Criminal Events Research Articles

Associations between neighborhood risk and protective factors and parenting styles in Chinese American immigrant families.

Despite the rapid increase of the Chinese immigrant population in the United States, there is limited knowledge on how neighborhood context shapes parenting practices in Chinese immigrant families. Using data from a socioeconomically diverse sample of 239 Chinese American children (aged 7-10 years, 51.9% boys) in immigrant families, the present study examined the unique associations between neighborhood risk and protective factors and parenting styles in Chinese American families. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, coethnic concentration, and ethnic diversity were assessed using the 2010 census tract-level data. Parents rated neighborhood criminal events and reciprocal exchange, and parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and intrusive parenting) were rated by parents and children. Path analyses showed that controlling for covariates, neighborhood reciprocal exchange was positively associated with parent-rated authoritative parenting and negatively associated with child-rated authoritarian and intrusive parenting. In contrast, neighborhood Asian concentration was positively associated with child-reported authoritarian and intrusive parenting. Neighborhood criminal events were positively associated with parent-reported intrusive parenting. The findings suggest that risk and protective factors coexist in neighborhoods and have differential implications for parenting practices in Chinese immigrant families. The results also highlighted parent-child differences in perceptions of parenting styles in immigrant families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Multiplex-RNA-analysis for detection and identification of forensically relevant organ tissues.

In forensic investigations, identifying the bodily origin of components in biological trace material can be essential for the evidence-based reconstruction of criminal events. Complementing standard forensic DNA analyses, specific RNA markers can be utilized in the contextualization of biological traces, particularly to detect and identify forensically relevant body fluids and organ tissues. Here, we describe an optimized and expanded approach to mRNA-based organ tissue identification. This method involves targeted amplification of organ-specific mRNA equivalents and separation and visualization via capillary electrophoresis. 21 established markers for seven types of tissue were validated using a current extensive gene expression database and combined in a newly designed panel for capillary electrophoretic detection with six fluorescent dyes. The method was successfully tested on various post-mortem tissue samples, demonstrating the reliable identification of brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in forensic casework-relevant sample types. The robustness and sensitivity of this approach renders it a valuable tool for forensic investigations, enhancing the precision of tissue type identification in diverse scenarios. Moreover, the development and implementation of the method produced valuable insights into opportunities for the optimization of laboratory processes for other RNA-based procedures.

Bias-Motivated Violence and the Likelihood of Fatal Outcomes: A Criminal Event Perspective and Mixed-Method Approach

This study examines how bystanders and situational factors influence if bias violence results in fatal outcomes. Utilizing the criminal event perspective and routine activities theory, we hypothesize that certain situational factors, such as gun use and private locations, increase the likelihood of fatal outcomes, while bystander presence reduces it. Data come from the Bias Homicide Database, an open-source database that includes data on bias murders and bias attempted murders in the United States. We rely on a mixed-method explanatory sequential design. Quantitative analysis suggests that bias violence is less likely to result in fatal outcomes when bystanders are present. Fatal outcomes are more likely when violence occurs in private settings and guns are used. Through conjunctive analysis, we find that while the presence of bystanders in combination with situational factors is generally associated with lower chances of violence turning fatal, the effects are conditioned by victim and weapon type.

Criminal Liability for Physical Violence in the Domestic Sphere (Analysis of Medan District Court Decision Number 1264 / Pid.Sus / 2023 / PN Mdn)

Many domestic violence criminal events that occur within the household, such as the decision of the Medan District Court Number 1264 / Pid.Sus.2023 / PN Mdn, where the defendant in the name of Bobby Fauzan was only sentenced to 2 (two) months in prison which was actually unworthy and appropriate for what he did to his legal wife. The research used is juridical normative, where research is done by tracing legal material through literature studies. This study is descriptive Analytical that is to analyze the data systematically. Criminal liability against perpetrators of domestic violence in Medan District Court decision number 1264 / Pid.Sus / 2023 / PN Mdn, has not reflected a fair and beneficial verdict for victims. Because between acts with normative provisions that provide mild sanctions for perpetrators are still tertullis and have not been revised. It could happen to a wife again. Whereas Article 28g paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution and Law No. 23 of 2004 have provided legal protection clearly and definitely. However, from the aspect of justice and benefit received by the victim for the actions of her husband does not reflect a clear Justice and benefit because the sanctions given are still mild. Thus, it is necessary for Law No. 23 of 2004 to be revised.

