The crime of trafficking in persons (TPPO) with recruitment through social media is now a major problem in Indonesia, which exploits migrant workers in various online fraud operations. The Trafficking in Persons 2025 report recorded the handling of 3,354 cases related to online fraud in 2024, but only 314 individuals were officially recognized as victims. This upward trend is expected to continue in 2025–2026 with the mass repatriation of thousands of Indonesian citizens from Myanmar and Cambodia. This normative juridical research explores the inadequacy of legal protection contained in Law no. 21/2007, Law no. 18/2017, Law no. 31/2014, and the ITE Law. It was found that although the national legal system is quite complete, its implementation is hampered by low levels of digital literacy, weak responsibility of digital platforms, disharmonious coordination between sectors, and challenges in transnational electronic evidence. The low level of fulfillment of the right to restitution increasingly shows the state's failure to provide restorative justice. This research recommends the existence of special regulations regarding TPPO that focus on digital aspects and strengthening mechanisms.

This study discusses in depth the factors that cause and efforts to overcome the crime of trafficking in persons (TPPO) in the jurisdiction of the East Nusa Tenggara Police (NTT), which is known to have the highest number of trafficking cases in Indonesia. Using a juridical-empirical approach through interviews with nine resource persons consisting of law enforcement officials, women and child protection institutions, and the community, this study shows that although the substance of the law is quite adequate, its implementation is still weak and has not been able to cause a deterrent effect for perpetrators. Limited human resources, supporting facilities, and weak coordination between institutions are the main obstacles in the law enforcement process. Countermeasures are carried out through three main aspects, namely preemptive (counseling, socialization, and community economic empowerment), preventive (port supervision, formation of a monitoring team for illegal job vacancies, and cross-sector cooperation), and repressive (investigation, arrest, and legal process against perpetrators). This research also emphasizes the importance of increasing the capacity of the apparatus, synergy between agencies, and public education as sustainable steps in reducing the number of trafficking and protecting victims as a whole.

Trafficking in persons is the act of recruiting, transporting, harboring, sending, transferring, or receiving a person by threat of violence, use of force, abduction, harboring, falsification, deception, abuse of power or vulnerable position, debt bondage or giving payments or benefits, so as to obtain the consent of the person who has control over the other person, both within the country and between countries, for the purpose of exploitation or resulting in exploitation. The practice of transnational crimes of trafficking in persons that violate human dignity has been going on throughout history in various parts of the world, including in Indonesia. This deep-rooted global phenomenon is essentially a modern manifestation of slavery, which fundamentally deprives people of their fundamental rights. This research uses a normative juridical method to analyze and examine the legal review related to the Crime of Trafficking in Persons in the case of exploitation of Indonesian students to Germany, legal responsibility for TPPO perpetrators, and countermeasures in the criminal justice system. The results show that international organizations such as IOM are needed to prevent similar cases in the future. The governments of Indonesia and Germany, together with international institutions, must improve regulations, supervision, and strict sanctions to prevent the occurrence of TPPO cases.

The condition of a country experiencing an economic crisis can have a very broad impact on the country, one of which is the lack of domestic employment opportunities, resulting in an increase in the number of unemployed people, which leads to the goverment’s helplessness to overcome poverty. This causes citizens to flock to work abroad. The handling must be balanced with cooperation with several parties, not only the government, and implementers of labor placement but also to prospective workers so that legal problems do not arise between workers and those who provide work. This study aims to analyze efforts to overcome the crime of trafficking in persons for Indonesian migrant workers. This research uses normative juridical and empirical juridical approaches to understand the obstacles and challenges in handling human trafficking cases.

