Crime Victimization Experiences Research Articles

노인의 가구형태가 범죄피해 경험에 미치는 영향

This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing the experiences of crime victimization among the elderly in the context of an aging society and to propose effective strategies to reduce crime victimization among the elderly. Utilizing the “2020 Elderly Survey”, the study examined the mediating effects of both social factors, such as “discrimination” and mental health factors, such as “depression”, in the relationship between the elderly's living arrangements (living alone or not) and their experiences of crime victimization.
 Summarizing the analysis results: Frist, The living arrangements of the elderly statistically did not have a significant direct impact on crime victimization. Second, However, the living arrangements of the elderly had a positive(+) mediating effect through discrimination on crime victimization. Third, living arrangements had a positive(+) mediating effect through depression on crime victimization. Fourth, Living arrangements sequentially mediated through discrimination and depression to have a positive (+) effect on crime victimization. Fifth, When comparing the indirect effects of discrimination and depression, it was found that the mediating effect of discrimination, a social factor, was more influential than that of depression, a mental health factor.
 This study found that the elderly's living arrangements did not directly impact crime victimization experiences. Instead, it was revealed that living arrangements influenced crime victimization experiences through mediating factors such as discrimination and depression.
 Based on these results, the study suggests the following strategies: 1) Introducing job opportunities and mentor programs to improve negative perceptions of the elderly among the younger generation. 2) Establishing peer-based elderly communities and local community welfare programs to reduce depression. 3) Highlighting the necessity of crime prevention education to decrease crime victimization.

The Longitudinal Impact of Arrest, Criminal Conviction, and Incarceration on Smoking Classes.

BackgroundPrevious research identifies three to six smoking classes over the life course. This study expands on earlier work about the impact of getting arrested in early adulthood on individuals’ smoking classes, by including additional, more serious measures of justice system involvement (JSI), specifically criminal conviction and incarceration. Family processes were examined as secondary outcomes.MethodData from seventeen waves (1997-2015) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were analyzed via group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM), multinomial logistic regression, and latent transition analyses (LTA). Smoking behavior through age 36 is examined. Marital status, parenthood, juvenile smoking, juvenile arrest, and prior crime victimization experiences were also included in the models.ResultsSeven smoking classes were revealed: two low- or non-smoking classes; two decreasing classes; and three “problem” smoking (e.g., increasing, or chronic) classes. All JSI types increased the likelihood of being in a smoking class rather than a non-smoking class. Arrest and conviction had larger odds ratios than the most severe form of JSI—incarceration—with respect to respondents’ likelihood of being in an increasing or chronic smoking class. Juvenile smoking was the most robust predictor of smoking in adulthood.ConclusionInvolvement with the justice system in all forms remains a negative health factor that increases smoking. While not typically a goal of criminal justice officials, attention should be paid to this unintended consequence of involvement with the justice system—increased smoking—given smoking’s connection to serious illnesses such as cancer. As juvenile smoking is a strong risk factor for adult smoking, smoking prevention and cessation programs should start with youth; and be part of the offerings to individuals ensnared in the justice system at all levels.

Predictors of Fear of Criminal Victimization at School Among Students

Schools were known to everyone as a second home, a place not just for learning but a sanctuary of friendship, leadership, and social responsiveness. This is where students learn to write, draw, dance, sing, laugh, and make friends. School officials and administrators must put the students' welfare as a top priority at all costs because this is the place where the hope and future of every country will be honed and prepared. Like other sectors of society, schools have their problems and weaknesses; one is the level of security and safety of the young people and its faculty and staff within the school premises. The study aimed to determine the Predictors of Fear of Criminal Victimization at School among selected criminology students at Saint Michael College of Caraga. In addition, this study anchored on the Victim Precipitation Theory by Siegel (2006). The result shows that out of 366 respondents, 206 or 67.21% are Male with the Age bracket of 17-20 years old, and most of them are in second-year level. As to the level of a predictor of fear of criminal victimization, Fear of crime has a Mild Fear of Victimization, same with the Perception of Risk has and Violent Crime Victimization Experiences that have a small amount of fear of victimization. Further, this study proves that students' demographic profile has no significant relationship between the level of predictors of fear of criminal victimization at school. The researchers recommend taking immediate action about the student's concerns regarding their safety and creating a safe and supportive school climate.

