Crimped Steel Fibres Research Articles

Influence of Steel Fibers on the Interfacial Shear Strength of Ternary Blend Geopolymer Concrete Composite

Sustainable development is a major issue confronting society today. Cement, a major constituent of concrete, is a key component of any infrastructure development. The major drawback of cement production is that it involves the emission of CO2, the predominant greenhouse gas causing global warming. The development of geopolymers has resulted in a decrease in cement production, as well as a reduction in CO2 emissions. During mass concrete production in the construction of very large structures, interfaces/joints are formed, which are potential failure sites of crack formation. Concrete may interface with other concrete of different strengths, or other construction materials, such as steel. To ensure the monolithic behavior of composite concrete structures, bond strength at the interface should be established. The monolithic behavior can be ensured by the usage of shear ties across the interface. However, an increase in the number of shear ties at the interface may reduce the construction efficiency. The present study aims to determine the interfacial shear strength of geopolymer concrete as a substrate, and high-strength concrete as an overlay, by adding 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% crimped steel fibers, and two and three shear ties, at the interface of push-off specimens. It was found that three shear ties at the interface can be replaced by two shear ties and 0.75% crimped steel fibers. In addition, a method was proposed to predict the interface shear strength of the concrete composite, which was found to be comparable to the test results.

Assessing flexural and permeability performance of roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) reinforcing with different types of synthetic fibres and crimped steel fibre

ABSTRACT The ever-increasing use of fibres in roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) necessitates fully identifying the mechanical and permeability properties of RCCPs. Incorporating fibres in RCCP with different properties leads to a better comparative investigation that helps discover the unique effects of each fibre on the RCC characteristics. This aim was achieved via analyzing the test results of compressive and flexural strengths, flexural toughness, drying shrinkage, porosity, and water sorptivity. The reinforced RCCs were prepared by incorporating 0.5% and 1% of steel, Barchip, Kortta, and polypropylene fibres in a plain mixture. The plain mixture was chosen between nine mixtures, the differences of which were defined in w/c ratio, volume of cement content, and type of aggregate grading curve. The results indicated that increase in the volume of fibres from 0.5% to 1% could reduce the drying shrinkage rate and enhances the flexural toughness of FR-RCC. Furthermore, the water sorptivity and porosity were found to increase with the substitution of fibres in the RCC mixtures. Here, the water sorptivity of the specimens was highly dependent on the type and surface geometry of fibres. However, apart from other characteristics of fibres, the porosity was significantly increased, using fibres with a high aspect ratio.

Effect of Distributing Steel Fibers on Some Properties of Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete

The slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON) is nowadays considered a special type of high fiber content concrete; it is high strength and high performance material. This paper investigates the effect of spread steel fiber into the slurry mortar on some properties of SIFCON. According to fiber distribution, two sets were used in this investigation. The first set consisted of randomly distributing fibers inside the slurry. The second set was by placing the fibers in an orderly manner inside the slurry. Crimped steel fibers with an aspect ratio of (60) were used. Two different volume fractions percentage of (7% and 9%) by volume of mold were used in both sets for this study. Also, a w/c ratio of (0.35) and superplasticizer of (1%) by weight of cement was used to ensure the penetration of the slurry inside the fibers. The compressive and flexural strength were conducted on standard cubes (10*10*10) cm and prisms of (40*7*7) cm respectively to find the effect of how the steel fibers were distributed. The results showed that distributing the fibers randomly gave better results than the ordered distribution. The increment percentage in compressive strength and flexural strength were (1.5%, 6.9%, 23%, and 6.5%), respectively, for both sets and both fiber volume fractions (7% and 9%).

Mechanical Properties, Crack Width, and Propagation of Waste Ceramic Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperatures: A Comprehensive Study.

