This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing corporate criminal liability in the context of tax offenses. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statute approach, a case approach, and a conceptual approach. The novelty of this research lies in its critical analysis of the inconsistency found in tax crime cases: a discrepancy between the judges' legal reasoning, which acknowledges corporate fault, and the final verdicts, which ultimately only impose criminal sanctions on the corporate officers. The results highlight a significant regulatory gap, as the current tax criminal framework lacks explicit corporate sanctions. In practice, this issue is compounded by judicial inconsistency, where court rulings impose penalties solely on corporate directors, even when the corporation's role in profiting from the crime is acknowledged by the court. The conclusion of the research that a normative vacuum in the undang-undang perpajakan, compounded by judicial inconsistencies regarding corporate tax offenses, results in significant legal uncertainty. Consequently, legislative amendments are required to unequivocally establish the principles of corporate accountability.

Rape is a multidimensional public health and human rights concern with profound and lasting effects. This census-based, cross-sectional study examined 3,375 police-reported cases of rape crimes in the Brazilian Federal District (2018-2021), assessing victim profiles, perpetrator characteristics, contextual factors, and spatial distribution. Vulnerable victims, predominantly children under 14 years (82.1%), comprised 67.3% of cases. Most events occurred indoors (81.0%) and were perpetrated by family members or acquaintances (83.5%). Regions with higher rape crimes rates generally exhibited lower human development indices. Notably, 17.8% of cases were classified as continued crimes, with over half persisting for over a year. Significant differences emerged between vulnerable and non-vulnerable victims across case characteristics. Through principal component analysis, five distinct patterns of rape crimes were identified: (i) family abuse of children in indoor settings; (ii) acquaintance abuse without weapon use; (iii) intimate partner rape among adults; (iv) nighttime vulnerability associated with weekends, psychoactive substances use, and severe acts; and (v) socioeconomic vulnerability linked to low educational status and daytime occurrences. These findings highlight the complexity of rape crimes dynamics and underscore the need for tailored, multisectoral strategies - integrating education, healthcare, social assistance, public security, and justice - to prevent and address sexual violence effectively. Further research and coordinated policy implementation remain essential to improving outcomes for victims.

Wildlife poaching has increasingly become part of transnational organized crime networks that threaten biodiversity conservation and weaken environmental governance in many regions, including Aceh, Indonesia. This study aims to analyze wildlife poaching in Aceh from an environmental law perspective, with particular attention to the legal frameworks, enforcement mechanisms, and institutional challenges in addressing transnational wildlife crime. The research seeks to identify how existing legal instruments regulate wildlife protection and assess the extent to which these regulations can address organized criminal networks involved in illegal wildlife trade. This study employs a qualitative juridical approach using normative and empirical legal analysis. The research examines national environmental and wildlife protection laws, international legal instruments, and relevant enforcement practices related to wildlife crime. Data were collected through document analysis of legislation, policy reports, and scholarly literature, complemented by secondary data on wildlife crime cases in Aceh. The analytical framework integrates environmental law, transnational organized crime studies, and green criminology to understand the legal and institutional dynamics surrounding wildlife poaching. The findings reveal that wildlife poaching in Aceh is not merely a local environmental offense but is closely connected to broader transnational trafficking networks that exploit regulatory gaps, limited enforcement capacity, and coordination challenges among institutions. Although Indonesia has established several legal instruments to protect wildlife and combat environmental crimes, weaknesses remain in implementation, cross-border cooperation, and the integration of environmental law with criminal justice mechanisms. Strengthening institutional coordination, improving investigative capacity, and aligning domestic regulations with international frameworks are essential to addressing the complexity of wildlife crime networks. This study contributes to the growing discourse on environmental law and transnational environmental crime by providing a legal analysis of wildlife poaching within the context of organized criminal networks.

