Derivational morphology is a prominent process of expanding vocabulary and enriching language. It allows the creation of new words through category shifts or changes in the meaning. The present study aims to analyze derivational morphology in the short story The Philosopher King by Tariq Rahman. The research employs a qualitative descriptive design and content analysis to explore the selected short story. The analysis is based on McCarthy's (2017) theoretical framework for classifying and categorizing derivational morphemes. The derived word categories are based on four main classes: nouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives, which are further classified by origin. The research reveals that derived adjectives occur in 40% of instances, followed by 33% of derived nouns and 25% of derived adverbs. Further, the verbs derived from other word classes are the least frequent group, accounting for 2% of instances. Lastly, the research concludes that adjectives derived from other word classes are the dominant group; their popularity and extensive use underscore their role in enhancing the quality of short stories. It allows readers, writers, and researchers to gain a deeper understanding of word morphology, specifically how derivational affixes are utilized to enrich literary work with vocabulary building.

This study aims to investigate the evolving neologism, ephemeral discourse, and socio-cultural significance of 10 Chinese internet buzzwords in 2021, which are 双减 (shuāng jiǎn), 躺平 (tǎng píng), 元宇宙 (yuán yǔzhòu), YYDS , 社交牛逼症 (shèjiāo niú bī zhèng), 绝绝子 (jué jué zi), 跌妈不认 (yuán yǔzhòu), 破防 (pò fang), 鸡娃 (jīwá), and Emo. Employing a quantitative and qualitative approach, we collected those buzzwords from news articles and analyzed their usage trends using the WeChat Index from 2021 to 2024. This study revealed the creative word formation processes and semantic properties of these neologisms among the Chinese netspeak. The WeChat Index data showed that 7 out of the 10 buzzwords experienced a decline in popularity after two years, while three buzzwords maintained an upward trend. Using the concept of ephemeral discourse and critical discourse analysis, we explored how these buzzwords addressed key social, cultural, and political issues, such as education reform, social pressures faced by youth, and the impact of technology on society. The buzzwords popularity trends were influenced by factors such as the natural lifecycle of neologisms, shifting public priorities, and societal attitudes. Keywords: Chinese Internet Buzzwords, Neologisms, Ephemeral Discourse, WeChat Index, Critical Discourse Analysis.

This study delves into the concept of "observance" within binaries as employed by morphologists from the onset of linguistic codification and the construction of language systems. This research serves to rationalize the emergent changes in the structure and sounds of words and to delineate the causes that have shaped a particular term into its current form. The research concentrates on elucidating these rationales, commonly referred to as binaries due to their frequent utilization in pairs. It explicates their essence in the field of morphology, defined as the comparative analysis of two words or constructs that are linked by a certain relationship or ruling. The study aims to scrutinize the binary of origin and branch in morphology, due to the lack of studies in this field. By employing a descriptive methodology, the research unveils the type of relationship that governs this linguistic binary, details its phonetic construction, and discusses the reasons that necessitated the observance of one of the binary elements in the structure of terms. Furthermore, it clarifies the guidelines and standards governing this consideration, and its role in interpreting the structure of the word and the developments in its formation. The importance of the observance of the origin and branch binary in Arabic morphology is evident through the following points: • Preserving the original meaning by considering the origin ensures that derived words remain connected to their initial meaning, facilitating the understanding and analysis of texts. • Fostering linguistic diversity through the consideration of the branch allows for the creation of new words, enriching the language and enabling the expression of complex concepts with ease. • Ensuring morphological consistency which maintains coherence among words derived from the same root, thereby minimizing lexical ambiguity.

The rise of digital platforms over the course of the past ten years has brought about a significant change in the manner in which students, instructors, and researchers obtain information on the English lexicon. Direct access to datasets on word creation, meanings, collocations, word blends, and use trends is available through digital and online dictionaries, corpora, and online tools. The results of the paper show that digital platforms give a clear and consistent portrayal of linguistic trends, despite the fact that there are significant differences in absolute numbers. The combination of portions of two or more words to create a new lexical item is referred to as a "word blend" or "portmanteau". Corpus-driven methodologies are continuously making it easier to conduct research on word blends. Investigations like this give insights into field-specific use, influence evidence-based methods to vocabulary education, and offer vital lexical information that helps researchers to analyze frequency statistics and language trends.