COUNTERACTION TO INVESTIGATION OF RAIDING CRIMINAL OFFENSES: COMMON FORMS AND PECULIARITIES OF ADDRESSING

Taking into account the needs of law application practice in the context of countering raiding criminal offenses, the Article Purpose is to identify common forms of countermeasures to the investigation of raiding criminal offenses and determine possible methods of countering such crimes. Stemming from the results of theoretical sources study and processing of empirical material, it has been established that organization measures to address counteraction to investigation of raiding criminal offenses should be based on the study of current crime trends, and be carried out in conformity with provisions of the Law and the use of efficient tactical techniques and methods developed by criminal procedure and criminalistics. Traditionally, the ways for addressing counteraction to investigation include: individual investigative (search) actions; tactical operations; organizational and tactical measures of an operational search nature. It has been pointed out that common forms of countering investigation utilized by raiders are: 1) destruction of physical and digital traces of unlawful activities; 2) application of psychological pressure measures against participants to criminal proceedings, as well as the use of physical violence or threats of such measures; 3) failure to provide reliable information about criminal event (implemented, as a rule, in three models); 4) avoiding participation in procedural actions; 5) hiding from pre-trial investigation agencies, etc. We are of the opinion that prospects for subsequent research lie in the development of algorithms for procedural actions to ad-dress counteraction depending on typical investigative situations in which it is carried out.

KONSEP TINDAK PIDANA PEMBUNUHAN BIASA DAN PEMBUNUHAN BERENCANA DALAM KATEGORI KEJAHATAN TERHADAP NYAWA

The crime of murder is included in the category of crimes against life. The qualifications for the crime of murder consist several forms listed in Articles 338-350 of the KUHP. Broadly speaking, forms of murder are divided into two, the crime of ordinary murder and the crime of premeditated murder. These two forms of criminal acts of murder have differences, namely in the element of planning. The provisions of Article 338 of the Criminal Code explain murder in basic form, namely the intentional killing of another person. Meanwhile, Article 340 of the Criminal Code explains the deliberate taking of another person's life which is preceded by a plan. However, the meaning planning element in the Criminal Code is not explained in detail. This needs to be studied further regarding the differences between ordinary murder and premeditated murder. In analyzing this research, the author uses a normative juridical method with a statutory regulatory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this research show that when it comes to planning elements, criminal events and the evidentiary process are seen which are linked to the theory of legal science doctrine applied by judges as a guide in making legal considerations in decisions

Confiscation as an Essential criminal mechanism for countering Transnational Organized Crime

The paper addresses one of the challenging issues of modernity. Although many international and domestic tools[1] have been developed in recent decades, including the fight against transnational organized crime, it is becoming increasingly extensive and global. "According to the International Monetary Fund, revenue from drug trafficking and money laundering accounts for six to eight percent of the global economy.[2] Thus, the fight against this phenomenon necessitates a continually updated approach. The increased use of digital technologies in the public and private sectors made criminals inclined to commit crimes causing immeasurably great economic harm to society. The leading driving factor for Transnational Organized Crime is to make the maximum profit in a short time. The effective fight against this complex criminal event is about recovering and confiscating assets acquired through committing crimes.[3] The paper is based on an analysis of doctrine and judicial practice. It also discusses distinct aspects and modern challenges related to the return of criminal assets in the fight against transnational organized crime. The study aims to identify gaps and measures taken to ensure their solution. [1] Tumanishvili G., (Samets. Ed.), Jishkariani B., (Samets. ed.), Shrami E., (Ed.), Influence of European and International Law on Georgian Criminal Procedure, Tb. 2019, 800-801. [2] Shelley, L., Transnational organized crime and seized assets: moral dilemmas concerning the disposition of the fruits of crime, 7 Maastricht J. EUR. & Comp. L.35 (2000), [24.01.2023]. [3] "Crime does not pay", - White paper on best practices in Asset Recovery, 1, https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/pdf/archivos-y-documentacion/documentacion-y-publicaciones/publicaciones-descargables/seguridad-ciudadana/White-paper-on-best-practices-in-asset-recovery-NIPO-126-12-071-X.pdf [05.08.2024].

