Surgical procedures in small cetaceans are rarely considered as treatment options due to anatomic considerations limiting exposure, concerns with achieving a watertight incisional closure, and logistical complexities of both anesthesia and surgery in completely aquatic mammals. The objective is to provide a video tutorial on laparoscopic-guided abdominal approaches with the goal to expand diagnostic and treatment capabilities for common diseases in these species. Small cetaceans undergoing laparoscopy for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The patient is positioned in dorsolateral recumbency. The initial approach to the abdomen is made at the umbilicus (5- to 10-mm incision). A 10- to 12-mm-diameter X 15-cm-long optical cannula with a 10-mm X 30-cm, 0° laparoscope is inserted. The abdomen is insufflated (10 to 15 mm Hg) and a 30° laparoscope inserted. To access the cranial abdomen, instrument portals are made at 7 and 15 cm cranial to the umbilicus on midline. To access the caudal abdomen, portals are made 15 cm caudal to the umbilicus on midline (midway between the umbilicus and genital slit) and 15 cm lateral to the caudal portal bilaterally. Laparoscopic instruments (grasping forceps, laparoscopic sealing devices) may be inserted to facilitate the procedures. The cranial approach allows evaluation of the cranial digestive tract, liver, pancreas, and spleen. The caudal approach allows examination of the caudal digestive tract and urinary (kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder) and reproductive systems relevant to common indications for abdominal surgery. Development of laparoscopic techniques in small cetaceans would mitigate many of the aforementioned surgical challenges, enhancing visualization of intraperitoneal structures and necessitating small incision sizes, leading to more secure closures for early return to aquatic habitats.

To identify radiographic features of dogs with 360° gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) distinguishable from those associated with GD. A multi-institutional medical record review was performed for cases of canine 360° GDV between April 2008 and September 2022. Gastric dilatation cases were retrieved from a single academic institution. Radiographs of 29 client-owned dogs surgically diagnosed with 360° GDV and 38 dogs with GD were included. The most common radiographic findings in dogs with a 360° GDV included the gastric fundus located caudoventrally (lateral; 100%), the pyloric antrum located craniodorsally (lateral; 88%), an abnormally shaped and sized spleen (36%), and decreased peritoneal detail (81%). When marked esophageal gas dilatation was present, a funnel shape to the caudal esophagus (ie, "caudal esophageal twist sign") was appreciable in all dogs presenting with volvulus. However, orogastric decompression prior to radiographs resulted in mild to no esophageal gas dilatation, hindering radiographic identification of this sign. In dogs with GD, the gastric fundus was in the craniodorsal position (lateral) and left cranial abdomen (ventrodorsal or dorsoventral) in 100% of cases. The pyloric antrum was in the right cranial abdomen (ventrodorsal or dorsoventral views) in 100%. The spleen and peritoneal detail were normal in all dogs with GD. The funnel-shaped caudal esophagus (caudal esophageal twist sign) was compatible with 360° GDV in dogs with moderate or severe esophageal gas dilatation and was absent in dogs with GD. This new radiographic feature of 360° GDV may help practitioners distinguish between 360° GDV and GD.

This study aimed to assess intra- and inter-observer reliability of neck, chest, and abdominal girth measurements in dogs and to compare these measurements made with a measuring tape, equipped with or without a dynamometer. The locations of the middle neck, cranial and widest chest, and cranial and caudal abdomen were measured individually by two observers in 16 dogs standing squarely at an examination table. Girth measurements were performed in triplicate with the other observer recording the data. All dogs underwent evaluation using a measuring tape equipped with a spring dynamometer, while a subgroup (n = 8) was also evaluated with a measuring tape without the dynamometer. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), with a 95% confidence interval (CI), were computed to assess the intra- and inter-observer reliability for the measurements made with the measuring tape equipped with a spring dynamometer. Pearson's correlations (r) were used to compare the two methods: girth measurements performed with and without the dynamometer. Girth measurements at all locations demonstrated high intra-observer (0.967-0.999) and inter-observer (0.985-0.995) reliability. The correlations between measurements made with and without the dynamometer were high (r ≥ 0.996, p < 0.0001). Numerically higher girth values with numerically lower precision were recorded using the tape measure without the dynamometer, but only the girth of the cranial abdomen differed significantly between methods (p = 0.04). Girth measurements were reliable across all locations, particularly in the cranial chest and caudal abdomen, which exhibited high precision both within and between the two observers. A tape measure loaded with a dynamometer is recommended, as measurements recorded with a tape measure only showed a tendency of higher girth values with lower precision. Future research should evaluate neck, chest, and abdominal girth measurements in overweight canine patients, as well as the usefulness of the method as a complement to clinical body condition assessment for tracking changes in body composition.

