The armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine has given rise to various allegations of war crimes that have attracted the attention of the international community, particularly regarding the effectiveness of international criminal law enforcement. Although Russia is not a state party to the 1998 Rome Statute, the International Criminal Court (ICC) still has an important role in prosecuting perpetrators of international crimes. This study aims to analyze the application of ICC jurisdiction to alleged war crimes in the Russia–Ukraine conflict even though Russia is not a state party to the Rome Statute, as well as to identify the juridical and political challenges in the enforcement of international criminal law. This study employed a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The results show that the ICC still has a basis for jurisdiction through the territorial principle based on Ukraine’s ad hoc declaration pursuant to Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute, as well as through the principle of complementarity, which places the ICC as the last resort when a state is unable or unwilling to enforce the law effectively. However, the implementation of such jurisdiction faces various challenges, including jurisdictional limitations over non-state parties, dependence on international cooperation, issues of immunity of state officials, global political dynamics, evidentiary constraints in situations of armed conflict, as well as the not yet optimal universalization of the Rome Statute. These findings indicate that the effectiveness of international criminal law enforcement in the Russia–Ukraine conflict depends not only on the ICC’s normative legitimacy, but also on political support and the commitment of the international community to preventing impunity for war crimes.

Emotion regulation in the context of protective and adverse childhood experiences: A comparative study of perpetrators of sex crimes and a community sample.

BackgroundThis study seeks to recommend amendments to the Jordanian Cybercrime Law No. 17 of 2023, especially regarding the character assassination crime. The research mainly deals with the current legal framework's ambiguities by clarifying the legal terms and conceptual boundaries associated with this type of crime. The researchers point out that the law needs to be revised in order to include the current digital communicational channels which sometimes become the places of defamation that cause the loss of moral and reputation, thereby lighting the present ways of moral and reputational harm in the digital world.MethodsThe study adopts a desciptive approach to explore the concept of character assassination from the perspectives of law and theory. Furthermore, a legal analytical approach is employed in order to evaluate the applicable provisions of Jordanian law, especially Article 16 of the Cybercrime Law, through the interpretation of statutory language, the identification of gaps, and the assessment of its concordance with general principles of criminal law and international legal systems.ResultsThe research findings indicate that Jordanian statutes have clearly acknowledged the concept of moral character assassination which is quite the opposite of the approaches taken in some other legal systems. Yet, the prevailing law still does not give a clear picture on the issue of criminal liability. Who can be considered a perpetrator of such crimes is one of the unclear areas in particular. In addition, the law's relevance to digital and internet-based interactions is still not crystal clear, thus leading to uncertainty as regards both enforcement and legal interpretation.RecommendationsThe research suggests amending the Jordanian Cybercrime Law, specifically Article 16, to make the law more certain and effective. It also recommends to add the word "moral" explicitly and to make the online and digital domains unambiguously referenced so that the law will be able to comprehend present-day reputational harm and adapt to current technological conditions.

Children committing violent crimes has been rampant in Indonesia in recent months. The emergence of klitih, a phenomenon where teenagers commit crimes on the streets, has occurred in several regions of Indonesia, such as Yogyakarta and Semarang, as well as several other areas. Law enforcement for children and adults is very different; children must receive humane, comprehensive treatment that prioritizes their interests. Investigators as law enforcers must understand the social, psychological, and environmental conditions of children who commit violent crimes. The law is constantly evolving with the times, one example being criminal profiling, which aims to analyze the behavior patterns, mental conditions, social conditions, and characteristics of criminals. The practice of law enforcement using criminal profiling methods can help investigators understand the mental and social conditions of children and the characteristics that underlie their behavior as perpetrators of crime.