The relevance of the study lies in the need for a detailed examination of occasional vocabulary in modern Russian animated series and the definition of its derivational specificity. The aim of the study is to provide a structural and semantic characteristic of occasionalisms in the animated series “The Fixies” taking into account the opinion of representatives of the Kazan linguistic school on the methods of word formation and to identify the role of these units in the language game with the viewer. The research material, which is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, is individual-authorial neologisms in the animated series “The Fixies”. The work uses the descriptive-analytical method and the method of continuous sampling, as well as methods and techniques of structural-semantic and functional-stylistic analysis. Usual (prefixation, suffixation, composition and its varieties) and non-usual (hendiadys, conversion, palindrome, dieresis, contamination, and substitutive derivation) methods of creating occasionalisms have been established; their productivity has been revealed. The author determined that occasionalisms with the element “fixie” in the animated series are the most frequent, they form a word-formation nest. The age of the character is inversely proportional to the frequency of using occasionalisms in speech. The individual author’s word creation makes the animated series “The Fixies” interesting for children and attracts their attention. Such word creation in this cartoon is primarily due to the language game. The prospects of the work consist in increasing the research base by comparing occasionalisms with other linguistic units of “The Fixies” in the language game, as well as in comparing the new formations presented in this cartoon with occasionalisms functioning in other animated series.

This study examines how English terminology functions within the Mobile Legends: Bang Bang (MLBB) game interface, focusing on its role in player navigation and decision-making. Through qualitative analysis of the game's interface over three weeks, we identified 27 specialized English terms across four key areas: starting menu, hero classifications, positional roles, and battle spell icons. Our findings reveal that these terms form a structured linguistic system rather than random labels, each term serves a specific navigational purpose and helps players make quick strategic decisions during gameplay. The terminology shows interesting linguistic features, including semantic narrowing and the creation of game-specific words, particularly among battle spells. To strengthen our analysis, we gathered feedback from five active MLBB players about their experiences with interface terminology and consulted a linguistics expert to validate our interpretations. The results suggest that MLBB's English terminology operates as a controlled vocabulary that standardizes gameplay communication across different language backgrounds. However, this study primarily analyzed the interface itself rather than extensively exploring how diverse players actually interpret these terms. Future research should include broader player perspectives, especially from users with varying English proficiency levels, to better understand the cognitive processes behind terminology comprehension in multilingual gaming communities.

This research work investigated sociolinguistic study of semantic interference among Yoruba English bilingual secondary school teachers considering the semantic arrangement of English language as it has to reflect its new home and describe new concepts which the language, in its original form, may lack linguistic resources to express. The concept of interference is one of the features of bilingualism and multilingualism as Nigeria and most African countries are bilingual or multilingual countries. The concept of interference refers to deviation from the norms of either language which occur in the speech of bilinguals as a result of their familiarity with more than one language. It also implies a re-arrangement of patterns that result from the introduction of foreign elements into the more highly- structured domains of language such as the bulk of the phonemic system, a large part of the morphology and syntax, and some areas of vocabulary, Culture and discourse (Weinreich, 1974). This study explicated that domestication of English language through interference is not an aberration since it conveys meaning in the context of usage and agree with the grammar of the language. It also asserted that Nigerian English is a variation that reflects the experiences of Nigerians as they have to use the language to explain what they have conceptualized in their indigenous languages and revealed the aesthetic creation of new English words drawn from the rich repertoire of the Yoruba lexicon.

Professor Stephen Owa's inaugural lecture is a complex system of significant meaning which requires lexico-semantic approach for comprehensive understanding. The lexico-semantic approach attempts an account of some words and their meaning in the inaugural lecture. It also evaluates the uses of these features in terms of their relevance to the theme of the lecture. The study is meant to afford African writers the opportunity to appreciate and understand the purpose of feature transfer and coinage of a bilingual person in a bilingual speech fellowship. Also, the research is meant to influence the perception of some scholars about the existence of Nigerian English and the ability to create or coin lexical words for the purpose of communication and comprehension. Furthermore, the research emphasises that Nigerian English is a reality. It also shows that Nigerian English is a variation which reflects Nigerians' 'ownership' of the English language as it reveals the aesthetic creation of new English words drawn from the rich repertoire of the Yoruba lexicon.