The southern giant pouched rat (Cricetomys ansorgei) is a large rodent native to the savannahs of southern and East Africa, commonly kept as a pet and used for medical purposes, including the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis, Brucella infection, and land mines. Despite its biomedical significance, limited information exists on its thoracic radiological anatomy. This study aimed to describe the normal thoracic radiographic anatomy of Cricetomys ansorgei to support anatomical and clinical research. Radiographs of 34 adult southern giant pouched rats were taken under general anaesthesia, including right lateral (RL) and dorsoventral (DV) views of the thorax. Most rats exhibited 13 thoracic vertebrae and 13 pairs of ribs, with the last two floating pairs. All rats displayed six sternebrae, and the trachea was visible without mineralised cartilaginous rings. The cranial mediastinum appeared wider than the spine in all individuals. The cranial border of the cardiac silhouette was poorly visualised on the RL view but more clearly defined and oblong-shaped on the DV view. The mean vertebral heart size (VHS) measured on the DV view (10.59) was significantly larger than that measured on the RL view (9.49). Additionally, gravel and sand grains were commonly observed in the cranial abdomen. While the thoracic anatomy of Cricetomys ansorgei shares some characteristics with other rodents, rabbits, and domestic cats, several distinctive anatomical features were identified. These findings provide a valuable reference for anatomical studies, biomedical applications, and routine clinical assessments.

Gastric ulcer disease and other potentially painful gastric conditions are among the most common afflictions adversely affecting the welfare of domestic equids. A large percentage of affected animals may not display the classic signs of gastric disease, such as unexplained weight loss, poor hair coat, and inappetence until the disease becomes severe. As a clinical service within our equine referral hospital, we routinely evaluate 24-h video recorded samples of horses to assist clinicians in identifying subtle discomfort and potential sources or to scan for infrequent neurologic or cardiac-related behavioral events. Empirically, we have recognized discomfort behaviors that appear to be uniquely associated with gastric disease. These include frequent attention to the cranial abdomen (nuzzling, swatting, nipping, and/or caudal gaze focused on the abdomen caudal to the elbow) and/or deep abdominal stretching, often within the context of eating, drinking, and/or anticipating feeding. To systematically evaluate the reliability of these purported gastric discomfort behaviors, we reviewed 30 recent 24-h video behavior evaluation cases for which (1) the clinical video behavior evaluation had been carried out without knowledge of the history and presenting complaint and (2) direct gastric examination had confirmed gastric disease status at the time. Twenty-four of the thirty cases showed gastric discomfort behavior, and all twenty-four had either gastric ulcers (n = 21) and/or gastric impaction (n = 3). Of the six cases not showing gastric discomfort behaviors, four were free of gastric disease, while two had mild lesions. Comparing horses with and without gastric disease, gastric discomfort behaviors were reported in 24 of the 26 (92%) with gastric ulcers or gastric impaction, compared to none of the four gastric disease-free horses. Although a larger prospectively designed study is needed to confidently estimate the sensitivity and specificity or the associations of behavior with the type or severity of gastric disease, these results confirm our long-held clinical impression of a behavioral signature for gastric discomfort in the horse.

This report focuses on the diagnosis and surgical management of unilateral renal cell carcinoma in a 7-year-old male intact German Shepherd dog. The dog was presented with fever, haematuria, inappetence, infrequent bouts of emesis, and progressive weight loss. Palpation revealed a hard, round mass in the right cranial abdomen. A presumptive diagnosis of unilateral renal neoplasm was made based on clinical signs, haematobiochemical analysis, and radiography. B-mode ultrasound examination demonstrated an enlarged right kidney extending up to the ventral midline. The kidney exhibited heterogenous echotexture, loss of renal architecture, and only a small healthy portion at the caudal pole. Point Shear Wave Elastography analysis revealed elevated values both in terms Shear Wave Velocity (m/sec) and Young’s Modulus Stiffness Value (kPa), indicating the presence of renal malignancy. To treat the condition, unilateral nephroureterectomy was performed under general anaesthesia. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Consequently, it can be concluded that B-mode ultrasonography, Point Shear Wave Elastography, and nephroureterectomy played crucial roles in the successful diagnosis and surgical management of unilateral renal cell carcinoma.