The issue of irresponsibility or mitigation of criminal responsibility

The relationship between upbringing and the commission of organized crime: A scoping review Little is known about the relationship between parenting and organizational crime. This study conducted a scoping review to explore the association between parenting, parenting styles, and organizational crime. After screening, 14 eligible studies were included, of which the data were analyzed and coded. The review provides an overview of the current state of the literature on the relationship between parenting, parenting styles, and organizational crime. No studies were identified that directly examined the link between parenting and organizational crime. However, studies were found investigating the relationship between parenting and personality traits, as well as studies examining personality traits in relation to organizational crime. The findings suggest a possible indirect relationship between parenting and organizational crime, with personality traits potentially acting as a mediating variable. Further research is needed to clarify and better understand this relationship. Recommendations include examining the link between parenting and the perpetration of organizational crime later in life, as well as conducting more research on individuals who engage in organizational crime but have never been convicted. In conclusion, research into the causes of organizational crime remains an underexplored field, and investigating the role of parenting may offer an important contribution to understanding its development.

Sexual harassment refers to any act or behavior of a sexual nature that is carried out without consent and causes discomfort, humiliation, or threat to the victim. The goal of this research is to analyze legal solutions to sexual harassment cases from a social cultural and legal perspective. This study implemented a qualitative descriptive research method using a Systematic Literature Review approach. Researchers collected data by gathering various literature, both from books and scientific articles from national and international journals related to the research objectives. The data analysis used in this study involves evaluating data feasibility. The results show that the presence of the TPKS Law (Law Number 12 of 2022) and the New Criminal Code (Law Number 1 of 2023) plays a very important function in preventing sexual harassment. TPKS Law underscores the importance of integrating legal principles with social values, guaranteeing that statutory provisions are in accordance with human rights standards and gender equality. On the other hand, the Code establishes clearer definitions and broader categories of sexual misconduct, guaranteeing that harassment acts are explicitly acknowledged as criminal offenses. The implementation of the TPKS Law and the New Criminal Code must be firm in the field in protecting victims and providing a deterrent effect on perpetrators of sexual violence crimes. Therefore, there is a need for integration of normative legal and socio-cultural solutions to sexual violence with open public dialogue and cross-sector collaboration among stakeholders.

This paper addresses Law 11.340/06, known as the Maria da Penha Law—the main legal framework for the protection of women's rights—and its applicability during times of pandemic. The objective of this research is to analyze the consequences arising from social isolation and the increased and direct coexistence of victims with their aggressors, since most perpetrators of crimes related to domestic violence live with their victims. The applicability of Law 11.340/06 is examined in light of the principle of equality. Using the theoretical framework of Maria Berenice Dias and statistical data from the Violence Map, the hypothesis was developed that, despite progress and public policies, domestic and family violence remains a constant, especially during pandemic periods. The apparent reduction in statistical data during the pandemic demonstrates the difficulty in reporting cases, in contrast to the actual increase in violence. From this perspective, it can be concluded that, despite public policies and mandatory legal provisions, violence against women remains deeply rooted in our society.

Narcotics abuse is a social and legal problem that has various serious impacts in Indonesia. Not only individuals who consume them impact, but also have a wide impact on the people around them and the country's legal system. Therefore, the handling of narcotics abusers must be carried out comprehensively. Narcotics abusers are often positioned as mere perpetrators of crimes, even though they are also victims of psychological and physical dependence. The case described above creates a special concept known as self-victimizing victims, who are individuals who are victims of their own criminal acts. In Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning narcotics, there are regulations regarding criminal penalties for narcotics abusers, however law enforcement is still predominantly repressive. This article aims to knowing and understanding the concept of self-victimizing victims in drug abusers as an effort to overcome narcotics crimes, and to describe and provide policy recommendations regarding legal protection for narcotics abusers as self-victimizing victims in order to improve the prevention of narcotics crimes that are more humane and proportional. Therefore, the problem formulation emerged: 1.) How is the concept of self-victimizing victims in narcotics abusers as countermeasures to narcotics crimes? And, 2.) How is the policy recommendations legal protection for narcotics abusers as self-victimizing victims to overcome narcotics crimes?. This study uses a normative juridical research method with a qualitatively approach. In this study, it was found that legal protection for drug abusers as self-victimizing victims requires policy reform through a double track system approach, repressive and rehabilitative punishment.