Cases of criminal acts of trafficking in persons in certain cases are usually related to cases of criminal acts in the field of employment. To achieve legal certainty in law enforcement, especially for perpetrators of trafficking in persons and crimes in the field of employment, the principle of a legal state that has legislation as its rules is needed, law enforcement officers who are professional, have integrity and discipline, so that the law becomes a central thing in regulating and controlling the life of the nation and state. The crime of human trafficking is a general criminal case in which the prosecutor's handling process acts as a Public Prosecutor and other authorities are regulated by law. The prosecutor's office in the law enforcement process in Indonesia handles various types of criminal cases, one of which is the crime of human trafficking and employment crimes. This research aims to find out the role of the Republic of Indonesia Prosecutor's Office in Law Enforcement against Human Trafficking Crimes and Crimes in the Employment Sector. The approach method used in this research is normative juridical research (normative legal research method). The crime of trafficking in persons and the crime of employment have an interrelated modus operandi, where in this case there is an act of recruiting several people to serve as workers for a company, but these workers experience physical and psychological exploitation. In the Republic of Indonesia Prosecutor's Regulation Number 3 of 2024 concerning the Fourth Amendment to the Attorney General's Regulation Number PER-006/A/Ja/07/2017 concerning the Organization and Work Procedures of the Republic of Indonesia Prosecutor's Office contains the authority of the Prosecutor's Office in handling Human Trafficking and Employment Crime Cases.

Trafficking in persons is regulated in Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning eradicating the Crime of Trafficking in Persons. One form of legal protection for victims is the provision of compensation in the form of restitution. Children and women were often victims of the crime of trafficking in persons. The problem how is the application of compensation in the form of restitution to children as victims of criminal acts of trafficking in persons in the jurisdiction of the city of Padang. What are the obstacles in the application of compensation in the form of restitution to children as victims of criminal acts of trafficking in persons in the jurisdiction of the city of Padang? The study uses an empirical legal. Data collection techniques are through interviews and document studies, and data analysis is qualitative. The conclusion is the application of restitution for children who are victims of criminal acts of trafficking in persons in the jurisdiction of the city of Padang has not been optimal. The obstacle in implementing restitution for children as victims of the crime of trafficking in persons is the lack of awareness of law enforcement officers on victim protection, especially restitution, which results in the rights of the victims of criminal acts being often neglected because they tend to be law enforcement are more focused on imposing criminal charges against perpetrators.

The criminal act of human trafficking has caused suffering because it is a crime that violates human dignity, and so the crime is included in the category of serious crimes. The aim of this research is: This research aims to find out and examine the concept of the criminal act of trafficking in persons in Indonesia, to find out and examine the weaknesses in the arrangements for protecting the human rights of victims of the crime of trafficking in persons in Indonesia, and to find out and examine the conceptualization of the protection of the human rights of victims. Criminal act of human trafficking in Indonesia. This research is a type of normative-empirical legal research that examines the legal problem of human trafficking with a multidimensional approach. The research results show that protecting human rights for victims of human trafficking in Indonesia involves various parties and requires a holistic approach. Despite significant efforts, protection limitations remain, including service, compensation and return costs. Further efforts are needed to address these challenges and ensure maximum protection for victims while continuing to evaluate and monitor for continuous improvement.

The phenomenon of ferienjob (seasonal work) in Germany is increasingly attractive to international students, including those from Indonesia, as it offers income opportunities and work experience abroad. However, behind the legality and attractiveness of this work, some loopholes can be used for exploitation, which in some instances can lead to the crime of trafficking in persons. This study aims to identify modes of exploitation in the context of ferienjob and evaluate the level of legal protection available to Indonesian students, both from German and Indonesian law perspectives. The study reveals the existence of covert forced labor practices, violations of labor rights, and a lack of supervision of employment agencies facilitating Indonesian students. In addition, the different legal regimes in the two countries often cause uncertainty regarding legal protection, mainly when violations occur outside the home country's jurisdiction. The results show that despite applicable legal instruments, the implementation of protection for Indonesian students working in Germany still needs to be improved.