This prospective anatomical study aimed to establish an ultrasound-guided technique to the quadratus lumborum (QL) plane in sheep cadavers. Thirteen cadavers, weighing less than 117 kg, were included. In phase 1, one cadaver underwent dissection and two cadavers underwent 3D computed tomographic reconstruction for anatomical evaluation of the thoracolumbar region. In phase 2, two cadavers were used to compare two ultrasound techniques to the QL plane: lateral to the QL muscle with a transversal approach (LQL) and transmuscular between QL and psoas muscles with a longitudinal approach (TQL). For LQL, the reference was the first lumbar transverse process, whereas for TQL, it was the intertransverse region between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The needle was advanced in-plane towards the specific target for each technique and a total of four injections were performed using 0.4 ml kg-1 of a dye-lidocaine solution. In phase 3, 10 cadavers received bilateral LQL injections (n = 20). All cadavers were then dissected to evaluate spread of dye. In phase 2, following LQL injections, no dye was observed in undesired locations; however, the dye was noted in the retroperitoneal space (1/2) after TQL injections. In phase 3, the 13th thoracic, first, second, third lumbar nerves, and sympathetic trunk segments were stained in 80%, 95%, 100%, 45% and 35% of the injections, respectively. In conclusion, the LQL technique was feasible, allowing staining of the spinal nerves innervating the cranial abdomen in sheep cadavers. Further studies in live animals are warranted.

Ultrasound-guided external oblique intercostal block technique in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): a cadaveric study

Extreme rarely reported mullerian cysts of the retroperitoneum are considered to be a subtype of urogenital cysts. Retroperitoneal cysts can be categorized into lymphatic cysts, mesothelial cysts, enteric cysts and urogenital cysts based on embryological origin and histogenesis. The present case is an rare encounter and the successful management of the same is herewith discussed. A twelve months old intact female domestic short hair cat was presented with a history of progressive abdominal distension, anorexia, lethargy and oliguria. On abdominal palpation, an extensive globular mass was palpable in the cranial abdomen a survey radiography of the abdomen and thorax revealed a soft tissue contour at the cranial abdomen at the left renal position, thoracic radiography revealed absence of any abnormalities. Renal functional status was ascertained with intravenous pyelography which revealed unilateral cystic dysgenesis of left kidney and agenesis of left ureter. Hematobiochemical profiles and preoperative assessment were done to rule out general organ health. Following routine and special diagnostic procedures, an exploratory laparotomy confirmed the cystic renal distension that was excised through an unilateral nephrectomy and the cat was observed on periodic reviews to confirm any abnormalities if any which was absent and the animal had an uneventful recovery,.

The aim of this study was to describe one-point (preiliac approach) and two-point (preiliac and retrocostal approach) blocks of the Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) on a cadaveric model. For this purpose, ultrasound-guided infiltration of the plane between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles was performed and, after dissection of tissues, the areas and percentage of nerve fibers involved were analyzed. Injection into the TAP plexus of a 1 mL/kg solution of 2% lidocaine and 1% methylene blue (1:1) was performed in 30 rabbit cadavers. In fifteen rabbits (group S), the solution was inoculated at the preiliac level. In the other 15 rabbits (group D), the solution was divided into two inoculations (0.5 mL/kg at the retrocostal level and 0.5 mL/kg at the preiliac level). All cadavers were then dissected and stained spinal nerve branches were measured. Moreover, the percentage of length, height and the total area of the stained tissue were calculated. In the S group, T10, T11 and T12 nerve eminences were successfully stained in 18%, 52% and 75% of cases, respectively. Furthermore, L1, L2, L3 and L4 were stained in 95%, 100%, 60% and 40% of cases, respectively. In group D, the ventromedial eminence of T10, T11 and T12 were stained in 68.1%, 100% and 98% of cases, respectively, and L1, L2, L3 and L4 were stained in 88%, 100%, 62% and 31% of cases, respectively. In conclusion, a two-point TAP block is more effective in covering the nerve eminences of the cranial abdomen than the preiliac approach alone.