Indonesian Law No. 17 of 2016 was enacted to aggravate sanctions with chemical castration sanctions for sexual offenders against children. Viewed from a psychological perspective, a paedophile can also commit this sexual crime, so it is certainly not appropriate to impose this sanction on the person found to be a paedophile. For these facts, this current study provides a solid understanding of why it is necessary to involve the psychiatrist in the legal process of sexual crimes against children. To achieve this understanding, the data were collected from the texts of the verdicts concerning sexual crimes against children issued by the Mojokerto District Court on 2 May 2019, the Surabaya District Court on 18 November 2019, and the Sumenep District Court on 9 December 2025. The collected data were then analysed using the model developed by Miles and Huberman (1994). The result of the analysis reveals that because of the lack of involvement of the psychiatrist in the legal process of sexual crime against children, the three verdicts does not state that the perpetrators of sexual crime against children are paedophiles. Therefore, it is necessary to involve the psychiatrist in the legal process of sexual crimes against children. From the perspective of comparative law, the involvement of psychiatrists in the implementation of chemical castration is manifested in two forms: firstly, providing opinions by considering the mental state of the Defendant (judicial process), and secondly, in the form of observation, monitoring, and post-chemical castration recommendations (as the executor of the Court's decision).

Children as perpetrators of criminal offenses have become a phenomenon that has increasingly attracted attention in legal and criminological studies. Child development, which is strongly influenced by the social environment, family conditions, and psychological factors, makes children vulnerable to engaging in deviant behavior and coming into conflict with the law. This study aims to analyze the criminological factors underlying children as perpetrators of crime through a case study of Decision Number 6/Pid.Sus-Anak/2025/PN Kbm. The research method employed is normative legal research combined with an empirical approach, utilizing a statutory approach and a case approach. The data were obtained from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials and analyzed qualitatively. The findings indicate that social and family environmental factors, as well as the psychological condition and age of the child, are dominant factors influencing the occurrence of criminal acts. The lack of supervision, attention, and social control from the surrounding environment, combined with the child's psychological immaturity, encourages children to engage in unlawful conduct. Therefore, a criminological approach emphasizes that the handling of children as perpetrators of criminal offenses should prioritize the principles of child protection, guidance, and preventive efforts to prevent the recurrence of criminal acts in the future.

An intrinsic part of hate crime perpetration is to be motivated in part or whole based on biases against another due to their identity. Yet, less is known about how hate crime impacts people who occupy multiple marginalized identities. This analysis moves our understanding forward by employing network analysis to capture how hate crimes and bias-motivated experiences cluster among different victim demographics. We focus here on Latino/a populations in the United States, which are at increased risk for hate crime victimization. Using a sample of Latino/a adults across three U.S. communities (n = 910), we assess the links between bias-motivated experiences based on multiple key demographic intersections. Results demonstrate that gender, immigrant status, and economic status distinctly impact how bias-motivated experiences cluster and relate, particularly when examined together. Findings suggest that it is imperative to look at people's victimization experiences holistically, especially when they hold multiple identities that fundamentally change their experiences with bias-motivated harm. These findings have implications for practitioners, particularly those in the criminal justice system, who seek to better identify and respond to victims of hate crime.