Waste ceramic concrete (WOC) made from waste ceramic floor tiles has several economic and environmental benefits. Fire is one of the most common disasters in buildings, and WOC is a brittle construction material; therefore, the mechanical properties of WOC structures under high temperatures should be considered. According to previous studies, hybrid fiber can further reduce damage to concrete under high temperatures. Meanwhile, crack width and propagation are among the key characteristics of concrete materials that need to be considered, but few studies have focused on their behavior when subjected to elevated temperatures. The new concrete materials proposed by the authors are WOC and WOC-Hybrid. WOC was prepared with Natural Coarse Aggregates (NCA), Natural Fine Aggregate (NFA), Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC 43 grade), and ceramic waste tiles with 20% replacements for coarse aggregates, 10% replacements for fine aggregates, and 10% replacement for cement. In contrast, WOC-Hybrid was prepared with the addition of hybrid fiber (1% crimped steel fiber and 1% polyvinyl alcohol fiber) in WOC. The specimens were exposed to temperatures of 100–300 °C, and then the specimens were tested for tensile and compressive strength. The present study aims to find a new method to improve concrete resistance to elevated temperatures at the lowest costs by experimental and computational analysis via machine learning models. The application of machine learning models such as artificial neural networks (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) was employed in this study to predict the compressive and tensile strength of concrete. The linear coefficient correlation (R2) and mean square error (MSE) were evaluated to investigate the performance of the models. Based on the experimental analysis, the results show that the effect of hybrid fiber on the crack width and propagation is greater than that on the crack width and propagation of WOC and PC after exposure to high temperatures. However, the enhanced effect of hybrid fiber on the mechanical properties, rack width, and propagation decreases after subjecting it to a high-temperature treatment, owing to the melting and ignition of hybrid fibers at high temperatures. Regarding the computational analysis, it was found that the developed MLR model shows higher efficiency than ANN in predicting the compressive and tensile strength of PC, WOC, and WOC-Hybrid concrete.

Flexural strength of steel fibre reinforced ternary concrete beams

The paper presents an experimental study on the flexural performance of Conventional beam (CB), Ternary beam (TB) and fibrous ternary beam (TBF). Ternary beams are made by using 10% of Micro silica (MS) and 30% of Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and Fibrous ternary beams were cast by incorporating crimped steel fibre in four volume fractions i.e. 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% to the predestined optimum ternary mix, was obtained from preliminary studies. The influence of Supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) and steel fibre on ultimate load, energy absorption, ductility, moment and energy factors was assessed. The results reveal that energy absorption and ductility improved by ternary beams and further enhanced by adding up of steel fibre over conventional beams.

Effects of Fiber Type and Shape on the Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Corbels without Hoop Re-bars

In this research, the structural behavior of reinforced concrete brackets cast with concrete containing different types of fibers was studied. Seven samples of reinforced concrete corbels were cast and tested. One specimen was cast without fiber as a reference, and the other samples were made with six different types of fibers at a constant volume fraction (1% of the total concrete volume). The fibers used in the research were made of two different materials: steel and polyolefin. One specimen was cast with polyolefin fiber, and in the five remaining samples, steel fiber was used. Straight, crimped, and three different dimensions of hooked fiber were used. The results showed that the corbels with straight and hooked end steel fiber (6, 5, and 3 cm length), crimped steel fiber sized 3 cm, straight steel fiber sized 12 mm, and straight polyolefin fiber sized 6 cm showed 69.2%, 57.7%, 38.5%, 61.5%, 92.3%, and 100% higher cracking loads than the control corbel made with normal concrete, respectively, as well as exhibiting (51.7%, 48.3%, 31.0%, 24.1%, 12.1%, and 3.4%) higher ultimate loads than the control corbel. From these results, it can be concluded that the shape of the steel fiber clearly affects the ultimate load. For the same length, and despite the lack of aspect ratio, steel fibers gave an increase in the maximum load of 46.6% when compared with polyolefin fibers. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-03-08 Full Text: PDF

Analysis of Measured Parameters in Relation to the Amount of Fibre in Lightweight Red Ceramic Waste Aggregate Concrete

The present study provides a correlation and regression analysis of lightweight waste aggregate concretes with varying degrees of fibre reinforcement. The concrete mix contains pre-soaked red ceramic waste aggregate, expanded clay coarse aggregate and Portland cement. Copper-coated crimped steel fibre was used as the reinforcement. The experimental results included properties measured by destructive test methods—compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, static modulus of elasticity, the limit of proportionality, shear strength; and by non-destructive test methods—dynamic modulus of elasticity and surface electrical resistivity. These properties were analysed to study the relevancy and significance between non-destructive and destructive methods of measurement in the case of different amounts of fibre. The results show differences in the degree of fit to the linear and quadratic regression curves for pairs of destructive and non-destructive test results. As expected, the linear relationship can be applied in a few cases, but the quadratic curve must be used for a few pairs. Another observation is that it is not possible to neglect the amount of fibre in the correlation analyses of the measured properties.

