CR-39 Nuclear Track Detectors Research Articles

On the response of the CR-39 NTD to low doses of gamma rays using optical and photoluminescence spectroscopy

In this work, the response of the CR-39 nuclear track detector (NTD) exposed to different low doses of gamma rays was investigated using UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Five NTDs of CR-39 were irradiated with low gamma-ray doses ranging from 10 to 120 kGy using a 60Co source. The dose of gamma rays correlates with red shift in the absorption spectra of a gamma-irradiated CR-39 detector. As the gamma dose increases, the indirect and direct energy band gaps, as well as Urbach energy, decrease gradually. However, the decrease in the indirect optical band gap is greater than the decrease in the direct band gap. The observed spectra of the CR-39 detector after being irradiated with different doses of γ-rays showed an acceptable variation in photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra generated by a well-defined excitation wavelength of 290 nm. Starting at 45 kGy dose, the integrated area of the photoluminescence peak increases and tends to saturate, whereas the photoluminescence peak height is linearly correlated with the gamma dose with high sensitivity, which is 53.1 ± 6.3 CPS.kGy-1. According to the current findings, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has a greater sensitivity than UV-Vis spectroscopy for measuring the response of the CR-39 detector to gamma rays in the dose range of 10 to 120 kGy. The results reflected a potential possibility of using the CR-39 detector in dosimetric applications of low gamma ray doses through the high resolution achieved by photoluminescence (PL) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

Effect of thermal annealing on the maximal apparent etched track lengths of alpha particles in a CR-39 nuclear track detector

Effect of thermal annealing on the maximal apparent etched track lengths of alpha particles in a CR-39 nuclear track detector

Determination of uranium concentration in blood samples of women with breast cancer in Babylon Province of Iraq using CR-39 nuclear track detector

Determination of uranium concentration in blood samples of women with breast cancer in Babylon Province of Iraq using CR-39 nuclear track detector

Enhanced laser absorption and ion acceleration by boron nitride nanotube targets and high-energy PW laser pulses

Enhancing laser energy absorption with energy transfer to fast electrons is crucial for efficient laser-driven ion acceleration. In this work, we present an experimental demonstration of volumetric laser absorption using boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) targets with an average density of 15 of the solid density. We use a PW laser system operating at a pulse duration of 1.2 ps and an energy of 1.3 kJ, reaching intensities of 2 × 1019 Wcm−2 on target with moderate nanosecond contrast (109), to generate energetic ion streams from a 250 µm thick BNNT target. To characterize laser-accelerated ions, Thomson parabola spectrometers, CR-39 nuclear track detectors, and an electron spectrometer are employed. The results are compared to those achieved using flat targets made of polystyrene (PS) of the same thickness. The comparison reveals a 1.5-fold increase in proton maximum energy and a 2.5-fold increase in the maximum energy of heavy ions (C and N) when comparing the BNNT to PS. Moreover, the high-energy ion flux recorded at CR-39 is orders of magnitude higher for the BNNT after cutting off low-energy ions with Al filters. The enhanced ion acceleration is the result of a 2.3-fold increase in the electron temperature for BNNT, as measured by the electron spectrometer. These experimental findings are further validated through two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, which confirm the increase in electron temperature due to enhanced laser absorption ascribable to the low density and nanostructure of the BNNT target compared to the flat foil. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A study of the concentration of uranium in soil samples was evaluated using the CR_39 detector in the south of Amara Governorate

The quantity of uranium in soil samples taken from various residential, industrial, and agricultural areas in southern Iraq's Southern Omara governorate was evaluated using the neutron activation technique for solid-state nuclear track detectors CR-39. Uranium values in soil samples varied from 0.77 ppm to 1.94 ppm, according to the findings. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 10 cm. The outcomes were compared to publicly available data and found to be within acceptable ranges.

