Cp Values Research Articles

Analysis of Variations in Tub Cover Tarpaulin Shape Against Airflow Patterns and Pressure Distribution Characteristics on Pickup Trucks with the Addition of Roof Deflector

This study aims to analyze the airflow pattern and pressure distribution characteristics of a pickup truck with a roof deflector added. with an angle of curvature of 20° and is accompanied by the installation of a tarpaulin cover on the body of the pickup truck. The method used in this study is an experimental method by testing 6 specimens, namely a pickup truck added with a roof deflector without using a tarp or baseline, a pickup truck added with a roof deflector fitted with a tonneau cover tarp (type A), aerocap tarpaulin with an angle of 0° (type B). and 12° (type C), and cincing type tarpaulin with a foot angle of 15° (type D) and 30° (type E) in a wind tunnel with a speed of 5.47 m/s. The more aerodynamic the use of tarpaulin, the more the blockage mass will be reduced so that it can produce a streamlined flow pattern. The results showed that the pickup truck added with a roof deflector with a 15° cincing tarp had a stable Cp value fluctuation at the rear of the pickup truck, while the pickup truck added a roof deflector with a 12° aerocap tarp. as well as produce aerodynamic flow thereby reducing the occurrence of blockage mass and obstacles.

The Use of Tarpaulins on the Body of a Pickup Truck on Airflow Patterns and Pressure Distribution Characteristics: An Experimental Study

The installation of tarpaulins on the body of pickup trucks is often used to protect goods from heat and rain, which affect airflow patterns, pressure distribution, and vehicle aerodynamics. This research was conducted to determine the airflow pattern and pressure distribution characteristics such as static pressure, dynamic pressure, and pressure coefficient that affect the performance of a tarpaulin-fitted pickup truck. Experimental tests were carried out on 6 specimens, namely pickup trucks without using a tarp or baseline, pickup trucks fitted with tonneau cover tarpaulins (type A), Aerocap tarpaulins with an angle of 0° (type B) and 12° (type C), and Cincing tarpaulins with foot angle of 30° (Type D) and 15° (Type E) in the wind tunnel at a speed of 5.47 m/s. The results showed that the more aerodynamic the use of tarpaulins resulted in a streamlined flow pattern, as shown by the use of 12° aerocap tarpaulins, which had more aerodynamic flow andci the most stable fluctuations in the Cp value, blockage mass, and smaller obstacles compared to other pickup trucks.

Measurement of the Isobaric Heat Capacity for Methyl Hexanoate and Ethyl Hexanoate at Temperatures from 313 to 433 K and Pressures of up to 10 MPa

In this article, a calorimeter was established on the basis of steady-flow calorimetry. The present calorimeter was utilized to measure the isobaric heat capacity (cp) of target fluids. First, water was measured to verify the reliability of the experimental system. Then the measurements of cp for methyl hexanoate and ethyl hexanoate were carried out at temperatures from 313 K to 433 K and pressures of up to 10 MPa. To implement easier industrial application, a correlation was proposed on the basis of the experimental data to calculate the cp values of methyl hexanoate and ethyl hexanoate, with maximum absolute relative deviations of 0.77% and 0.65%, respectively. The newly reported data will be helpful for use with methyl hexanoate and ethyl hexanoate.

The Effect of Varying Interval Definitions on the Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Cohort Study

Background: We assessed the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate in a large patient cohort, and evaluated the effect of varying time intervals between two positive tests on assumed reinfection rates using viral load data. Methods: All positive SARS-CoV-2 samples collected between 1 March 2020 and 1 August 2021 from a laboratory in the region Kennemerland, the Netherlands, were included. The reinfection rate was analyzed using different time intervals between two positive tests varying between 2 and 16 weeks. SARS-CoV-2 PCR crossing point (Cp) values were used to estimate viral loads. Results: In total, 679,513 samples were analyzed, of which 53,366 tests (7.9%) were SARS-CoV-2 positive. The number of reinfections varied between 260 (0.52%) for an interval of 2 weeks, 89 (0.19%) for 4 weeks, 52 (0.11%) for 8 weeks, and 37 (0.09%) for a minimum interval of 16 weeks between positive tests. The median Cp-value (IQR) in the second positive samples decreased when a longer interval was chosen, but stabilized from week 8 onwards. Conclusions: Although the calculated reinfection prevalence was relatively low (0.11% for the 8-week time interval), choosing a different minimum interval between two positive tests resulted in major differences in reinfection rates. As reinfection Cp-values stabilized after 8 weeks, we hypothesize this interval to best reflect novel infection rather than persistent shedding.