The QL block is a high-level locoregional anesthesia technique, which aims to provide analgesia to the abdomen. Several approaches of the QL block have been studied to find out which one allows a greater distribution of the injectate. The aim of this study is to compare the traditional interfascial QL block (IQL) with a new latero-ventral approach (LVQL). We hypothesize that this new approach could be safer and easier to perform, since the injectate is administered more superficially and further away from vital structures. Our second objective is to assess whether a higher volume of injectate (0.6 mL/kg) could reach the ventral branches of the last thoracic nerves, leading to a blockade of the cranial abdomen. Six thawed canine cadavers (12 hemiabdomens) were used for this purpose. Both approaches were performed in all cadavers. A combination of methylene blue/iopromide was administered to each hemiabdomen, randomly assigned to the LVQL or IQL. No differences were found regarding the ease of perform the LVQL with respect to IQL. The results show that both techniques reached the ventral branches from L1 to L3, although only the IQL consistently stained the sympathetic trunk (5/6 IQL vs. 1/6 LVQL). The use of a higher volume did not enhance a more cranial distribution of the injectate.

ABSTRACT Lipoma of the liver has not been reported in dogs. An 8 yr old spayed female Great Dane was referred for diagnostic workup of abdominal distention. Computed tomography showed fat-attenuating masses with negative attenuation values (variable between −60 to −40 Hounsfield units) and minimal contrast uptake within the left cranial abdomen. Left lateral and right medial liver lobectomies were performed to remove two liver masses. Histopathology showed large lipomas arising from within the hepatic parenchyma. Immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin was negative, consistent with true lipomas. The dog was euthanized 8 mo later because of causes likely unrelated to the liver lipoma. This is the first case report of lipoma in the liver of a dog. The purpose of this case report and brief literature review is to provide evidence that surgical excision of fat-attenuating masses within the liver that are consistent with lipoma using immunohistochemistry can be curative.

Intususepsi Gastroesofagus (GEI) merupakan invaginasi lambung pada esophagus, disertai atau tidak disertai organ abdominal lainnya. Intususepsi gastroesofagus merupakan suatu kondisi yang jarang ditemukan pada anjing dan kucing, termasuk dalam kasus emergensi gastrointestinal, dan merupakan penyebab kematian apabila tidak ditangani. Kajian pustaka ini menyajikan 10 kasus gastroesofagus intususepsi pada kucing dan anjing yang mengalami tanda klinis secara umum muntah, regurgitasi, dan penurunan bobot badan. Kasus ini sering ditemukan pada hewan dengan umur di bawah tiga bulan pada anjing dan kucing di bawah satu tahun, kasus pada hewan dewasa umumnya jarang ditemukan. Kasus GEI pada anjing umum ditemukan pada ras besar, seperti German shepherd. Sedangkan pada kucing sering ditemukan pada ras Burmese, Siamese, Maine coon dan Persian. Penyakit GEI terjadi sebagai akibat dari megaesophagus, gangguan dismotilitas esophagus, atau kelemahan hiatus esofagus, yang semuanya meningkatkan kemungkinan invaginasi lambung ke dalam esofagus. Tanda klinis GEI pada kucing dan anjing umumnya tidak spesifik dan konsisten dengan gangguan abdomen akut. Pemeriksaan penunjang sebagai langkah dalam membantu penegakan diagnosis berupa pemeriksaan darah, radiografi dan ultrasonografi (USG). Hasil pemeriksaan radiografi, terlihat adanya dilatasi esofagus dan terdapat opasitas jaringan lunak seperti menumpuk pada mediastinal kaudal dan tengah. Siluet lambung tidak terlihat pada cranial abdomen sedangkan jantung dan trakea tergeser kearah ventral. Hasil pemeriksaan esofagoskopi dapat terlihat adanya massa rugal folds di bagian distal esofagus. Terapi yang dilakukan berupa pembedahan gastropeksi yang bertujuan untuk mencegah kambuh GEI. Prognosis buruk apabila terjadi nekrosis dan perforasi pada lambung.