Determination of Radon Concentrations in Selected Soil Samples from the City of Mosul Using Nuclear Track Detector CR-39

Determination of Radon Concentrations in Selected Soil Samples from the City of Mosul Using Nuclear Track Detector CR-39

The Effect of Two Etching Solutions NaOH and KOH on Registration Properties and Etching of Polymer CR-39 Detectors

The solid – state nuclear track detector (SSNTDs) CR-39 can be used to study the different factors for alpha particle. Alpha particle is very dangerous inside the human body so the study its very important. In this article, we investigated the impact of two different etching solutions (NaOH and KOH)) on registrations properties, diameter D, track Diameter growth velocity VD, number of tracks and removal layer thickness of CR-39 nuclear track detector. The two types NaOH and KOH were dissolved in water with varied normality (3,5,7,9,11)N under a temperature of (70±1)°C to create the solution. During the experiment, a source of (α-particles) with a 4MeV energy was used to bombard all detectors (30 Sec). It was found the values of the diameter, number of tracks, removal layer thickness, track Diameter growth velocity VD by using the etching solution (NaOH +water) Solution greater than the values in (KOH + water) solution. the results showed excellent agreement with the outcomes of others who utilized different normalities.

Estimate the Relationship Between Track Density and Radon Concentration: Hazard Effects in Euphrates River of Karbala-Iraq

Due to the population's health risk, radon has emerged as a major worldwide health problem. 50% of the total eugenic radiation dose is caused by radon and its progenies; therefore, pollution of river water with minerals and radon that cause serious harm to human health. Through the practical results obtained, the theoretical results were linear and a high correlation coefficient. Radon concentrations were measured with CR-39 nuclear track detectors (NTDs). Radon gas concentration and annual effective dose were below the recommended limits. This indicates that the water of the Euphrates River is safe for aquatic life.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Ray on the Detection Properties of the CR-39 Nuclear Track Detector.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Ray on the Detection Properties of the CR-39 Nuclear Track Detector.

Radon gas in indoor air of primary schools of Al-Najaf city, Iraq

The indoor radon concentration of 100 primary schools in Al-Najaf province, Iraq, was measured to determine students’ and staff's safety in these schools using a CR-39 nuclear track detector based on the sealed can improve technique. The results of indoor radon concentration for all schools vary from (7.47 to 44.84) Bq / m3 with an arithmetic mean (AM) of 22.26 Bq /, while the geometric mean (GM) was 20.67 Bq / m3. The concentration of 222Rn was lower than the worldwide level. Some radiological parameters like annual effective dose (AED), potential alpha energy (PAEC), exposure to radon progeny (EP), and lung cancer cases per year per million people (CPPP) were also determined. The results of these parameters point toward normal levels in the primary schools, according to ICRP, UNCER, and NCRP data.

The EURADOS CR-39 Quality task for the optimisation and harmonisation of personal neutron dosimetry with CR-39 (PADC).

CR-39 (PADC) nuclear track detectors are among the most widespread devices used for personal neutron dosimetry; however, some issues related to the variable material quality of the CR-39 polymer hinder the performance of CR-39-based dosemeters. For this reason, the Working Group 2 (WG2) of the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) has recently launched the CR-39 Quality task, a project aimed at improving and harmonising personal neutron dosimetry with CR-39 in Europe. Whitin this task, a close collaboration among researchers, individual monitoring services and dosemeter grade CR-39 manufacturers is achieved, thus facilitating the direct dialog between producer and consumer to reach an optimised material for personal neutron dosimetry applications.

Measurement of Radon Concentration in Drink and Well Water Samples for Selected Regions in Baghdad City

The concentration of radon gas in the samples for drinking water and wells in the same place from selected homes in which wells were built in the Hay-al-Bayaa region of Baghdad was measured, by using a CR-39 nuclear track detector. It turns out that the maximum value of the concentration of radon in drinking water was 3.83 Bq/L, and the lowest was 2.30 Bq/L. As for the estimation of radon gas concentration in well water samples, the highest value was 5.6 Bq/L, while the lowest one was 3.1 Bq/L. In order to assess the committed effective dose received by the public due to the inhalation of radon gas. The highest value of the annual effective dose in drinking water was recorded in Al-Bayaa region, which is equal to 14.30 μSv/y, while the minimum was recorded at 8.40 μSv/y. As it turns out, the annual effective dose in well water samples was 20.4 μSv/y, while the lower one was 11.57 μSv/y. All values for the radon concentration and the annual effective dose in the drinking and well water samples were below the World Health Organization's recommended levels. The results showed that drinking water and wells were free of radioactive contamination in the studied area.

Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation and Alpha-particles on Nuclear Track Detector CR-39

Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation and Alpha-particles on Nuclear Track Detector CR-39

The Impact of the Normality of Two Types of Chemical Solutions on the Etching Rates of Nuclear Track detector CR-39

The Impact of the Normality of Two Types of Chemical Solutions on the Etching Rates of Nuclear Track detector CR-39

Radiation Detection and Heavy Metals Measurements in Powdered Blood Sample of Leukemia Patients

This research examines the measurements of radiation detection and heavy metals in blood samples of leukemia and health groups using CR-39 nuclear track detectors and X-ray fluorescence. The results show that the minimum and maximum values of uranium contents found in leukemia blood samples of male (18 years) and female (55 years) patients, respectively. The concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Ni) and radium contents is higher in leukemia blood samples, as compared with their concentration in healthy blood samples.

Nature of radon, radium, exhalation and uranium concentration from construction materials used in Al Jouf city, Saudi Arabia

This study aims to assess seven group samples used as building materials in the Saudi Arabian market in Al Jouf city had their radon concentration, exhalation rate, radium activity, as well as the risk of death due to cancer in excess of the natural background risk due to exposure to carcinogens over a period of a lifetime (Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk), and uranium content measured. The ‘Can technique’ was employed, which is based on the use of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) CR-39. The average level of radon concentrations (Bq/m3) for the materials under investigation are as follows: 99.40 ± 10.26 (Soil), 146.92 ± 12.49 (Cement), 115.68 ± 11.13 (Gypsum), 132.28 ± 11.89 (Ceramic), 223.24 ± 14.8 (Marble), 210.85 ± 14.72 (Bricks), and 241.71 ± 15.65(Gravel) at Bq. m-3. The results indicate that radon levels in Soil, Cement, Gypsum, and Ceramics are below the allowed limit of exposure to radon for humans, set at 200 Bq. m−3, while in the cases of Marble, Bricks and Gravels, have been higher than the allowed limit. Results for Annual Effective Dose came in as follows: Soil = 2.09 mSv/y; Cement = 3.09 mSv/y; Gypsum = 2.43 mSv/y; Ceramic = 2.78 mSv/y; Marble = 4.69 mSv/y; Bricks = 4.43 mSv/y and finally, Gravel = 5.08 mSv/y. These measurements were higher than the global average (1 mSv/y). The average annual cancer risk of the samples measured, were as follows: 8.05 (Soil); 11.89 (Cement); 9.36 (Gypsum); 10.71 (Ceramic); 18.07 (Marble); 17.07 (Bricks) and finally, 19.56 (Gravel). The average mass exhalation rates and surface exhalation for the materials under investigation are as follows: (0.08 Bq kg−1h−1 – 3.95 Bq m−2 d−1) for (Soil), (0.18 Bq kg−1h−1 – 5.85 Bq m−2 d−1) for Cement, (0.20 Bq kg−1h−1– 4.60 Bq m−2 d−1) for Gypsum, (0.08 Bq kg−1h−1– 4.26 Bq m−2 d−1) for Ceramic, (0.19 Bq kg−1h−1– 8.88 Bq m−2 d−1) for Marble, (0.18 Bq kg−1h−1– 8.39 Bq m−2 d−1) for Bricks and (0.18 Bq kg−1h−1– 9.62 Bq m−2 d−1) for Gravel. The mean estimated values for the radium activity were 30.6 ± 3.18 Bqkg−1 (Soil); 67.6 ± 5.66 Bqkg−1 (Cement); 73.9 ± 6.99 Bqkg−1 (Gypsum); 47.8 ± 4.20 Bqkg−1 (Ceramic); 70.1 ± 4.57 Bqkg−1 (Marble); 66.8 ± 4.7 Bqkg−1 (Bricks) and 67.4 ± 4.40 Bqkg−1 (Gravel). From a health hazard viewpoint, the results showed that the samples under review are safe and are not life-threatening. The mean estimated values for the uranium content are as follows: 1.35 ppm (Soil); 2.98 ppm (Cement); 3.26 ppm (Gypsum); 2.11 ppm (Ceramic); 3.09 ppm (Marble); 2.94 ppm (Bricks) and 2.97 ppm (Gravel).