Influence of fibers on fresh properties and compressive strength of geo-polymer concrete

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a sustainable construction material that can be used as a substitute for conventional cement concrete. Several factors influence the performance of GPC such as, the type of binder material used, the molar concentration of the activator solution, and the curing conditions. The main purpose of this work is to develop fiber reinforced GPC by utilising various fibers that to reduce brittleness. The proposed work is divided into two phases. In the first phase, experiments are conducted to evaluate the significant impact of partial replacement of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) with low-calcium fly ash on workability and compressive strength of GPC optimizing the amount of GGBS required for the development of M35 and M40 grade GPC under ambient curing. In the second phase, the performance of crimped steel fiber, polypropylene fiber and basalt fiber in terms of workability and compressive strength were evaluated. Crimped steel fiber containing by volume of binder (0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55% and 0.6%), polypropylene fiber containing by volume of binder (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2% and 0.25%) and basalt fiber containing by volume of binder (0.1%, 0.15% 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3% and 0.35%) are used in the experiment. NaOH with 8 M and 12 M with Na2SiO3 were used as an alkaline solution to develop GPC and cured in the ambient curing for 7 days and 28 days respectively. It was observed that increase in the percentage of GGBS decreased the workability, but the compressive strength is increased. The effect of fibers on workability and compressibility has been observed, and it has been found that workability decreases with the increase of fibers in the GPC. Compare to crimped steel fiber, basalt fiber the workability of GPC is highly affected due to the addition of polypropylene fiber. In comparison crimped steel fiber and polypropylene fiber, concrete with salt fiber exhibited higher compressive strength.

A Study on Self‐Consolidate Concrete in Experimental Reinforced‐Concrete Beam Column Structures with Alccofine and Steel Fiber

This paper discusses the concept of self‐consolidating concrete mix with Alccofine‐1203, superplasticizer, viscosity modification agent, crimped steel fiber on the RC beam column joint. Totally, eight reinforced‐concrete (RC) column joints with M25 grade concrete were considered in this study. Out of eight RC beam column joints, two beam column joints served as Alccofine, two beam column joint specimens served as Alccofine 5%, two beam column joint specimens served as Alccofine‐10%, and two beam column joint specimens served as Alccofine‐15%. All the RC beam column joint specimens were tested under the compression until failure in the loading frame of 2000 kN capacity. The test results of Alccofine‐10% showed the higher loading capacity than that of Alccofine‐5% and Alccofine‐15% in self‐consolidating concrete RC beam column joints. The percentage of superplasticizer, viscosity modification agent, and crimped steel fiber is maintained. Nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) to analyse the beam column joint through nonlinear finite element modelling (NLFEM) and the modelling results were compared from the experimental results. The results obtained through ANSYS modelling show good agreement with the experimented results. The deflection ductility of experimental results shows 1.57, and the predicted deflection ductility shows 1.59 in beam column joint with Alccofine‐10%. ANSYS software is validated as appropriate software to predict the study parameters of self‐consolidation concrete in beam column joints.