Risk and protective factors of identity theft victimization in the United States.

Identity theft victimization is associated with serious physical and mental health morbidities. The problem is expanding as society becomes increasingly reliant on technology to store and transfer personally identifying information. Guided by lifestyle-routine activity theory, this study sought to identify risk and protective factors associated with identity theft victimization and determine whether individual-level behaviors, including frequency of online purchasing and data protection practices, are determinative of victimization. Data from sequential administrations of the U.S. National Crime Victimization Survey-Identity Theft Supplement (ITS) in 2012 and 2014 were combined (N=128,419). Using multivariable logistic regression, risk and protective factors were examined for three subtypes: 1) unauthorized use of existing credit card/bank accounts, and unauthorized use of personal information to 2) open new accounts, or 3) engage in instrumental activities (e.g., applying for government benefits, receiving medical care, filing false tax returns). Existing credit card/bank accounts and new accounts identity theft victimization were associated with higher levels of online purchasing activity and prior identity theft victimization. All identity theft subtypes were associated with government/corporate data breaches and other crime victimization experiences. Routine individual-level preventive behaviors such as changing online passwords and shredding/destroying documents were protective. Identity theft subtypes showed divergent socio-demographic risk/protective profiles, with those of higher socioeconomic status more likely to be victims of existing credit card/bank account identity theft. Identity theft is a pervasive, growing problem with serious health and psychosocial consequences, yet individuals can engage in specific protective behaviors to mitigate victimization risk.

Victims, the Forgotten Party in the Criminal Justices System: The Perception and Experiences of Crime Victims in Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana

Crime victims are an integral part of the criminal justice system. There has been recurrent consensus of opinion that without crime victims there can be no effective prosecution. Nevertheless, most studies have been crime-offender-centred. This research explored the experiences of the crime victim in the criminal justice system. Methodologically, this study employed a qualitative technique, face-to-face interviews to collect data. Purposive, snowball, expert sampling techniques were used to select respondents. The study revealed that although most crime victims were satisfied at the reporting stage, they were dissatisfied getting to the end of the criminal justice system process. Victims of offences as robbery and defrauding wanted their monies back after the imprisonment of offender whilst victims of violent crimes like rape, assault and murder want compensation to foot medical bills and other losses they incurred. Victims generally perceive that prosecution and conviction given to perpetrators were not deterring enough. The findings showed that crime victims felt re-victimised by CJS officials; especially because they were not treated with human dignity and the victims had many interesting conceptions of ‘being treated with dignity’ and ‘not being treated with dignity. The study concluded that the CJS should administer justice expeditiously and should be more inclusive.

High-Crime Environment and Individual Portfolio Choice

We study the relationship between crime victimization and financial risk taking. Using data from two different Brazilian household surveys, we show that individuals who perceive violence in their neighborhoods are more likely to participate in the stock market. We also find that individuals have different economic reaction to different kinds of crime. Being a victim of violent property crimes has a negative effect on financial savings, while victims of nonviolent property crimes are more likely to have financial savings. The effect is stronger in low-crime states. Results are estimated controlling for macroeconomic and household characteristics. To the best of our knowledge this is the first paper addressing the relationship between crime victimization experiences and stock market participation.

Extreme Obesity and its Associations with Victimization, PTSD, Major Depression and Eating Disorders in a National Sample of Women

Background: Crime victimization experiences, such as rape, molestation, and aggravated assault are significantly associated with bulimia nervosa (BN) and associated psychiatric comorbidity such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and substance abuse. Obesity also appears to be a major risk factor for the development of BN, but few studies have examined the relationship of crime victimization experiences to obesity and related psychopathology.

Frequency, Nature, and Correlates of Hate Crime Victimization Experiences in an Urban Sample of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community Members.