Violent theft is a type of crime that still has a high incidence rate in Indonesia and causes complex social impacts. Criminal behavior in committing unlawful acts is not only influenced by economic factors, but also related to the psychological aspects of the perpetrator that affect their way of thinking, decision making, and control of behavioral impulses. This study aims to analyze the personality structure of perpetrators of violent theft based on Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, particularly the dynamics of the id, ego, and superego. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method on three prisoners at the Klaten Class IIB Prison. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation to obtain a comprehensive picture of the subjects' backgrounds and psychological dynamics. The data obtained was then analyzed inductively using source triangulation to obtain the validity of the findings. The results showed that each perpetrator had a different personality structure. Subject 1 showed a weak superego function at the time of the crime, which was followed by the emergence of a post-event superego in the form of inner conflict and guilt. Subject 2 showed a dominant ego oriented towards realistic considerations in fulfilling life needs, while subject 3 tended to show weak ego control with a dominant impulsive id drive. However, all subjects showed an imbalance in the interaction between the id, ego, and superego in the decision-making process prior to committing the crime.

This study critically analyzes the existence of international criminal sanctions in the Ukraine and Gaza Strip conflicts from 2023 to 2025. Using a normative legal approach, this study examines the existence of international criminal sanctions, particularly those stipulated in Principle I (individual criminal responsibility), Principle III (denial of official immunity), and Principle IV (denial of superior orders), codified in Articles 25, 27, and 28 of the Rome Statute. Several obstacles to enforcing criminal sanctions are often hampered by the principle of complementarity (Article 17) and the UN Security Council veto mechanism (Article 27(3) of the UN Charter), making the existence of criminal sanctions through ICC decisions unenforceable. This is evident in the failure to execute the arrest warrant against Putin (March 17, 2023) for the deportation of 19,144 Ukrainian children and four simultaneous warrants against Netanyahu, Gallant, and Hamas leaders (May 20, 2024). Six Russian vetoes against Ukraine (2022 2024) and 46 US vetoes related to Israel Palestine since 1972 paralyze the reference to Article 13(b) then to what extent the existence of criminal rules for crimes imposed on the Ukraine and Gaza Strip conflicts in the period 2023-2025, how can the UN council veto rules affect this existence? So it can be concluded that to what extent the criminal rules in punishing perpetrators of international crimes exist so that they can realize an international criminal system that is not only decorative but can also be implemented effectively as a form of deterrence for perpetrators and a last resort in eliminating the existence of international crimes.

This research aims to analyze the application of material criminal law against perpetrators of sexual abuse crimes against children and examine the judge's considerations in sentencing in cases of sexual abuse against children committed by teachers. The study focuses on Court Decision Number 1649/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Mks, where a Quran teacher was convicted of committing sexual abuse against several of his students. This normative legal research employs statutory and case approaches, analyzing primary legal materials including the Criminal Code (KUHP), Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, and the aforementioned court decision. The findings indicate that the application of material criminal law in this case has been in accordance with Article 82 paragraph (1), jo Article 76E of the Child Protection Law, where all elements of the crime were proven fulfilled. However, the judge's consideration in sentencing raises critical concerns regarding the application of aggravating factors. Under Article 82 paragraph (4) of the Child Protection Law, when sexual abuse is committed by educators, the punishment should be increased by one-third. The court sentenced the defendant to 6 years and 6 months imprisonment and a fine of Rp. 60,000,000, whereas according to the applicable law with aggravating factors, the sentence should have been 8 years and 8 months imprisonment. The study also identifies obstacles in handling such cases, including children's difficulty in revealing traumatic events, victims' fear and shame, limited witnesses, threats from perpetrators, and inadequate resources. The research recommends consistent application of sentence enhancement for perpetrators who are educators, improved inter-agency cooperation in handling child victims, enhanced school security measures, and comprehensive legal protection for child victims throughout the judicial process.

This study aims to analyze the application of Article 93 paragraph (1) of Law No. 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries in Decision No. 317/Pid.Sus/2013/PN.RHL. The focus of the study is on proving the elements of the crime, the suitability of the evidence used, and the judge's legal considerations in issuing the decision. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a case approach. The results of the study indicate that all elements of the crime regulated in Article 93 paragraph (1) have been fulfilled through valid evidence based on Article 184 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The judge in this case is considered to have applied the provisions of the article appropriately, both in terms of evidence and legal considerations. However, the decision still has weaknesses in terms of strengthening ecological aspects and deterrent effects on perpetrators of fisheries crimes. Therefore, a more comprehensive legal approach is needed that not only provides criminal sanctions, but also considers environmental losses and the need for sustainable protection of marine resources.