Application of the Stable Diffusion neural network for visualizing crime scenes and modeling criminal events

The study is devoted to the analysis of the possibilities of using the Stable Diffusion neural network for visualizing crime scenes and modeling criminal events. Thanks to the model’s ability to generate high-quality and realistic images based on textual descriptions or other raw data, it opens new horizons for forensic investigations. In particular, Stable Diffusion allows you to create accurate crime scene visualizations, recreating the events before, during, and after a crime is committed. This approach contributes to the improvement of the analysis of crime scenes, more effective planning of investigative actions and hypothetical modeling of possible scenarios of the development of events. One of the unique features of the neural network is the possibility of reconstructing scenes based on textual descriptions, which is especially useful in judicial and investigative practice for presenting the evidence base and visualizing criminal events to jurors. The model also allows the use of interactive tools for studying crime scenes in different dimensions, which increases the accuracy and efficiency of forensic investigations. The article discusses in detail the technical possibilities of Stable Diffusion, including the stages of image generation, from random noise to full-fledged visualization. The possibilities of integrating a neural network with virtual reality (VR) systems and 3D modeling programs are analyzed, which opens up new perspectives in creating full-fledged virtual reconstructions of crime scenes. At the same time, the main challenges and limitations are discussed, including the need for high computing power, legal justification, and ensuring data privacy. Advances in machine learning technologies make Stable Diffusion a promising tool for improving forensics investigations and training. The paper also provides examples of interactive work with virtual scenes, when investigators can change model parameters for a better understanding of events. This allows for a comprehensive analysis of the crime scene, including taking into account various variables, such as viewing angle, changing lighting or other seasons, which significantly improves the decision-making process during investigative activities.

‘Slow down, one detail at the time!’ the influence of reflective-impulsive cognitive style on the recollection of criminal events

This study investigates the impact of the reflective-impulsive dimension of cognitive styles on recollection and the accuracy of a criminal events. In a VR-based experimental study, 150 participants were exposed to both criminal and neutral scenarios and subsequently asked to report everything they remembered about them. Cognitive styles were assessed using a computer-administered Matching Familiar Figures Test. The findings highlight that individuals with a reflective cognitive style consistently provided detailed descriptions of the events, irrespective of the context of encoding. In contrast, individuals with an impulsive cognitive style displayed context-specific effects, notably reduced performance when recalling emotionally charged criminal events. Notably, cognitive style did not moderate the accuracy of testimony. Given that the subjects who observed the crime achieved a lower overall accuracy rate than those who observed the neutral video, it appears that accuracy is directly affected by the criminal content.

From forensic chemistry: an educational experience

Abstract The study of forensic chemical analysis not only aids justice in the investigation of accidental or criminal events but also trains chemistry students in analysing hypothetical scenes, such as the design of scientific experiments, and alerting them to potential dangers. In this way, it contributes to generating awareness about safety and security, ethics, and the professional responsibilities of chemists. These, although ambitious, are some of the objectives that have led to the development of this course on Chemical Analysis in Forensic Investigation, whose thematic units and teaching details are developed. This work presents a detailed programme for the Forensic Chemistry course offered at the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires. It includes examples of activities and bibliography, allowing it to be used as a template for similar courses or to adapt some of the thematic units to other chemistry courses. The suggested bibliography supports the education of both students and educators in the field of forensic chemistry. The incorporation of topics such as fires, explosives, chemical warfare agents (CWA), and environmental crimes aims to develop professional profiles for a new generation of chemists more committed to the societal impact of their work.

Unveiling the Patterns of Romance Scams in South Korea

Romance scams, a prevalent form of cybercrime, have surged globally, with South Korea experiencing a rapid rise. Furthermore, perpetrators have adopted increasingly sophisticated tactics. However, South Korea's unique legal framework and the lack of comprehensive regional studies have led to insufficient preventive measures and responses. This research aims to elucidate the modus operandi of South Korean romance scams and highlight their distinguishing features. By employing crime script analysis and conducting interviews with investigators, this study delineated three pre-crime scripts and thirteen criminal event scripts. The research reveals distinctive features of these scams, including the extensive use of KakaoTalk for romantic communications, the significant influence of South Korean cultural norms on scam operations, and the increasing use of advanced technologies such as deepfakes. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the unique dynamics of romance scams in South Korea, thus facilitating the development of more effective preventive strategies and responses.