The crime of trafficking in persons, especially in sexual exploitation, is still common in Indonesia. So that the existence of this criminal act injures the ethics of life which has been implied in the TAP MPR RI Number VI / MPR / 2001, also considering that the victims, who are mostly women and children, need legal protection from a victimology perspective. So from here the writer wants to discuss about knowing the criminal law policy of sexual exploitation in Indonesia and analyzing the policy from a victimology perspective. The method used by the author is normative juridical by reviewing the current criminal law policy on child sexual exploitation as well as how the viewpoint is from a victimological perspective. In the regulation of the crime of trafficking in persons in Law Number 21 of 2007, there are three main elements, namely the recruitment / sending / acceptance of persons, the existence of coercion or threats, and finally the goal is to lead to sexual exploitation or other forms. And in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning child protection it also regulates this and the two regulations regulate slightly different protection. In the victimology of legal protection from the law on trafficking in persons, it is more repressive in nature, while the child protection law has preventive and repressive stages and the second punishment given to the perpetrator is also severe for the justice of the victim.

This study aims to find out and analyze the role of the prosecutor's office in determining the right to restitution for the crime of trafficking in persons based on case number 27/Pid.sus/2019/PN.Kpg. This research is a normative legal research (library research) supported by empirical data. This research focuses on the Role of the Prosecutor's Office in Determining the Right to Restitution for the Crime of Trafficking in Persons. The approach used in this study is the case approach. This research uses primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. This legal research is analyzed using the Content Analysis legal material analysis technique. The results of this study show that (1) The existence of restitution is contained in Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning Trafficking, Article 4 of Perma No. 1 of 2022, and is contained in the Criminal Procedure Code. (2) The role of the prosecutor's office in determining the right to restitution of victims in the crime of trafficking in persons is to inform the victim of their rights in submitting restitution applications to the court, so that the suggestions that can be given to law enforcers, especially the Public Prosecutor, should be given socialization or training regarding Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Trafficking in Persons, especially the provision of restitution, so that there is a common perception in handling cases of human trafficking.

This study aims to find out and analyze the criminological review of the crime of trafficking in persons studied in Ende Regency The type of research used in the study is empirical juridical research. Empirical Juridical Research, where prospective researchers conduct research in the field. Data collection technique by conducting interviews with 3 resource persons. As well as the data analysis techniques used, namely descriptive-qualitative analysis. The results of this study show that: (1) The factors that cause the occurrence of trafficking in Ende Regency. Namely, (a) Financial emotional pressure, (b) Lack of legal and moral awareness, (c) Poverty and economic inequality, (d) Lack of education and employment opportunities, (e) social and cultural, (f) family. (2) Efforts to combat trafficking in Ende Regency. In an effort to overcome trafficking in Ende Regency through 3 efforts, Preemptive, Preventive, and Repressive.

The issue of job fraud victims through online recruitment or online scams has become widespread in the Southeast Asia region. The high flow of mobilization between countries and the ease of visa-free facilities increase the risk of human security threats, including the crime of trafficking in persons (TIP). This paper aims to explain Indonesia’s efforts to protect Indonesian citizens/Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) victims of TIP, particularly in the Philippines. The concept of personal security helps identify new security threats that directly impact individuals or citizens. Considering the ease of mobilization and technology, it is possible that future cases caused by online scams will increase. This paper aims to highlight issues that have been overlooked in current discussions. The study adopts a qualitative- descriptive methods, including desk and library research data collection techniques, as well as direct observation. The analysis reveals that successful efforts to protect Indonesian migrant workers in the Philippines contribute to the realization of a key human security concept: freedom from fear. However, there has been no cooperation between Indonesia and the Philippines to prevent similar cases from occurring in the future.

Human trafficking, also known as human trafficking, is a new form of transnational crime that is increasingly rampant. The crime of trafficking in persons is a modern form of human slavery, the crime of trafficking in persons, has expanded in the form of a network of organized and unorganized crimes. The crime of trafficking in persons even involves not only individuals but also corporations and state administrators who abuse their authority and power, According to Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Trafficking in Persons Article 1 paragraph (1), human trafficking is the act of recruiting, transporting, sheltering, sending, transferring or receiving a person with the threat of violence, use of violence, kidnapping, detention, forgery, fraud, abuse of power or vulnerable position, debt entanglement or payment or benefit, This type of research is normative legal research, namely research that has the object of study on legal rules or rules. Legal protection for victims of human trafficking is very important, so various efforts are made so that they get the right to become useful human beings before returning to society. As well as efforts to empower economically and educationally so that victims are not trapped again in human trafficking. Adequate legal protection for victims of crime is not only a national issue, but also an international one, because this needs to receive serious attention, including victims of human trafficking. Victims of crime, who are basically the parties who suffer the most in a criminal act, do not receive as much protection as the law gives to criminals. As a result, after the perpetrator of the crime has been sentenced to criminal sanctions by the court, the victim's condition is not cared for.