The digital era has brought profound changes to language, particularly visible in the rapid emergence of new lexical units. This article explores how internet communication, social media, and technological innovations influence language change, leading to the creation and diffusion of novel words and expressions. By analyzing examples from contemporary digital discourse, the study highlights the dynamic nature of language and the impact of digital culture on vocabulary expansion. The article also discusses the implications of these changes for language norms and linguistic identity.

A large and dynamic system of specialized terminology has emerged as a result of the quick growth of information technology. With an emphasis on word-formation models, formation patterns, and semantic evolution, this article examines the structural and semantic characteristics of information technology (IT) terminology. The productivity of borrowing, compounding, and shortening is highlighted in the paper as important structural mechanisms influencing IT vocabulary. Semantic characteristics of IT terminology are analyzed, including polysemy, metaphorization, and restriction of meaning. Additionally, the study looks into how conceptualization and word creation in the digital sphere are influenced by cognitive and cultural aspects. The study attempts to elucidate the mechanisms behind term creation and semantic change by examining real linguistic data from English-language IT sources. The results advance our knowledge of how terminology represents the changing link between human cognition and digital reality and how language adjusts to technological progress.

The role played by back-formation processes in the creation of new Basque words is understudied. This paper confirms that back-formation has been a productive means of word-formation in Basque, by gathering examples from both older scholarship and recent studies. Basque has a productive morphological rule for deriving verbs from nouns and adjectives, as in handi ‘big’/ handi(tu) ‘become big’. In some cases, however, a noun or adjective has arguably been created from a verb by back-formation instead. In this paper, we provide several criteria for identifying instances of back-formation. We start with loanwords, where the facts are clearer than in the native vocabulary. We also discuss instances where both a verb and a related noun were borrowed (e.g., bainu ‘bath’/ baina(tu) ‘bathe’) and the existence of such pairs has served as an analogical model for new deverbal nouns.

While native speakers of a language have tens of thousands of words at their disposal, they still regularly create and use novel words. Since this comes with communicative risks and costs-most importantly, not being understood by recipients-there have to be (perceived) advantages to creating novel words that outweigh these issues. We systematically explore these factors in a controlled experimental setting. We presented participants with images of existing and new animals with increasing degrees of conceptual distance to existing animals. Participants have to refer to these images either in an open format or with single words. The images are presented either in isolation (Experiment 1), or with two distractors created from different (Experiment 2), or the same base animals (Experiment 3). Each image is repeatedly presented to investigate effects of repeated reference and presentation. We measure how often participants create novel word labels for the stimuli and derive hypotheses for the main effects and key interactions of conceptual distance, target frequency, distractor frequency, response format, and task setting from a theoretical framework based on the Gricean pragmatic principles as well as the concept of common ground. Conceptual distance, response format, and experimental task setting have clear effects on the number of novel word responses. However, we observe no effects for target or distractor frequency, suggesting no effect of common ground in our experimental setting. Participants also tend to overspecify their responses, rather than strictly adhering to pragmatic principles. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

This study investigates the acceptability of Philippine English (PhE) within the academic context among Filipino English as a Second Language (ESL) students. Employing qualitative research methods such as thematic analysis and content analysis, the research explores Filipino ESL students' perceptions of PhE and proposes a PhE-oriented Pedagogical Framework. The study reveals multifaceted understandings of PhE, encapsulated in themes like Varieties and Variations, Informality and Stereotype, Borrowing and Creation of Words, and Different Characteristics. Additionally, it identifies key factors influencing the acceptability of PhE, including Language Emphasis, Colloquial Spelling and Abbreviations, Introduction and Explanation Markers, and Grammatical Errors and Confusion. The conclusions drawn highlight the complex relationship between Filipino ESL students and their native English variety, emphasizing the necessity for nuanced pedagogical approaches.

