity studies were performed as per OECD 423 guidelines. For in vivo antiurolithiatic activity 36 male wistar rats divided into six groups. Group I served as control, groups II to VI are administered with 0.75 % v/v ethylene glycol for 28 days to induce hyperoxaluria where in group II served as toxic control and group III as standard. Group IV to VI served as test and received respective doses of EECA from 15 to 28 days. After 28 days, creatinine, BUN, uric acid was estimated. Calcium, oxalate, phosphate were estimated in urine and kidney homogenate also subjected for histopathological studies. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. HPTLC fingerprinting shows the presence of 7 terpenoids and 7 flavonoids at 540nmand 366nm respectively after derivatization. In vitro studies showed reduction in CaOx crystal aggregation and promoted nucleation after treatment with EECA. In vivo studies also showed reduction in elevated levels of serum creatinine, BUN, uric acid and levelsof calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine and kidney homogenate as compared to control group. The results were supported by histopathological studies. Conclusion: The EECA have shown significant antiurolithiatic activity by reducing calculi. Key words: Antiurolithiatic activity, Crinum asiaticum, CaOx crystal aggregation, CaOx crystal nucleation, HPTLC Fingerprinting.

Ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry, toxicity and pharmacological benefits of poison bulb – Crinum asiaticum L.

Crinum asiaticum L. (Amaryllidaceae), also known as poison bulb or spider lily, is a perennial bulbous herb bearing feathery green leaves, employed to induce emesis during poisoning. In Ayurveda, it is called ‘naagadami’, in Malaysia, the natives refer to it as ‘bakong’, ‘morabau’ is its name in Papua New Guinea, and it is known as ‘lys’ or ‘lis sauvage’ in Mauritius. In ethnomedicine, it is employed to relieve anguish from a plethora of ailment conditions such as boils, contusions, earache, edema, fever, fractures, gastrointestinal complaints, hernia, mumps, rheumatism, tonsillitis, urinary difficulties and vomiting, amongst others. It is economically valuable due to its medicinal and ornamental attributes. Given the lack of an updated comprehensive one stop documentation on this species, this review aims to compile its morphological characteristics, geographical distribution, as well as its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicity potential. While the extracts of C. asiaticum were found to be particularly rich in alkaloids, chemical analysis of essential oils obtained from C. asiaticum revealed the presence of miscellaneous components including alcohols, phenolics, fatty acids, esters, aldehydes, terpenoids and terpenes. Extracts and compounds from C. asiaticum have been evaluated for their antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-plasmodial, cytotoxicity, anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties. Only one clinical study has showed that repeated and single cutaneous applications of the extract under the occlusive patch did not provoke any cumulative irritation and sensitization reactions. In conclusion, this plant holds promising pharmacological properties that deserves renewed attention, especially with regard to its toxicity that could be significant in the development of phytopharmaceuticals.

Comparative antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of leaf successive extract fractions of poison bulb, Crinum asiaticum L.

Crinum asiaticum L. (family: Amaryllidaceae) is a widely used medicinal plant species having great ethnomedicinal values. The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of the leaf extracts of C. asiaticum with their phenolics content. The total antioxidant assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays of the leaf crude aqueous extract and the five successive extract fractions were analyzed to evaluate their antioxidant potential. The antimicrobial potential was investigated against two gram-negative and one gram-positive bacteria strain by the disc diffusion method. The aqueous fraction of C. asiaticum (CaAq) showed relatively higher antimicrobial potentials than the crude aqueous extract (CaLAE), in terms of zone of inhibition, indicating the fact that serial extraction procedure can more successfully concentrate the specific bioactive components. Along with CaAq and CaLAE, CaEA fraction (ethyl acetate extract fraction) also exhibits antimicrobial activities probably due to the presence of terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids. It might be concluded that antioxidants and antimicrobial agents are available in the leaves of C. asiaticum where water and ethyl acetate might be the effective solvent systems to extract antimicrobial and antioxidant agents respectively.