Assessment of Radon Concentration in Blood Samples of Different Kinds of Cancer by Using CR-39 Nuclear Track Detectors

The goal of this work to measure the radon concentrations in twenty blood samples taken from a cancer patient and a healthy group of Erbil governorates, by using CR-39 NTD. The results obtained the average concentrations of radon in blood samples for cancer patients and the healthy group were 19.318 ±3.86 Bq/m3 and 8.5077 ±1.84 Bq/m3 respectively. The mean value of radon concentration of the cancer group is higher than the healthy group. The variation in concentrations of radon in different locations may be caused due to the variation in the nature of blood samples and nuclei content in these samples. also depending on the allergic reaction of the body to radiation. This increase could be caused by pollution of environment with radioactive materials including uranium since cancer can be caused by ionization radiation results showed that the all of concentration of radon in blood samples for cancer and healthy group were less than the global permissibility limiting of exhibition to radon 200 Bq.m−3 (IAEA, 2010.)This work owes its importance to the fact that it aims at knowing and measuring the radon concentrations in the blood samples and impact it on the cancer in particular.

Calculation of Radon Gas Concentration in the Buildings of College of Women Education - Tikrit University using the Nuclear Track Detector CR-39

This study analyses the radon gas content in (17) samples taken from buildings of the College of Women's Education - Tikrit University. Using a long-term measuring approach and a nuclear effect detector, the effects of radon's alpha particles were measured (CR-39). Radon concentrations were discovered to fluctuate, with the greatest levels being found in computer lab buildings (1).it reaching (72.7 Bq.m-3), while the lowest value was in a Department of Psychological Sciences if it reaches (15.8 Bq.m-3) compared to the radioactive background of (39.0 Bq.m-3) There is no risk to the College's workforce, including workers and students, and there was no exposure to excessive levels of radiation or environmental pollution. This provided the College with an advantage in that it was not subjected to harmful amounts of radiation or contamination.

Determined the bulk etch rate VB by different methods for nuclear track detector CR-39

In this study, the bulk etch rate (VB) was measured by three different methods forCR-39 with a thickness of 200µm and an area of (1 × 1 cm2), where CR_39 was irradiated through from Am241source with energy of alpha particles is 2.6MeV and at an angle of fall perpendicular to the surface of the CR-39 detector, the detector etching with (NaOH) at a concentration of 6.25N and (70 ± 1°C) and showing the effects formed on the surface of the detector with time periods ranging from (0.25h) and the formed effects were photographed In the detector at different eching times using an optical microscope of the type (XSZ-H Series Biological Microscope) equipped with a digital camera of the type (MADC_5A) connected to a personal computer, in order to find the length, thickness and diameters of the track formed on the surface of the detector.VB determind by methods are: Removed thickness method, the second method, the saturation track method, and the diameter-length method (D_L method), as the first method does not require irradiation of the detector, but the other two methods require irradiation of the detector and measurement of lengths and diameters And the time of proving the effect, and we found that the values of VB rate for the three methods, the removed thickness method, the saturation track method, and the diameter-length of the effect ((D_L method) respectively are:, (1.206, 1.204, 1.271 (µm/h) and compare the results between the mentioned methods, as we found that they are close.

Variation of the Bulk Etch Rate of Nuclear Track Detector CR-39 With the Chemical Etchant Solution Normality

The variation of the bulk etch rate (VB) of nuclear track detector CR-39 with the normality of the chemical etchant were studied. The removal thickness measurement method is used to determine the bulk etch rate. the detectors were etched by an aqueous solution of NaOH with normalities (4, 5, 6, 7) N at temperature (70±1) oC. It was found that the bulk etch rate is exponentially increasing with the normality of the solution and its values are (0.687, 1.421, 0.954, 2.082) µm/h at normalities (4, 5, 6, 7) N respectively. the relation between the bulk etch rate and the etchant normality was an exponential relation and the results showed good agreement with the results of the others used other normalities and another measurement method.