Introduction: The pancreas is in the cranial abdomen with its left lobe positioned between the greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon. Its diseases occur frequently, being underdiagnosed due to the nonspecificity of clinical signs and the difficulty of access to the organ through diagnostic imaging, biopsy, and the lack of specific clinicopathological tests. Objective: To verify the main predisposing factors and identify the cause of this disease in felines, through an integrative review. Methodology: This is an integrative review, based on 5 scientific articles, published between the years 2017 to 2022, in the MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, VETINDEX, DeepDyve and Google Scholar databases. Data analysis through the collection of information and description of the main data found. Results: Diseases of the exocrine pancreas occur frequently, so pancreatitis refers to inflammation caused by the self- digestion of this organ by secreted pancreatic enzymes that are activated within acinar cells due to a failure of the host’s defense mechanism, which leads to a systemic and local lesion, occurring in conjunction with the activity of pancreatic enzymes and inflammatory mediators such as kinins and free radicals. Final considerations: The diagnosis of the disease is difficult to occur due to the nonspecificity of clinical signs and exams, the treatment of pancreatitis aims to reduce pancreatic activity without causing further damage to the pancreas and adjacent organs and to treat the disease itself since the cause of this is rarely identified.

Abstract Abdominal intercostal hernias are rare in small animals. A 1‐year‐old, entire, male, domestic shorthaired cat, weighing 3.5 kg was presented with a history of progressive swelling over the right cranial abdomen, noticed over a period of 6 months. The cat had a history of having been attacked by a dog on the right cranial abdomen. On physical examination, a soft tissue mass measuring 11.5 × 8.4 cm was noticed. Survey radiograph revealed the presence of a lobulated organ with soft tissue opacity at the level of the 12th–13th ribs. Abdominal ultrasonography showed herniation/displacement of a structure with soft tissue echogenicity suggestive of right lateral liver lobe with normal parenchyma, hepatic and portal vein. Based on these findings, a traumatic abdominal intercostal hernia was diagnosed and herniorrhaphy was performed. The outcome was favourable.

Gastric dilatation volvulus is a relatively common emergency presentation in small animal veterinary practice. Typically, deep-chested large and giant breed dogs are affected, but the condition has been reported in other breeds of dog, such as the Dachshund. Dogs presenting with gastric dilatation volvulus will typically exhibit signs of lethargy, retching and unproductive vomiting, distension of the cranial abdomen, ptyalism and respiratory compromise. In some cases, patients will present in severe hypovolamemic shock. Prompt recognition, stabilisation and surgical correction of the gastric dilatation volvulus are required for successful treatment of the condition. This article discusses the approach to investigation, stabilisation, surgical correction and postoperative management of gastric dilatation volvulus.

Many pathologies can occur in the periportal space and manifest as fluid accumulation, visible in Computed tomography (CT) images as a circumferential region of low attenuation around the intrahepatic portal vessels, called periportal halo (PPH). This finding is associated with different types of hepatic and extra-hepatic disease in humans and remains a non-specific sign of unknown significance in veterinary literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of PPH in a population of patients undergoing CT examination and to assess the presence of lesions related to hepatic and extra-hepatic disease in presence of PPH. CT studies including the cranial abdomen of dogs and cats performed over a 5-year period were retrospectively reviewed. The prevalence of PPH was 15% in dogs and 1% in cats. 143 animals were included and the halo was classified as mild, moderate and severe, respectively in 51%, 34% and 15% of animals. The halo distribution was generalized in 79 cases, localized along the second generation of portal branches in 63, and along the first generation only in one. Hepatic disease was present in 58/143 and extra-hepatic disease in 110/143 of the cases. Main cause of hepatic (36%) and extra-hepatic disease (68%) was neoplasia. Associations between halo grades and neoplasia revealed to be not statistically significant (p = 0.057). In 7% of animals the CT examination was otherwise unremarkable. PPH is a non-specific finding, occurring in presence of a variety of diseases in the examined patient population.