The Impact Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Hooked End and Crimped Steel Fiber

The Impact Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Hooked End and Crimped Steel Fiber

The Effect of Using Plastic Strips and Sheets on the Properties of Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete

Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete (SIFCON) is a high-strong material that is regarded as a unique type of high fiber content concrete. This paper aims to study the influence of the use of plastic strips and plastic sheets in the SIFCON slurry. Three sets (normal SIFCON as control, SIFCON with plastic strips, and SIFCON with plastic sheet), in a 1:1.08 cement-sand ratio by weight has been used with water to cement ratio (w/c) by weight equal to 0.3, and superplasticizer equal to 1% by weight. In addition, 6% by volume crimped steel fibers with an aspect ratio of 60 were applied and 1.34% by volume plastic was used, in strips of 5×1cm for both prism and cube samples and in sheets of 25×5cm and 7×7cm for prism and cube samples respectively. The compressive and flexural strength tests studies were conducted on typical cubes of 10×10×10cm and prisms of 40×7×7cm respectively to find out the way the plastic affects the SIFCON properties. The results indicate that the models with plastic sheets placed in SIFCON slurry give the highest compressive and flexural strength whereas the models with plastic strips gave the lowest. The difference percentages in compressive and flexural strength were -27.3, 8, -3.8 and 66.6% for all sets respectively when compared to the control set (using no plastic).

Shear Strength of Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Ternary Blend Geopolymer Concrete Beams under Flexure.

The need to promote sustainable civil infrastructure is one of the most important concerns in the construction industry. Geopolymer composites are one of the promising eco-friendly materials for the development of low carbon concrete. The main objective of this experimental investigation is to study the effect of hybrid fibres on the shear strength of flexural members made with ternary blend geopolymer concrete (TGPC). A total number of 27 reinforced concrete beams of size 100 mm × 150 mm × 1200 mm were cast and tested for shear. M55 grade of concrete was considered in this study. Crimped steel fibres and polypropylene fibres with an aspect ratio of 66 and 300, respectively, were used in this work. The main variables considered in this investigation involve two volume proportions of steel fibres, viz., 0.5% and 1% as well as four volume proportions of polypropylene fibres viz., 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2% and 0.25%. The hybrid fibre-reinforced ternary blend geopolymer concrete (HTGPC) beams were compared with TGPC beams without fibres. From the test results, it was clear that incorporating hybrid fibres improved the shear strength and changed the type of failure of the beam from shear to flexure. Moreover, a method to predict the ultimate shear strength of HTGPC was proposed, and the estimated values were found to be the same as the test results.

Synergistic Bond Properties of Different Deformed Steel Fibers Embedded in Mortars Wet-Sieved from Self-Compacting SFRC

Reliable bond of steel fiber in concrete is a key problem relating to the reinforcing effect of steel fiber on concrete matrix and for the guide in significance for the optimal design of the geometry and mechanical properties of steel fiber. In this paper, on the basis of multi-indices of evaluation for the bond properties of single hooked-end steel fiber, the indices for the evaluation of synergistic bond properties of different deformed steel fibers are proposed. The pull-out tests were carried out for different deformed steel fibers embedded in mortar wet-sieved from self-compacting SFRC with manufactured sand. Fourteen types of steel fibers were used, including six hooked-end, two crimped, four indentation, one milling, and one large-end. The bond strength, bond energy, and bond toughness of single and per unit weight steel fiber were evaluated with the correspondence to the loading status of cracking resistance, normal serviceability, and ultimate bearing capacity of concrete. Results show that the deformed steel fibers presented different bond behaviors, hooked-end, and crimped steel fibers with circular cross-sections and a tensile strength of higher than 1150 MPa have excellent effects of strengthening, energy dissipation, and toughening capacity on self-compacting concrete with a cubic compressive strength of 60 MPa at normal serviceability and ultimate bearing capacity. Indentation, milling, and large-end steel fibers are more suitable for reinforcing the concrete strength due to the rigid bond before concrete cracking. The synergistic working of steel fibers with concrete matrix should be concerned to realize the effects of only or simultaneously reinforcing the strength and toughness of concrete.