ABSTRACT True crime content attracts widespread public interest, yet the extent to which perceived significance of exposure shapes people's perceptions of suspects and institutional performance remains understudied. This study offers a pioneering examination of how the perceived significance of exposure to both social and mass media influences public opinion regarding crime cases. I focus on the high-profile case of Roman Zadorov, who was convicted of murdering Tair Rada in 2006 in Katzrin, Israel, imprisoned for over a decade, and ultimately acquitted. Using a nationally representative survey of 500 participants, I investigated how perceived significance of exposure relates to levels of interest, knowledge, opinions, and trust in institutional actors such as the police, prosecutors, and courts. The analysis reveals that social media and mass media exert mutual influence: the more people are exposed to one, the greater their interest in the case. This heightened interest leads to increased knowledge and more critical opinions about Zadorov’s guilt and the functioning of the police, the prosecutors, and the courts. The study’s structural model demonstrates a sequence whereby perceived significance of exposure fuels interest, which in turn enhances knowledge and shapes opinions. To the best of my knowledge, this research is the first to test this full pathway, offering new insight into the powerful role of media in forming public perceptions of institutions and justice.

This study examines the effectiveness of corporate punishment in environmental crime cases in Indonesia amid implementation deficits and procedural fragmentation by analyzing the harmonization between substantive environmental criminal law and corporate criminal procedure. It assesses the application of corporate criminal liability under Law Number 32 of 2009, evaluates sentencing practices, and formulates an integrated model of corporate environmental punishment following the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code. Using normative legal research with a statutory approach and supported by a systematic literature review, the study finds that although corporations are formally recognized as subjects of environmental criminal law, judicial practice is dominated by monetary fines, while additional sanctions and environmental restoration measures are rarely imposed. This indicates an implementation deficit rather than normative inconsistency, weakening deterrence and allowing sanctions to be treated as a business cost. The study argues that Chapter XVIII of the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code provides a clearer procedural framework for prosecution, sentencing, and environmental restoration, enabling structural–procedural harmonization. It proposes an integrated model aligning substantive norms with procedural enforcement and concludes that the core issue lies in procedural fragmentation and weak implementation.

ABSTRACT This article examines how international criminal law (ICL) concepts, particularly the doctrine of Command Responsibility (CR), can shape domestic prosecutorial strategies in Sri Lanka, despite the absence of formal incorporation of ICL into its legal system. Using several recent indictments filed by the Attorney General as central examples of this prosecutorial strategy, it analyses how prosecutors have relied on domestic liability theories to approximate the attribution of responsibility to high-ranking officials. Through doctrinal analysis, case review, and insights from prosecutorial interviews, the author argues that while Sri Lanka’s legal framework does not explicitly recognize CR, its core elements can be adapted to support accountability for systemic crimes. The article explores how existing provisions of the Penal Code, combined with interpretative practices and an openness to ICL principles, offer a pragmatic, if still evolving, pathway to bridge a domestic accountability gap.

Studying the relationship between neighborhoods and individual-level outcomes such as crime, labor market success, or intergenerational mobility has a long history in the social sciences. As local processes like gentrification constantly change neighborhoods’ composition and spatial expansion, time-constant one-size-fits-all neighborhood measures fail to capture important local dynamics. This article presents a flexible and data-driven approach for efficiently estimating overlapping and arbitrarily shaped neighborhoods with time-dynamic boundaries. Constructed in a two-stage clustering design, the first stage identifies homogeneous groups within a city, while the second stage clusters homogeneous groups by spatial proximity. In an analysis of 86 million person-year observations from 76 German cities, the paper shows that a larger spatial expansion of affluent neighborhoods negatively correlates with city crime cases, while higher neighborhood fragmentation and heterogeneity correlate positively with crime rates. The findings stress the importance of flexible neighborhood estimation techniques and the necessity to view neighborhoods as nonconstant entities.