This study investigates Military slang usage among Nigerian army personnel, in the selected military barracks in Kaduna State, Northwest Nigeria. Using a descriptive survey design, the study combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to analyze the linguistic features of military slangs in communication. Data were collected through participant observation, structured interviews, and questionnaires administered to 30 military personnel across different ranks. The study analyzes 35 selected military slangs, examining their morphological, phonological, syntactic, and semantic properties. Findings reveal that military slangs exhibit complex patterns of linguistic hybridization, incorporating elements from English, Nigerian Pidgin, and major indigenous languages (Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba). The quantitative analysis shows that 60% of the analyzed terms derived from English, 25% from indigenous languages, and 15% represent hybrid formations. The research demonstrates that these military slang terms serve dual functions: facilitating efficient communication and reinforcing in-group identity within the military community. The study concludes that the Nigerian military's slangs represent a distinct sociolect characterized by creative word formation processes, semantic shift, and context-bound meanings. This linguistic variety transcends ranks and specific service branches, contributing to institutional cohesion while reflecting Nigeria's multilingual environment. This research contributes to sociolinguistics by documenting and analyzing an understudied variety of Nigerian military English, providing insights into language contact phenomena in professional institutions, and demonstrating how military slangs practices contribute to group identity formation. Additionally, it establishes a framework for analyzing occupational varieties of English in multilingual contexts.

The article examines the functional role of ethnic and borrowed concepts in the word formation system of the Kazakh language. The aim of the study is to convey the idea that concepts serve as a fundamental derivational mechanism for the creation of derivative words. The article discusses the principles of word formation that can be used to analyze derivatives – i.e., newly formed words – and emphasizes that these principles serve as a methodological basis for identifying different types of derived units. It also outlines the specific features of concepts and the ways in which ethnic and borrowed concepts can be recognized in the recipient language. The article analyzes the direct perception of ethnoconcepts, the distinction between borrowed concepts and borrowed words, and the reasons behind partial or full translation of borrowed terms. It also examines translatable concepts, translatable and non-translatable borrowed words, and the notion of conceptual equivalence. The article explains how ethnoconcepts are perceived in the recipient language. The key findings of the study are as follows: 1) concepts enable the identification of the etymology and origin of words; 2) concepts reveal underlying word-formation models; 3) word formation also includes modification suffixes, which do not change the core concept of a word but serve to shape and adjust its meaning; 4) both ethnoconcepts and borrowed concepts function as primary mechanisms of word formation, each with its own linguistic characteristics. The study employs generalizing, comparative-semantic, descriptive, conceptual, and cognitive methods.

Abstract In 2007, Caroline Johnson Hodge drew on the suggestion that Paul understood the Spirit as material in order to propose that the Spirit in Paul’s view serves as a genetic link that establishes physical kinship between gentiles and both Abraham and God. Her proposal was promoted and extended in works by Stanley Stowers and Matthew Thiessen, and it has grown increasingly popular in recent years, but it has also been criticized in articles by John M. G. Barclay and J. Thomas Hewitt. Both Barclay and Hewitt understand Abrahamic and divine descent to be established by God’s creative word. In this essay, I assess this debate and find several of the key criticisms from Barclay and Hewitt wanting. I then bring a fresh perspective to the issue by exploring how Paul relates the Spirit to the theme of inheritance. This material shows that Paul frequently includes the Spirit as either a part or a pledge of the inheritance, conflicting with Johnson Hodge’s proposal, but there is also one clear instance in which the Spirit is associated with the creation of God’s sons, which suggests that Paul was not entirely consistent on the matter.