Construction of Participation in the Crime of Persecution in Indonesia

In criminal law, the construction of participation refers to a situation where a person is involved in a criminal offense, not directly as the main perpetrator, but plays a role in the implementation of the criminal offense. This means that a person can be charged with a crime even though he/she did not physically commit the criminal act, as long as he/she fulfills the elements of participation. The problems faced in this study are how the predicate crime of the crime of persecution in the case of South Jakarta District Court Decision Number 4/Pid.Sus-Child/2023/PN.Jkt.Sel and how the participation in the South Jakarta District Court Decision Number 4/Pid.Sus-Child/2023/PN.Jkt.Sel. The research method used is normative juridical legal research. The research specification used in this research is descriptive analytical. This research uses primary, secondary and tertiary sources of legal material. The approaches used from several approaches above are the statute approach and the case approach and the analysis technique used is qualitative analysis. The results showed that predicate crime in a criminal offense, including persecution, are elements that must be proven legally to declare a person has committed the crime. This predicate serves as the basis for law enforcement to impose a sentence. It must be underlined that each case has different characteristics. Therefore, the application of the law in each persecution case will vary depending on the facts revealed in the trial. Victims of persecution are entitled to legal protection. Participation in the crime of maltreatment is a form of understanding a person's criminal responsibility in a criminal event and in this case, however, in this case, Child AG cannot be classified as “assisting in the commission” because he did not knowingly provide assistance to commit the crime of maltreatment, either before, during or after the maltreatment was committed. There was no conspiracy or providing facilities, information and other efforts in realizing the crime of maltreatment.

Sociodemographic factors associated with the level of citizen insecurity in the Peruvian population

Introduction: Citizen insecurity is a complex, multidimensional and multi-causal social problem, defined as the spaces where people feel insecure mainly due to organized crime in all nations that suffer from it. Objective: To analyzes the sociodemographic factors associated with public insecurity in a Peruvian population. Methodology: The research employed a non-experimental, quantitative design with a descriptive and cross-sectional approach. A total of 11,116, citizens participated, ranging from 18 to 85 years old (young adults, adults, and the elderly), of both sexes, and with any occupation, education level, and marital status. The study employed purposive non-probability sampling to select the participants. Results: More than 50% of the population feels unsafe, in public and private spaces. All analyzed sociodemographic variables (p < 0.05), showing distinctions in the perception of citizen insecurity based on age, gender, marital status, occupation, area of residence, and education level. It was determined that young, single students, who had not experienced a criminal event and reside in urban areas, regardless of gender, perceive a greater sense of insecurity. Contribution: The study is relevant due to the generality of the results in a significant sample, demonstrating that the study contributes to understanding how various elements of the socioeconomic and demographic context can influence the way in which individuals perceive insecurity in their communities, likewise, the perception of citizen insecurity directly affects the general well-being and quality of life of residents, influencing their behaviors and attitudes towards coexistence and public policies; which will help implement more effective actions in the sector to reduce crime rates.

Simulating judicial trial logic: Dual residual cross-attention learning for predicting legal judgment in long documents

Simulating judicial trial logic: Dual residual cross-attention learning for predicting legal judgment in long documents

Juridical Review of Restorative Justice in The Case of Criminal Negligence Causing Death in The Gianyar Resort Police

In Article 5 and Article 6 of the Regulation of the Chief of Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 2021 concerning Handling Crimes Based on Restorative Justice, some conditions must be met for a case to be resolved through restorative justice. This regulation emphasizes that not all criminal acts can be resolved through restorative justice. Settlement through restorative justice is not necessarily able to eliminate or stop an investigation and/or investigation in the Police, especially against article 359 of the Criminal Code because legal norms are blurring. for example, in the case of the Ayuterra Resort Owner and the Contractor, can be interpreted as who is most responsible for the breaking of the elevator / Inclinator rope which caused the death of 5 (five) employees because in one criminal event, it is not possible that both can be used as Criminal Offenders. Obstacles in the application of restorative justice experienced by the investigators of the Gianyar Resort Police on the crime of negligence that caused death, among others: There is no common perception of the application of articles 359 on negligence causing death among law enforcement officials regarding the handling of restorative justice for the best interests of the perpetrators of criminal acts of negligence causing death

The more stress, the more accurate memory? The influence of stress on retrieval-enhanced suggestibility effect

ABSTRACT After the occurrence of criminal events, eyewitnesses are often repeatedly interviewed about the crime, which makes them more vulnerable to memory distortion caused by misleading information. This phenomenon is known as the retrieval-enhanced suggestibility (RES) effect. It has been acknowledged that stressful experiences could affect an individual’s memory processes. Less clear is the exact nature of these stress effects on RES effect. The current study explored the influence of stress, measured by the Trier Social Stress Test, on the RES effect, measured by the RES effect paradigm. Results showed that the incorrect rate of the stress group was lower than that of the no-stress group, indicating that the RES effect was weakened for the participants in the stressful state. The results of the study proved that participants in the stress group were less likely to be misled by misinformation, and provided evidence for the role of stress on memory processes.