Remission constitutes a right granted to inmates who meet specific requirements as a form of recognition for good behavior during imprisonment. This study aims to examine the requirements for granting remission to correctional inmates and analyze the societal impacts when remission is given to convicts of corruption, terrorism, and narcotics offenses. The research employs a normative juridical approach through a literature study. The findings demonstrate that remission possesses a clear legal foundation encompassing both general and specific requirements, particularly for perpetrators of serious crimes. General requirements include serving at least six months of imprisonment, demonstrating good behavior, and actively participating in guidance programs. For special crime perpetrators, additional requirements apply, including becoming justice collaborators, paying fines and compensation, and participating in deradicalization programs. However, granting remission to special crime convicts generates negative impacts on public perception of justice, deterrence effects, and the integrity of law enforcement. The research concludes that a more selective and accountable remission policy supported by public oversight is necessary to align with the objectives of correctional guidance and legal justice.

This study explores the controversy surrounding the application of the death penalty to perpetrators of extraordinary crimes from the perspective of Pancasila, which upholds the principles of civilized justice. Although the death penalty is officially regulated in the Criminal Code and sectoral laws related to narcotics, terrorism, and corruption, its practice shows inconsistencies. The state strongly enforces the death penalty for drug and terrorism offenders but is more lenient toward corruption offenders, even though the law allows the death penalty under certain circumstances. This disparity raises concerns about potential abuse of power, violates the principle of equality before the law, and undermines public trust in the legal system. The research employs a qualitative method with a normative legal approach, analyzing laws and regulations, doctrines, court decisions, and relevant academic literature. The analysis is conducted descriptively and analytically, with Pancasila used as an evaluative framework. The findings emphasize the need for consistent application of the death penalty for all extraordinary crimes to ensure that the law upholds substantive justice. Using Pancasila as a benchmark, the state is expected to enforce the law in an equitable, accountable, and fair manner, so that the death penalty serves as an instrument of justice rather than a tool of power.

Aut Dedere Aut Judicare: The International Responsibility to Prosecute and bring Wartime Rape Perpetrators to Justice

This study seeks to recommend amendments to the Jordanian Cybercrime Law No. 17 of 2023, especially regarding the character assassination crime. The research mainly deals with the current legal framework's ambiguities by clarifying the legal terms and conceptual boundaries associated with this type of crime. The researchers point out that the law needs to be revised in order to include the current digital communicational channels which sometimes become the places of defamation that cause the loss of moral and reputation, thereby lighting the present ways of moral and reputational harm in the digital world. The study adopts a desciptive approach to explore the concept of character assassination from the perspectives of law and theory. Furthermore, a legal analytical approach is employed in order to evaluate the applicable provisions of Jordanian law, especially Article 16 of the Cybercrime Law, through the interpretation of statutory language, the identification of gaps, and the assessment of its concordance with general principles of criminal law and international legal systems. The research findings indicate that Jordanian statutes have clearly acknowledged the concept of moral character assassination which is quite the opposite of the approaches taken in some other legal systems. Yet, the prevailing law still does not give a clear picture on the issue of criminal liability. Who can be considered a perpetrator of such crimes is one of the unclear areas in particular. In addition, the law's relevance to digital and internet-based interactions is still not crystal clear, thus leading to uncertainty as regards both enforcement and legal interpretation. The research suggests amending the Jordanian Cybercrime Law, specifically Article 16, to make the law more certain and effective. It also recommends to add the word "moral" explicitly and to make the online and digital domains unambiguously referenced so that the law will be able to comprehend present-day reputational harm and adapt to current technological conditions.