Simple SummaryThe quadratus lumborum (QL) block is an ultrasound-guided locoregional anesthesia technique. Its objective is to promote both visceral and somatic analgesia for abdominal procedures. Previous spread studies carried out in canine cadavers demonstrated its viability in this species but failed in consistently reach the spinal nerves responsible for the cranial abdominal wall innervation. Therefore, we hypothesize that a modified QL block technique, based on the administration of a higher volume of solution (0.6 mL kg−1) in a dorso-medial position compared to the interfascial injection point between the QL and psoas minor muscles, could enhance its cranial spread, and promote a consistent distribution spread through the ventral branches of the spinal nerves and sympathetic trunk. For this purpose, a solution of dye/contrast was ultrasound-guide injected into six canine cadavers. The results were assessed through computed tomography and dissection, showing that the proposed technique is viable, safe, and stained the median and caudal abdominal nerves and the sympathetic trunk up to T13 consistently. However, our modified technique of QL block did not increase the cranial distribution of dye/contrast to the thoracic spinal nerves, and may not provide adequate somatic analgesia of the cranial abdominal wall.The quadratus lumborum (QL) block targets the fascial plane surrounding the QL muscle providing abdominal somatic and visceral analgesia. The extension of its analgesic effects is a subject of research, as it could not cover areas of the cranial abdomen in dogs. This study assesses in eight thawed canine cadavers, the distribution of high-volume injections (0.6 mL kg−1 of a mixture of methylene blue and iopromide) injected between the psoas minor muscle and the vertebral body of L1. Anatomical features of the area of interest were studied in two cadavers. In another six dogs, QL blocks were performed bilaterally under ultrasound-guidance. The distribution of contrast was evaluated by computed tomography (CT). Hypaxial abdominal muscles were dissected to visualize the dye spread (spinal nerves and sympathetic trunk) in 5 cadavers. The remaining cadaver was refrozen and cross-sectioned. CT studies showed a maximum distribution of contrast from T10 to L7. The methylene blue stained T13 (10%), L1 (100%), L2 (100%), L3 (100%), L4 (60%) and the sympathetic trunk T10 (10%), T11 (20%), T12 (30%), T13 (70%), L1 (80%), L2 (80%), L3 (60%) and L4 (30%). These findings may suggest that despite the high volume of injectate administered, this modified QL block could not produce somatic analgesia of the cranial abdomen, although it could provide visceral analgesia in dogs.

Abstract An 11‐year‐old neutered male toy poodle was referred to our hospital due to a mass formation in the right cranial abdomen without any clinical signs. A gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) was suspected based on diagnostic imaging and cytology. Imatinib was administered; however, the tumour size did not change, thus duodenal tumour resection was performed on Day 65. The tumour was on the antimesenteric border of the proximal duodenum; therefore, major and minor duodenal papillae were preserved, and the defect of the duodenum was reconstructed with a pediculated jejunal patch. The resected mass was histopathologically diagnosed as GIST with a clean margin. There were no serious postoperative complications associated with the obstruction of common bile duct and small intestine, and the patient's postoperative progress was good. These results suggest that duodenal reconstruction with a pediculated jejunal patch could be used for GIST in the proximal duodenum.

Dogs and cats are belonging to canine and feline family respectively. The liver is the largest gland in the body and is located in the cranial abdomen between 3rd and 4th ribs in dogs and cats. This review is mainly focused on: to understand the anatomy and physiology of liver, the liver diseases pathophysiology, to diagnose the liver diseases, managemental and ameliorative methods of liver diseases. The dual blood supply to the liver is hepatic artery and portal vein. The function of liver includes the regulation of digestion and metabolism, the synthesis of hormones and proteins, immune response and filtering of toxins from the blood stream. Any problem that affects the liver is liver disease. Inflammation of liver is hepatitis. Hepatitis caused by infectious, non-infectious, auto-immune and reactive. It can be acute and chronic. The most encountered liver diseases in dogs and cats are hepticlipidosis, cholangiohepatitis, portosystemicshunt, cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, pneumobilia and hepatic neoplsia. The clinical symptoms of liver diseases include jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, gastro intestinal disorders and nonspecific signs include polyuria/polydipisia. The liver disease diagnosed based on history, liver function tests, medical imaging. The latest imaging procedures are endoscopic retrograde cholagio pancreatography (ERCP) and computed tomography (CT). For confirmatory diagnosis liver biopsy and histopathological interpretation is required. Therefore, based on diagnosis appropriate treatment should be selected: bile stasis is treated urodeoxycholic acid (URDA), fluid therapy include sugar and salt solution for replacement fluid loss, gastrointestinal protectors include ranitidine, cimitidine and lactulose, albumin to treat hypoalbuminimia, antioxidant for scavenging free radicals include vitamin E, Selenium, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), diuretic fursimid for treatment of ascites and supplementation low protein diets. This laparoscopic technique for removal of gallstones and endoscopic retrograde cholagiopancreatography (ERCP) to treat gall stones on bile ducts and to widen the slipped ducts and liver transplantation for cirrhotic dogs and cats. Early accurate diagnosis and managing any predisposing factors that affects the health of dogs and cats are important for controlling the liver diseases.