The use of lead has been documented as far back as the second century beginning in the Roman Empire where it was used as a wine sweetener, a protective coating on the inside of copper pots to prevent it from leaching into its contents, and in the lead pipes they built to flow spring water into their homes (Jonasson & Afshari, 2018). Lead is still found in our modern plumbing today across the United States and around the world. The consequences of lead poisoning are detrimental to the human body, causing irreparable damage to ourselves physically and mentally. Criminologists have suggested a link between the effects of lead poisoning on children and the increased potential of criminality later in life. Looking further at this hypothesis begs the question of whether or not this is a uniquely American problem. This study will take a deeper look at this connection by analyzing data taken from American populations with high levels of documented lead exposure in their water supply and the levels of crime associated with those areas. Additionally, research will be conducted in the Netherlands, a country well-known for its sustainability efforts and regulations in environmental protections. This international comparison study aims to examine the differences in lead contamination within the water and compare it to the documented cases of local crime. By learning about the long-term, developmental effects of lead poisoning and its connection to deviant behavior, we can begin to understand the broader implications of local policies on communities worldwide.

Child protection in India has changed drastically due to the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012. A gap in Indian law was filled by the landmark Act, which for the first time explicitly named and protected minors against sexual assault—an issue that has endured for far too long. When it came to cases of sexual crimes against children, the Indian Penal Code (IPC) was inadequate because it lacked child-specific provisions, was biased against one gender, and failed to account for procedural sensitivity. Particularly when the accused are children, it allows for an in-depth examination of societal reactions to incidents involving children as victims or alleged offenders, as well as individual experiences, emotional trauma, and coping techniques. Investigating a phenomenon thoroughly in search of underlying principles, patterns, and insights is the fundamental purpose of an exploratory research. At the points where the POCSO Act and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 intersect, the analysis shows where the two laws agree and where they diverge. There are still several hurdles to the execution of the POCSO Act, notwithstanding its comprehensive approach. Court processes that drag on, a lack of trained personnel, victims' shame that prevents them from coming forward, and inadequate mental health and rehabilitation services are all contributing factors. It concludes by proposing policy improvements, improved agency coordination, capability enhancement, and continuous community awareness-raising initiatives to guarantee the POCSO Act's implementation and the safety of children in India.

Implication of GHB in proactive drug facilitated crime in Paris, France.

Informal transport systems constitute a major component of urban mobility in cities of the Global South, particularly where formal public transport provision is limited. In Nigerian cities, commercial motorcycles dominate everyday mobility, yet their perceived relationship with urban crime remains insufficiently examined. This study quantitatively investigates the relationship between commercial motorcycle operations and urban crime perception in Ibadan North. Anchored in Routine Activity Theory and Crime Opportunity Theory, the study adopts a mixed-methods design integrating a cross-sectional survey of 226 residents, secondary police crime records, and geospatial analysis using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). Respondents were predominantly male (63.3%), formally educated (92.8%), with a mean age of 32.6 years; 51.4% were self-employed and 31.4% were students. Pearson correlation analysis indicates a weak positive relationship (R² = 0.06) between registered commercial motorcycles and recorded crime cases, while Chi-square analysis reveals a statistically significant association between perceived motorcycle-related crime and perceived levels of urban criminality (χ² = 35.48, p < 0.001). Spatial analysis identifies five major crime hotspots accounting for 68.4% of reported incidents, with the highest density along the Sabo–Adamasingba corridor. Overall, urban crime perception is more strongly shaped by routine exposure within informal mobility environments and socio-economic positioning than by aggregate crime trends, underscoring the need for perception-sensitive and spatially targeted transport–security interventions that protect safety without undermining access or livelihoods