POLICIAMENTO PREDITIVO E INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL: ANÁLISE DE DESEMPENHO DO ALGORITMO DE APRENDIZADO DE MÁQUINA SUPERVISIONADO RANDOM FOREST NA PREDIÇÃO DE OCORRÊNCIAS POLICIAIS DE ROUBO NAS ZONAS DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE SÃO LUÍS

Predictive policing is a concept based on the premise that it is possible to predict when and where crimes will occur again in the future by using sophisticated computer analysis based on data from previously committed crimes (UCHIDA, as cited in NORTON, 2013, pp. 32–33). The aim of this article is to analyze the spatial prediction of crimes, highlighting the importance of innovative approaches in the field of public safety management. Specifically, the article explores practical applications of using Artificial Intelligence (AI) through supervised machine learning algorithms for classification, using the emergency call records database (190) of robbery incidents in the metropolitan region of São Luís as input, and comparing results through validation techniques for the Random Forest algorithm. Through detailed analysis of these data, the potential of predictive policing is illustrated not only to anticipate criminal events but also to develop a computational tool capable of assisting and supporting strategic decision-making, significantly contributing to troop allocation management and, consequently, to the enhancement of preventive urban patrol services.

Upaya Meminimalkan Adanya Disparitas dalam Penjatuhan Putusan Pemidanaan dalam Perkara Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia

Problems regarding the execution of sentences obtained for corruptors recently become attractive spotlight in the eyes of the public. In the debate, many sentences for corruptors are the center of the general debate because there is a tendency for corruptors to have sentences that are considered light with the losses caused by these corruptors. Especially if they find significant differences in sentences (disparities), for corruption cases which are more or less the same and worthy of comparison. Therefore, it is necessary to know the factors of the large number of disparities in the sentencing of corruption and efforts are needed to zoom out or deal with it. This research was compiled using normative legal research, namely research based on legal materials (library based) which focuses on reading and studying primary and secondary legal materials. The approach in this study is a comparative legal approach (comparative law approach). Factors that continue to influence the emergence of disparities in the imposition of criminal convictions on Corruption Crime Cases in Indonesia are influenced by the legal system, legislation in Indonesia, factors originating from the judges themselves, factors originating from criminal events, and factors arising from not the existence of joint rules/guidelines in the imposition of sentencing

Феномен скулшутинга и его толкование в контексте юридико-психологического знания и ассоциативных смыслов будущих следователей

<p style="text-align: justify;">The reality and severity of the consequences of the phenomenon of schoolshooting*, which has distinctive features that make it possible to recognize it among criminal events, are stated. The imperfection of the definitions of schoolshooting is emphasized, and the need for its interdisciplinary analysis and study by future investigators within the framework of the discipline “Legal Psychology” is stated. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of associative representations of students (future investigators) about schoolshooting and to reveal the semantic content of conceptual connections, based on modern legal and psychological provisions. The survey data were obtained using the association method and are subject to mathematical processing. The main results correlating with the hypotheses are to determine the spectrum and structure of associative ideas about schoolshooting; to establish the consistency of associative ideas with scientific information; to identify the understanding, but at the same time insufficient use of psychological terms by cadets; to characterize schoolshooting based on filling associative-conceptual connections with scientifically based content.</p>

Classification Classification of Criminal Events based on Biplot Analysis

Kriminalitas merupakan suatu perilaku yang melanggar hukum dan aturan dalam masyarakat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis data biplot jumlah kejahatan di berbagai provinsi di Indonesia. Biplot merupakan analisis yang berguna untuk menafsirkan hubungan antara variabel dan objek dalam bentuk grafik tunggal. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang berasal dari website Badan Pusat Statistik yang berjudul “Statistik Kriminal 2022”. 34 kepolisian daerah yang mewakili setiap provinsi di Indonesia menjadi objek pengamatan dan 9 klasifikasi kejahatan menjadi variabel. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan analisis biplot dengan bantuan fiton. Dari nilai Dekomposisi Nilai Singular, keragaman data yang dapat dijelaskan sebesar 73,714%. Pada grafik analisis biplot hubungan antar observasi diperoleh bahwa observasi atau objek polda dari setiap provinsi tersebar terpusat pada satu kuadran. Hubungan antar variabel yang paling tinggi adalah korelasi antara variabel kejahatan narkotika dengan kejahatan yang berkaitan dengan penggelapan, penipuan, dan korupsi, sedangkan hubungan yang paling rendah adalah korelasi antara kejahatan narkotika dengan kejahatan terhadap ketertiban umum. Dalam hubungan observasi dengan variabel diperoleh 4 kelompok. Keberagaman variabel yang paling tinggi terletak pada kejahatan terhadap kebebasan masyarakat, sedangkan keberagaman variabel yang paling rendah terletak pada kejahatan terhadap kesusilaan.