The paper focuses on monolingual and plurilingual wordplay in the ergonymy of the cities of Tübingen (Germany) and Chernihiv (Ukraine). The aim of the study is to describe and analyze lexico-semantic, structural and functional characteristics of wordplay in the ergonymy of the linguistic landscapes of the mentioned cities. The methods of research include personal observation, lexico-semantic, graphic, structural and functional analyses of wordplay in ergonyms in the linguistic landscapes of Tübingen and Chernihiv. The research reveals that the main lexico-semantic features of the studied wordplay are homonymy, paronymy, metaphor and creation of non-existent words. The graphic means of wordplay include capitalization of the whole ergonym or of its part to attract the visitor’s attention, changing of colour and font, putting in bold, paragram, use of paragraphemic signs. The presence of English is remarkable in the ergonymy of both cities. The linguistic landscape of Tübingen is multilingual, including English, Italian, German, French and Greek. The distinctive feature of graphic wordplay in the linguistic landscape of Chernihiv is the usage of Latin and Cyrillic letters in ergonyms. We revealed a few examples of lexicalization in the ergonymy in Chernihiv. According to the structure the analysed ergonyms are mainly nouns, two-component or three-component nominative phrases. Blended bilingual ergonyms reflect the creativity of the nominator. Monolingual wordplay represents localization, meanwhile plurilingual wordplay reveals glocalization and globalization. Ergonyms perform such main functions in linguistic landscape as expressive nomination, original identification, aesthetic and ludic functions. Humour is also a characteristic feature of wordplay, in particular, the monolingual one. Further studies may explore the role of humour in linguistic landscapes or the comparative studies of wordplay in the ergonymy of other cities to reveal common tendencies in the creation of attractive ergonyms.

This research examines the form of prokem language in speech events used by MAN 2 Serang City students. The aim of this research is to describe the use of prokem language forms in the speech events of MAN 2 Serang City students. This research uses a descriptive research approach as its method. Data collection was carried out through field observations, recording dialogue results, interviews with a list of questions, as well as listening and note-taking methods. The data analysis process in this method uses a descriptive approach. The technique used in this research is a distributional technique. The research results show four processes of morphological formation of prokem language in the speech events of MAN 2 Serang City students, namely abbreviations, acronyms, affixation and reduplication. Apart from that, there are words taken from regional/Javanese languages, taken from English, and the creation of new words with new meanings. In the formation of the phonology of prokem language vocabulary, namely reversal of syllables, replacement of vowels and consonants.

This article is based on the realization that today there are many ways to spend your free time with pleasure and interest. Nevertheless, reading books, especially works of fiction, is still a popular way to spend time. Since there are many such works, both Russian and foreign writers are forever searching for how to write a work that would catch the reader's attention with its originality and not let go of the last page. The most interesting literary methods of influencing the reader are paradox and nonsense. The paradox, being a contradiction, challenges the usual ideas and encourages us to look at things from a new perspective. Through him, there is a confrontation with outdated norms. A technique can be called a paradox if it contains an expression of the dialectical interaction of opposites, the revelation of truth in contradiction, and the unexpected discovery of a contradiction in life by a paradox. Based on the contradiction the author wants to portray in his work, philosophical, historical, characterological, plot and ironic paradoxes are highlighted. Being nonsense, nonsense, in turn, forces the reader to look for new meanings in the work. This is facilitated by its features: play, rejection of beauty, the presence of drawings, the creation of new words. Nonsense is associated with two main sciences: philosophy and linguistics. In accordance with this, there are two types of it: philosophical and linguistic. Philosophical nonsense has no limits, like philosophical questions, its meanings are endless. Linguistic is realized through the word, which is the main building material of nonsense.