This article examines the transformation of professional ethics of lawyers during armed conflict, using the example of Russia’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine since 2022. The study analyzes fundamental contradictions between deontological principles of advocacy ethics (independence, confidentiality, priority of client interests) and consequentialist societal expectations, particularly in the context of defending individuals accused of war crimes. The research identifies three key axiological conflicts: tension between deontological imperatives of the profession and societal expectations for swift justice; conflict between national interests of the state and universal human rights; challenges of ensuring effective defense under trial in absentia with limited client access. Based on empirical analysis, a negative trend in violations of lawyers’ rights has been established: cases where advocates are identified with their clients increased from 13 in 2022 to 32 in the first half of 2025. Systematic pressure manifests through access restrictions to clients in territorial recruitment centers, military summons issued during professional activities, and criminal proceedings initiated against lawyers. As of September 2025, 85% of war crimes cases are conducted in absentia, creating structural obstacles to the realization of the right to defense. According to statistical data, as of September 1, 2025, Ukraine has registered 179,803 criminal offenses under Article 438 of the Criminal Code (war crimes), with over 111 verdicts handed down. The study addresses psychological challenges for lawyers who face secondary traumatization and identifies the necessity of systematic institutional support for the legal profession. The National Bar Association of Ukraine has introduced support mechanisms, including material assistance, specialized courses on international humanitarian law, and professional mentorship programs. The article demonstrates that maintaining professional-ethical standards requires systematic institutional support and the reflective readiness of the legal community to accept professional risks, which constitutes the distinction between democratic Ukraine and authoritarian Russia.

Cases of violence and sexual crimes continue to increase and have become a complicated and very important issue among the overall crimes experienced by women. Sexual violence is rampant among female students in schools. Cases of sexual violence against children are triggered by the low level of sexual education, which is considered taboo and inappropriate for children. The aim of this activity is to raise awareness and strengthen efforts to prevent and address sexual violence in teenage and school environments. This education is carried out using a socialization method. The results of this activity show an increase in knowledge related to the prevention and handling of sexual violence.

The Bank Indonesia Liquidity Assistance (BLBI) case represents one of the most significant corporate crime cases in Indonesia’s banking history, revealing complex interactions between regulatory weaknesses, corporate misconduct, and state financial losses. This study examines corporate crime in the BLBI case through a juridical analysis focusing on deviations in fund utilization, legal accountability mechanisms, and their impact on state finances. The findings indicate that the misuse of BLBI funds was facilitated by inadequate banking supervision, weak corporate governance, and ineffective enforcement of prudential principles during the financial crisis. Although Indonesian law provides a framework for corporate criminal liability and asset recovery, practical implementation has faced substantial legal and institutional challenges. The BLBI case has caused not only massive financial losses to the state but also long-term consequences for public trust in the banking system and legal institutions. Therefore, strengthening legal accountability, enhancing transparency, and reforming banking supervision are essential measures to prevent similar corporate crimes and to safeguard state financial interests in the future.

This study examines the protection of human rights afforded to defendants in traffic crime cases throughout the stages of the Indonesian criminal justice process. The analysis focuses on the fulfillment of fundamental rights as regulated in the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), the Traffic Law, Supreme Court Regulation No. 12 of 2016, and the principles of fair trial. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings reveal that although the normative framework provides guarantees for defendants’ rights, implementation remains suboptimal, particularly regarding the right to legal assistance, the principle of equality of arms, procedural fairness, and proportionality in detention and evidentiary procedures. The study highlights the need for regulatory harmonization, stronger oversight mechanisms, and improved professionalism among law enforcement authorities to ensure effective protection of defendants’ rights in traffic crime cases.

This research aims to analyze the application of material criminal law against perpetrators of sexual abuse crimes against children and examine the judge's considerations in sentencing in cases of sexual abuse against children committed by teachers. The study focuses on Court Decision Number 1649/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Mks, where a Quran teacher was convicted of committing sexual abuse against several of his students. This normative legal research employs statutory and case approaches, analyzing primary legal materials including the Criminal Code (KUHP), Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, and the aforementioned court decision. The findings indicate that the application of material criminal law in this case has been in accordance with Article 82 paragraph (1), jo Article 76E of the Child Protection Law, where all elements of the crime were proven fulfilled. However, the judge's consideration in sentencing raises critical concerns regarding the application of aggravating factors. Under Article 82 paragraph (4) of the Child Protection Law, when sexual abuse is committed by educators, the punishment should be increased by one-third. The court sentenced the defendant to 6 years and 6 months imprisonment and a fine of Rp. 60,000,000, whereas according to the applicable law with aggravating factors, the sentence should have been 8 years and 8 months imprisonment. The study also identifies obstacles in handling such cases, including children's difficulty in revealing traumatic events, victims' fear and shame, limited witnesses, threats from perpetrators, and inadequate resources. The research recommends consistent application of sentence enhancement for perpetrators who are educators, improved inter-agency cooperation in handling child victims, enhanced school security measures, and comprehensive legal protection for child victims throughout the judicial process.