Effect of Hybrid Fibres on the Durability Characteristics of Ternary Blend Geopolymer Concrete

The need to develop sustainable concrete in the civil infrastructure industry increases day by day, resulting in new eco-friendly materials such as geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete is one of the eminent alternatives to conventional concrete for sustainable development by reducing the carbon footprint. Ternary blend geopolymer concrete (TGPC) is a sustainable and environmentally friendly concrete produced with three different source materials to form a binder. The main advantage of TGPC is that it possesses densely packed particles of different shapes and sizes, which results in improved properties. This paper deals with the experimental investigations to evaluate the durability properties of plain and hybrid fibre reinforced TGPC. The durability of concrete is defined as the ability to withstand a safe level of serviceability and different environmental exposure conditions without any significant repair and rehabilitation throughout the service life. Conventional concrete is vulnerable to cracking due to its low tensile and durability properties. The TGPC considered in this work consists of fly ash, GGBS and metakaolin as source materials, selected mainly based on the material’s silica and alumina content, shape, size, and availability. The grade of concrete considered was M55. The main variables considered in this study were the proportions of crimped steel fibres (Vf), viz., 0.5% and 1% and proportions of polypropylene fibres (Vp)viz., 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.20% and 0.25%. The durability properties like water absorption, sorptivity, resistance to marine attack, acid attack, sulphate attack, and abrasion were studied in this investigation. The experimental test results were compared with the requirements provided in the standard/literature and found to be well within limits. The study also indicates that the inclusion of fibres in a hybrid form significantly improves the durability parameters of TGPC. The TGPC with 1% steel fibre and 0.15% polypropylene fibre performs better than the other combination of fibres considered in this experimental investigation.

Experimental and numerical study on reinforced concrete deep beam in shear with crimped steel fiber

Experimental and numerical study on reinforced concrete deep beam in shear with crimped steel fiber

Strength and Durability Studies on Hybrid Fiber Reinforced High-Performance Concrete for Silica Fume Based Mineral Admixture

This study aims to investigate the strength and durability studies on Hybrid fibers reinforced High-Performance Concrete for Silica fume (SF) based mineral admixture. A constant proportion of 0.25% for polypropylene fibers (PF) and varying proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% for crimped steel fibers (CF) making a total fiber volume fractions of 0%, 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.25% were used to develop hybrid fiber-reinforced high-performance concrete (HFRHPC). Four replacement levels for hybrid fibers by volume of the binders and four partial replacement levels for Silica fume (0%, 10%, 20% & 30%) by weight of cement have been considered for three different water binder ratios (0.275, 0.325 & 0.375). An aggregate binder ratio of 1.75 was kept constant. The test results reveal a maximum increase of 35.18%, 40.35%, and 71.54% in compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, respectively, for a curing period of 28 days. Acid attack tests have been conducted to measure the durability of HFRHPC. Cubes of 100x100x00mm have been cast, cured, and then kept immersed in 5% concentrated solutions of Hydrochloric acid (HCL), Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), and Sulphuric acid ( H2SO4) for 30,60 and 90 days and then tested to record the residual compressive strength of HFRHPC produced with the Silica fume mineral admixtures. The results have been analyzed, and valid conclusions have been drawn. The results indicate that a combination of 1.25% hybrid fibers and 10% Silica fume mineral admixture gains all the water-binder ratios’ highest strength.

Mechanical properties and acid attack test of hybrid fiber reinforced high performance concrete for fly ash based mineral admixture

The scope of the present investigation the mechanical properties and acid attack test of hybrid fiber reinforced high performance concrete (HFRHPC) for Fly ash (FA) based mineral admixture. HFRHPC is prepared by adding crimped steel fibers and polypropylene fiber to the concrete to make it a composite mixture. It derives benefits from each of the added fibers and exhibits significant response. A constant proportion of 0.25% for polypropylene fibers (PF) and varying proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% for crimped steel fibers (SF) making a total fiber volume fractions of 0%, 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.25% were used to develop hybrid fiber. Four replacement levels for hybrid fibers by volume of the binders and four partial replacement levels for FA (0%, 10%, 20% & 30%) by weight of cement have been considered for three different water binder ratios (0.275, 0.325 & 0.375). An aggregate binder ratio of 1.75 was kept constant. This study shows that hybrid fiber may improve the mechanical properties of fly ash-based high-performance concrete. Acid attack tests have been conducted to measure the durability of HFRHPC. Cubes have been cast, cured, and immersed in 5% concentrated solutions of Hydrochloric acid (HCL), Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), and Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) for 30, 60 and 90 days and then tested to record the residual compressive strength of HFRHPC produced with the fly ash mineral admixtures. It was observed that a combination of 1.25% hybrid fibers and 10% FA as cement replacement resulted in enhanced mechanical performance and acid resistance.