The present study examines two central research questions. First, we sought to add to current knowledge on the frequency and types of hate crime experiences in an urban sample. Also, drawing on existing frameworks for sexual minority specific (SMS) stress, we examined internalized SMS stress (defined by internalized homophobia and acceptance concerns regarding one's minority status) as a mediator of the association between hate crime victimization (i.e., objective or social SMS stress) and mental health symptoms (i.e., symptoms of depression, anxiety, and general stress). Participants were 336 self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) community members who elected to participate in research at a community health agency in an urban southwestern United States jurisdiction. Results suggested (a) approximately one third of the sample reported lifetime hate crime victimization, with the most common types characterized by interpersonal, as opposed to property, crimes; (b) approximately half of participants reported their most recent victimization to law enforcement; and (c) internalized SMS stress mediated the relation between hate crime victimization and overall mental health symptoms. Findings are discussed with respect to implications of the unique nature of hate crimes in an urban setting, as well as theoretical and practical implications of SMS stress findings.

A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Suicide Proneness Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community Members

Internalized homophobia is common among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons; moreover, it can be associated with suicide proneness, among other mental health concerns. The present paper hypothesized cognitions concerning perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness, as mediating pathways of the association of internalized homophobia and suicide proneness in a community sample of LGB persons. Further, prior hate crime victimization experiences, suicide attempt history, level of depressive symptoms, and gender were tested as moderators of the above mediation pathway. Participants consisted of 336 LGB community members from an urban primary care clinic. Results indicated that perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness, mediated the relationship between internalized homophobia and suicide proneness Further, the following moderation patterns were observed: both gender (significant for males only) and depressive symptoms (significant for those with mild-to-severe levels of depressive symptoms) moderated the perceived burdensomeness pathway. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.

Persons with cancer diagnosis as victims/survivors: Patterns of victimization, empowering support and posttraumatic growth

The paper deals with the analyses of primary and secondary victimisation patterns to which cancer diagnosed persons are exposed, as well as an analyses of their needs and the adequacy of the support they receive from persons from their close surrounding, from professionals as well as from state institutions and nongovernmental organizations. The main aim of the paper is to examine applicability of basic victimological concepts such as the notion of victim-survivor, victimization, victim needs, agency v. passivity, self help, social support, posttraumatic disorder/ growth, to the experiences of persons with cancer diagnosis. Consequently the experiences of persons with cancer diagnosis are compared with the experiences of crime victims. On the basis of this analyses, recommendations regarding the possible exchange of experiences and unification of knowledge about crime victims? and cancer diagnosed persons? needs, as the basis for the improvement of existing and the development of new mechanisms of support and (self) help beneficial for both groups are presented.

A Phenomenological Study on the Crime-Victimization Experiences of North Korean Refugees

A Phenomenological Study on the Crime-Victimization Experiences of North Korean Refugees

Understanding the Experience of Crime Victims with Disabilities and Deaf Victims

Interpersonal violence is a serious problem for adults with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to understand experiences of crime victims with disabilities and barriers they faced when reporting crime. Fifty-two adults with disabilities whose interpersonal violence was reported to law enforcement participated in focus groups investigating their experiences and recommendations. Participants identified barriers and improvement strategies related to disability identification and disclosure, victim involvement and blaming, credibility and misunderstandings, communication challenges, and accommodations. Barriers exist for people with disabilities navigating the criminal justice system. A need for improved understanding between the disability community and law enforcement was noted.

Can Mediation Be Therapeutic for Crime Victims? An Evaluation of Victims' Experiences in Mediation with Young Offenders

Victims' experiences in the justice system may help or hinder their healing process. Restorative justice aims to heal the suffering caused by victimization (Zehr 2002). However, some victim advocates have expressed concern that restorative justice may augment victims' suffering. This article presents the results of an evaluation of the experiences of crime victims who were invited to participate in a mediation program. Using therapeutic jurisprudence as a framework, the study looks at how victims' fear was affected by the program and whether their participation in the program helped with their recovery.