Human trafficking is a transnational crime in the form of human smuggling and is the third largest transnational crime in the world after drugs and weapons. Some of the contributing factors are cheap labor, low risk, high reward, and sexual demands. From 2017 World Bank data, there are 9 million Indonesians working abroad and only 4.7 million are recorded in SISKOP2MI (Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection Computer System), the remaining 4.3 million people are illegal. This is the background to which this research was conducted. It is not easy to prevent and eradicate criminal acts of trafficking in persons (TPPO) because it requires the seriousness of many parties, from the police, courts, public prosecutors to the Ministry. Human trafficking has various modes, apart from the perpetrators and victims, it must always be understood in terms of legal definitions. Without theoretical guidelines and legal norms, it would be dangerous because it could lead to wrong shots, for example in determining a suspect. This research uses secondary legal materials, a case approach and uses prescriptive analysis. It is hoped that the results of this analysis can provide input for efforts to prevent and eradicate TIP in the jurisdiction of each Regional Police/Polres.

In recent years, news about human trafficking both domestically and across countries has increasingly been broadcast in print and electronic media. The rise in crimes that occur is caused by various factors that encourage perpetrators to commit crimes. Human trafficking is a practice of modern slavery that degrades dignity and can threaten the survival of the general public. The target or targets of this trading practice are usually people who earn low income and have low education. It is important to know that this crime can be committed individually or collectively. It is said to be joint if it is carried out in the name of a business entity and in the interests of the corporation based on the work relationship and work environment of the corporation. Corporations as legal subjects for the criminal act of trafficking in persons are regulated in Article 13 of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons. The current obstacle is that the implementation or application of punitive sanctions against corporations is still not firm. This can be seen from the increasing number of cases where the perpetrator is a business entity or corporation. The method used in this research is a normative legal research method which examines legal materials such as books or articles that discuss human trafficking using secondary data for detailed analysis. qualitative. The aim of this research is to determine the factors that cause corporations to commit criminal acts of human trafficking in Indonesia and to find out how criminal sanctions are applied against corporations for criminal acts of human trafficking in Indonesia.

Trafficking in Persons is unarguably one of the largest crime industries in the 21st century that demand a concrete and comprehensive legal policy approach. However, as it turns out into practice, trafficking in persons is a low-risk, high-reward form of crime. This is qualitative research using a statutory approach, case and conceptual approaches. The primary legal materials resulted from relevant laws and legislation. The legal material collected is analysed prescriptively. The results showed that the Indonesian National Police's resource support in eradicating the Crime of Trafficking in Persons is currently still inadequate in terms of human resources, budget support, and facilities and infrastructure support. Anticipating the impact of low economic growth in Indonesia and limited employment opportunities in the country resulting in many Indonesians being forced to work abroad. The ideal model (role model) offered is measured based on the establishment of reciprocal cooperative relations between countries will become easier and smoother to support the success of eradicating the crime of trafficking in persons. Realizing the acceleration of settlement times for cross-border Criminal Trafficking in Persons cases. Realizing increased communication and exchange of information related which is useful in preventing and enforcing the law, as well as resolving problems between countries.

The current cases of trafficking in persons seen from the many news reports in social media and print media show how much special attention is needed regarding the crime of trafficking in persons. This research uses a qualitative method. We conducted this research at the Cirebon Regency Police, the Sumber District Court, the Sumber District Attorney's Office, and at several law firms to process data regarding victims of human trafficking crimes that occurred in Cirebon Regency, so that we can find out what factors can become a victim of human trafficking. The victim's own involvement in what happened because of various activities such as recruiting, transporting, and hiding someone for exploitation, including sexual, forced labor, or slavery. Conflict and violence in society also exacerbate this condition, forcing people to seek a better life. Efforts to protect victims of human trafficking have been provided, including various elements of legal protection including being listed in the law, providing physical and psychological assistance, international cooperation and prevention which are considered to reduce the risk for people to become victims of human trafficking. Victim protection, including.