Optimization of sustainable high-strength–high-volume fly ash concrete with and without steel fiber using Taguchi method and multi-regression analysis

The progression of high-strength–high-volume fly ash concrete addresses fly ash as a resource productive material with the sustainability of the construction industry. This paper presents the evaluation and optimization of the sustainable mechanical properties of concrete with and without crimped steel fibers. In the first phase, the experimental tests are conducted to know the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength obtained from the optimal mixes of concrete. Taguchi L16 orthogonal array experimental design is applied to optimize the performance of mechanical properties of concrete by using the design of experiments. The level of influence of fly ash percentage on mechanical properties of a concrete mixture is determined by multiple regression analysis. However, after multiple regression analysis, it is found that the error related to the correlation between experimental and analytical value strength is about 5%. Hence, it can be strongly recommended that the developed regression model is sufficient and has a competent approach to optimize the experimental as well as analytical value simultaneously. However, it is concluded that the Taguchi technique is an effective methodical model to reduce the overall investigational work. It is also an efficient approach to optimize designs for performance and quality. The present research confirms that with the mechanical properties of the high-strength–high-volume fly ash steel fiber concrete, it is a more suitable alternative sustainable solution to the concrete industry.

A study on the uniaxial compressive behaviour of graded fiber reinforced concrete using glass fiber/steel fiber

Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HyFRC) effectively utilises the combined benefits of different fiber types present in it for enhancing its properties. The mechanical behaviour of HyFRC with varying lengths of fibers was not completely understood to date, and hence, this study focuses on the uniaxial compressive behaviour of HyFRC with two different fiber lengths. In the first phase of the study, fresh properties and the uniaxial compressive behaviour of M30 grade mono glass fiber reinforced concrete (MGFRC) reinforced with glass fibers of 6 mm and 12 mm length and M30 grade mono steel fiber reinforced concrete (MSFRC) using crimped steel fibers of 25 mm and 50 mm length were evaluated and reported. In the second phase of investigation, fresh properties and uniaxial compressive behaviour of graded fiber reinforced concrete (GrFRC), obtained by blending two different lengths of fibers (Glass Fiber/Steel Fiber) were evaluated and reported. From the results, the uniaxial compressive response of the concrete was improved by the addition of glass fiber or steel fiber to the concrete. Graded FRC exhibited better synergy compared to Mono FRC in uniaxial compression for both glass and steel fiber reinforced concrete. Among all the MGFRC and GrGFRC mixes, GrGI combination (75% short length glass fiber + 25% long length glass fiber) grading of glass fibers exhibited better performance, similarly, of all MSFRC and GrSFRC mixes, GrSIII combination (25% short length steel fiber + 75% long length steel fiber) grading of steel fibers exhibited better performance. The addition of graded glass fibers to the concrete enhances the pre peak behaviour of the stress–strain curve considerably, and the addition of graded steel fibers to the concrete improves the post peak behaviour of the stress–strain curve remarkably. From this study, we can conclude that adding graded fibers (glass fiber/steel fiber) has proved to be advantageous in enhancing the uniaxial compressive behaviour of concrete.

Effect of RCA, foundry sand on strength and toughness of fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete

The current study is aimed at investigating effects of hooked end and also crimped steel fibres on efficiency of fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete with RCA and also foundry sand also (FR-SCC). Study's findings show that combining fibres with RCA and also foundry sand also in right proportions can significantly boost mechanical properties of FR-SCC. Tests for hardened properties (compressive, break tensile, flexural forces, and also toughness) were carried out in this analysis. There were 20 different mixes of RCA of 0, 25, 50, and also 75 percent Natural Coarse Aggregate (NCA), three different blends of reinforcing hooked end and also crimped steel fibres, and also 15% optimum replacement of foundry sand also. Self-compacting concrete and also fibre reinforced concrete have been shown to be more suitable and also reliable in concrete technology in previous studies.