Abstract Wildlife and environmental crime (WEC) is a global issue and is estimated to be the fourth largest organized transnational crime sector. While global assessments of these crimes and their impacts have been increasingly conducted, there is little understanding of the scope of WEC in an Australian context, despite the nation's high rate of endemism and extinction. We reviewed publicly available case files from Australia's intermediate and higher courts to construct a dataset providing insight into the nature and extent of WEC. Our study has produced the first dataset to quantify publicly available WEC prosecution data for Australia on a national scale. We found that native vegetation clearance, illegal fishing, and wildlife trafficking offenses were the most prevalent and collected data that can be analyzed in future comparative and empirical research projects to assess the effectiveness of specialist environment courts, penalties for environmental crimes, and cross‐jurisdictional legislation.

This paper analyzes the Tempi railway tragedy of 28 February 2023 as a case of state-corporate crime and institutional corruption rather than a mere accident, focusing on the systemic endangerment of Greece’s mass transportation system. Drawing on qualitative content analysis of official documents and media records, 76 semi-structured interviews, and ongoing participant observation, the study reconstructs how safety-critical investments and controls were undermined by corrupt practices, regulatory neglect, and austerity-driven privatization. The analysis shows how criminogenic asymmetries, dysnomie, and the normalization of deviance allowed unlawful and “lawful but awful” policies to hollow out the railways’ safety function while serving mutually reinforcing state and corporate interests. These governance failures obscured systemic risk, facilitated the misrepresentation of violations as “human error,” and weakened transparency, accountability, and effective compliance in the rail sector. By situating Tempi within a comparative framework of state-corporate crimes and transport disasters, the paper highlights the blurred boundaries between financial crime, institutional corruption, and regulatory failure in critical infrastructure. It concludes with policy and compliance recommendations aimed at strengthening structural accountability, restoring institutional integrity, and reducing systemic risk in mass transportation governance.

Fingermarks are frequently left on metal surfaces such as kitchen utensils, door handles, or elevator buttons in crime scenes. They are crucial forensic evidence to identify individuals and link them to crimes. Fingermark development on metal surfaces targets either the fingermark residues or the substrate. This study aimed to develop a rapid fingermark development method based on displacement reactions between copper (II) sulphate and various types of metal substrates, such as brass, galvanized iron, and low-carbon steel. Immersion of the metal substrate was more effective in fingermark visualization than applying the solution using a dropper. The optimized concentrations of copper (II) sulphate solution for fingermark visualization were found to be 0.7 M for brass, 0.5 M for galvanized iron, and 0.2 M for low-carbon steel. Sebaceous-rich fingermarks were visualized after the 5th depletion on brass and galvanized iron, and even after the 7th depletion on low-carbon steel. Further improvement is required before incorporating the application of copper (II) sulphate onto metal substrates to visualize fingermarks in real crime cases, due to the destructive nature of substrate submersion.

The exponential growth of digital technology has resulted in a corresponding increase in cyber crimes, posing serious challenges to the criminal justice system in India. While substantive laws addressing cyber offences have evolved through the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, effective investigation remains the most critical and complex aspect of cyber crime enforcement. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), which replaces the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, introduces a renewed procedural framework governing criminal investigation, including cyber crime cases. This article undertakes a doctrinal and analytical study of the investigation of cyber crimes in India with specific focus on procedural challenges under the BNSS, 2023. It examines issues relating to jurisdiction, digital evidence, investigative powers of the police, and safeguards ensuring fair investigation. The article argues that although the BNSS provides a structured procedural mechanism, effective investigation of cyber crimes continues to face institutional, technical, and practical challenges. It concludes that successful implementation of the BNSS framework requires specialised training, technological infrastructure, and continuous judicial oversight to ensure justice in cyber crime cases.