<em>Although it is a highly serious human crime, people trafficking still occurs, particularly in West Kalimantan's border region. West Kalimantan's border region has seen a variety of attempts to reduce human trafficking, yet the practice persists still. There is a need for a solution or model that can lessen instances of human trafficking in the West Kalimantan border region, carried out so that the parties involved are unaware of it.This study aims to develop an appropriate model for legal protection to deal with human trafficking at the border West Kalimantan. Methods of the Research<strong>, </strong>The research will be conducted at the Polres in the Sajingan and Biawak border regions, as stated in the research title. The Sajingan Besar sector's Resort Police and Border Communities are two sources of crime prevention strategies based on legal requirements, The study's findings serve as a model for public protection from human trafficking activities from the perspective of the role of law enforcement officials, the police in the border regions of Sajingan and Biawak, in particular, to combat the crime of trafficking in persons, conduct investigations, and look into cases of human trafficking that happened in the border regions of Sambas Regency, particularly Sajin. The criminal law (penal) is used by the authorities as a model of legal protection to stop human trafficking. However, there is still human trafficking that takes place. Because there are still several barriers to sentencing that do not take into account the elements of a crime. The unlawful behavior in place does not yet constitute the TIP factor. Using criminal law policies and cultural norms to carry out criminal crimes like human trafficking, protecting the public, and implementing coordination with illegal law enforcement policies all help to enhance efforts to combat corruption</em>

Introduction: Trafficking in persons is a form of ill-treatment of human beings that violates the dignity and worth. The crime of trafficking in persons is inseparable from the various methods used by the perpetrators, these methods are usually called the modus operandi. The mode that is run is usually carried out individually or in groups. The strategies used by trafficking syndicates in carrying out their modus operandi are very organized, so they can easily persuade and recruit victims. This not only deprives the victim of human rights but also makes the victim vulnerable to abuse, forced labor, psychological trauma and death. Purposes of the Research: This writing aims to determine the modus operandi and efforts to handle the criminal act of trafficking in persons under the guise of a household assistant.Methods of the Research: The research method used in this paper is Juridical Empirical. Research location The place where the research material was taken is the Ambon District Court. Population, Sample, and Respondents. The sources of legal materials used are Primary legal materials, Secondary legal materials, and Tertiary legal materials and are used as legal materials collection techniques, then processing techniques use the editing, data classification, and data analysis stages.Results of the Research: The results of this study indicate that the success of trafficking in persons is due to the modus operandi carried out by the perpetrators so organized that trafficking in persons is successfully carried out. Thus the need for efforts to handle the crime of trafficking in persons. Penal and non-penal handling efforts are carried out: penal efforts are carried out based on legal regulations that are centered on the applicable laws and regulations. Meanwhile, non-penal efforts are the prevention process before the occurrence of the criminal act of trafficking in persons, including social education, socialization to the community, and patrol activities as a form of supervision.

The crime of human trafficking is a form of modern human slavery. Apart from that, the criminal act of human trafficking is one of the worst forms of treatment that violates human dignity. Apart from investigating and arresting perpetrators, Immigration can also block the movement of perpetrators, prevent perpetrators from entering and exiting the country, and carry out deportation if necessary. Mahfud MD said that the human trafficking network syndicate in Batam was not an ordinary network because it was well coordinated. Mahfud assessed that the indications of alleged drownings must be investigated further. Moreover, the number of cases is not small in various parts of the world. There are various modes. Prevention is carried out by Immigration to prevent the crime of trafficking in persons by increasing monitoring at the border, tightening the provision of passports, especially to people who are still of productive age, to prevent them from becoming victims of the crime of trafficking in persons abroad, which means that the immigration authorities are regarding this crime of trafficking in persons. must increase supervision so that it can prevent the occurrence of criminal acts of human trafficking, so that the crime rate of criminal acts of human trafficking is reduced.