Смещение ракурса современного образования с формирования общеучебных компетенций на развитие функциональной грамотности определяется одной из тенденций в образовательной среде. Представляется возможным рассмотреть феномен лингвокреативности как один из параметров функциональной грамотности, поскольку коммуникативный, деятельностный и мыслительный компоненты этого феномена соотносятся с общеучебной компетенцией, направленной на развитие коммуникативных навыков и предполагающей умение решать жизненные задачи в различных сферах деятельности на основе прикладных знаний. Цель статьи – определение лексических, словообразовательных и грамматических средств реализации лингвокреативности в устной и письменной речи студентов-филологов и описание параметров явления лингвокреативности в аспекте функциональной грамотности будущих учителей русского языка. Исследование контекстов, содержащих средства актуализации лингвистической креативности, включает использование структурно-семантического анализа, контент-анализа, метода эксперимента с применением разработанной Т.А. Гридиной технологией диагностики вербальной креативности. Материалом исследования являются составленные студентами историко-филологического факультета Томского государственного педагогического университета контексты, содержащие окказиональную лексику; материалы онлайн-анкетирования; извлеченные приемом сплошной выборки контексты с окказионализмами из НКРЯ, романа Д. Рубиной «Бабий ветер» и серии романов Дж. Роулинг о Гарри Поттере, стихотворений М. Львова, А. Вознесенского, Е. Евтушенко. При проведении лингвистического эксперимента установлено, что составленные студентами контексты в условиях конкретного задания отличает стандартизированный характер, обусловленный наличием внешнего локуса контроля, заданностью модели для словопроизводства и сознательного использования приема языковой игры; экспрессивность; использование различных (узуальных и неузуальных) способов словообразования, среди которых продуктивными являются контаминация, гендиадис, субституция, суффиксация, сложение; создание неожиданных комбинаций языковых средств; наличие разных видов окказиональной лексики. Результаты проведенной диагностики вербальной креативности свидетельствуют о сформированности у участников эксперимента умений продуцировать авторский окказионализм по модели прототипа с учетом контекстуальной заданности. Отмечается высокий процент совпадения восстанавливаемых лексем с авторскими наряду с продуцированием собственных окказионализмов (27 %). Способность носителя языка использовать языковые средства в процессе речепорождения и текстовой деятельности при словотворчестве, задействуя при этом неузуальные способы словопроизводства, реализуя ассоциативный и деривационный потенциал единиц языка, дополняя семантику лексем новыми оттенками значения, является одним из показателей сформированности функциональной грамотности этого носителя, что соотносится с базисными принципами лингвокреативности. Критериями, свидетельствующими о достаточном уровне сформированности функциональной грамотности у студентов-филологов, проявляющейся в способности к вербальной креативности, являются развитый самоконтроль речи; высокий уровень развития языковой рефлексии; готовность и потребность использовать возможности языка с целью снизить предсказуемость текста и обогатить его содержательно; тенденция к переносу умения проявлять лингвокреативность в свободную речевую деятельность. The shift in the focus of modern education from the formation of general educational competencies to the development of functional literacy is determined by one of the trends in the educational sphere. It seems possible to consider the phenomenon of linguocreativity as one of the parameters of functional literacy, since the communicative, activity and thinking components of this phenomenon are related to the general educational competence aimed at developing communicative skills and implying the ability to solve life problems in various fields of activity based on applied knowledge. The aim of the article is to define lexical, word-formation and grammatical means of implementing linguistic creativity in the oral and written speech of philology students and description of the parameters of the phenomenon of linguistic creativity in the aspect of functional literacy of future teachers of the Russian language. The study of contexts containing means of actualization of linguistic creativity includes the use of structural-semantic analysis, content analysis, the experimental method using the technology of diagnostics of verbal creativity developed by T.A. Gridina. The material of the study is contexts containing occasional vocabulary compiled by students of the Faculty of History and Philology of TSPU; materials of an online questionnaire; contexts with occasionalisms extracted by the method of continuous sampling from the NKRYA, the novel by D. Rubina «Babiy Veter» and the series of novels by J. Rowling about Harry Potter, poems by M. Lvov, A. Voznesensky, E. Yevtushenko. During the linguistic experiment it was established that the contexts created by the students in the conditions of a specific task are distinguished by a standardized nature, due to the presence of an external locus of control, a given model for word production and the conscious use of the technique of language play; expressiveness; the use of various (usual and nonusual) methods of word formation, among which the productive ones are contamination, hendiadys, substitution, suffixation, addition; the creation of unexpected combinations of linguistic means; the presence of different types of occasional vocabulary. The results of the conducted diagnostics of verbal creativity indicate that the participants of the experiment have developed the ability to produce the author’s occasionalism according to the prototype model, taking into account the contextual predeterminedness. A high percentage of coincidence of the reconstructed lexemes with the author’s is noted along with the production of their own occasionalisms (27 %). The ability of a native speaker to use linguistic means in the process of speech production and textual activity in word creation, while using non-usual methods of word production, realizing the associative and derivational potential of language units, supplementing the semantics of lexemes with new shades of meaning, is one of the indicators of the formation of the functional literacy of this speaker, which is related to the basic principles of linguocreativity. The criteria indicating a sufficient level of development of functional literacy in philology students, manifested in the ability for verbal creativity, are developed self-control of speech; a high level of development of linguistic reflection; readiness and need to use the capabilities of language in order to reduce the predictability of the text and enrich it with content; a tendency to transfer the ability to demonstrate linguistic creativity to free speech activity.