Numerical simulation of complex flow structures and pressure fluctuation at rotating stall conditions within a centrifugal pump

AbstractRotating stall contributes to global oscillation vibration problems, accompanied by noise and possible turbomachinery damage. This study with special emphasis on the vaned diffuser investigates the unsteady pressure interaction with the stall within the pump. A low specific speed centrifugal pump (ns = 69), fitted with a vaned diffuser is modeled and studied. The model pump performance curve shows the characteristic positive slope at 30% of the best efficiency point flow rate; 1.0 ΦΝ which is attributed to the stall phenomena. A finite volume method is employed with unsteady computations initialized utilizing shear stress transport k‐ω before proceeding with DDES. Pressure fluctuation and velocity magnitude normalized values are used to investigate the evolution of stall cell generation. The root mean square (RMS) values and normalized pressure (Cp) values are elicited to gain insight into pressure pulsation within the flow domain. The distinguished “starfish” shape is observed for monitor points md1 to md20, with the RMS trend decreasing with increasing flow rate from the pump shut off. Although in the vaned diffuser flow channel, an increase in pressure fluctuation along the flow channel toward the trailing edge is observed, the vaned diffuser channel shows a similar trend. The stall cell propagates at a speed of ΩRS = 0.078 at 0.2 ΦΝ, while at 0.1 ΦΝ propagates at a speed of ΩRS = 0.087; the stall speed tends to increase approaching pump shut off. Three distinguishable stall channels are observed from the flow structure for a five vaned diffuser; entering the stall, stalled, and stall recovery stages, within the flow channels.

Boron removal from silicon melt by gas blowing technique

Abstract Due to the detrimental effects of boron (B) on the efficiency of silicon (Si) photovoltaic cells, complete boron removal from Si is necessary to produce solar grade Si (SoG–Si, with a maximum limit of 0.1 ppmw boron). Gas refining is a promising technique for boron removal from Si, in which the thermodynamic equilibrium never establishes. Hence, by starting from any B concentration in the melt, the required limit for SoG–Si will be achieved. This research is devoted to studying the refractory interactions’ effect with melt and the chamber atmosphere on boron removal. For this purpose, gas refining experiments were carried out in alumina and graphite crucibles with H2 and H2–3% H2O refining gases. Gas refining in Ar, He, and continuous vacuuming conditions were also carried out to study the effect of chamber atmosphere. The gas refining results are supported by the characterization of the evaporated species by molecular beam mass spectroscopy (MBMS) technique. The MBMS measurements indicated that the boron evaporation occurs by the formation of the volatile species BH x , BO y , and B z H x O y compounds. Most of these compounds are already known in the literature. However, HBO, HBOH, and AlBO (in the case of alumina refractories) were measured experimentally in this work. Results indicate that the evaporation of B in the form of AlBO x compounds leads to higher mass transfer coefficients for boron removal in alumina crucibles. Density-functional theory (DFT) and coupled cluster calculations are carried out to provide a thermodynamic database for the gaseous compounds in the H–B–O–Al system, including enthalpy, entropy, and C P values for 21 compounds.

Heat Capacity of Drained Peat Soils

Soil-specific heat capacity (cp) and volumetric heat capacity (Cv) are recognized as a fundamental soil property essential for the accurate prediction of soil temperature and heat flow. This study presents the analysis of these thermal properties for drained peat soils in Poland. The objectives of this study were to (i) measure and develop a method for determining cp, (ii) analyze the (Cv) data for undisturbed soil samples from surface layers, and (iii) test the applicability of the cp value for calculating Cv of drained peat soils using the mixing model concept. The cp value was measured under laboratory conditions using a modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) for 18 soil layers sampled in six degraded peat soil profiles. The Cv was estimated for undisturbed triplicate soil samples from the 22 depths (66 samples) by using a dual-needle probe. The cp data for the organic soils were linearly temperature-dependent (MDSC) for the temperature range considered (−20–30 °C). The overall average cp value was equal to 1.202 J g−1 K−1 at a temperature of 0 °C. An increment in temperature of 1 °C corresponded to an increase in cp of 0.0043 J g−1 K−1 on average. Nevertheless, the lowest cp value was obtained for moss samples whereas the highest value represents alder peats. The Cv data measured using the heat thermal probe (HTP) method changed linearly with changes in the soil moisture content (θv) of the moorsh soils. The volumetric heat capacity calculated using the mixing model was comparable to the mean of measured values obtained on the triplicate samples.

The effect of the sample pan position on the determination of the specific heat capacity for lipid materials using heat flux DSC

Accurate measurements of specific heat capacity for lipids as a function of temperature, Cp (T), are needed for modeling their crystallization behavior. Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC, has been the main technique to determine Cp (T) for numerous materials, including lipids. Key experimental conditions (heating/cooling ramps, sample size, purge gas, and temperature modulation) that affect the measured heat flow, from which Cp (T) is calculated, have been extensively discussed in the literature. Usually, DSC manufacturers provide procedures of what they consider to be the best experimental conditions to measure accurate Cp (T) values with the least uncertainties. The successive nature of these procedures requires the user to perform each step separately, which means that the user needs to take out the empty pan from the DSC furnace to load either the standard material (usually sapphire) or the sample and place it back again into the furnace. Following this method will result in a different pan placement on the sensor each time the DSC furnace is opened, which consequently will influence the heat flow signals. Utilizing the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurements (GUM),this paper is intended to quantitatively evaluate the uncertainties in Cp (T) measurements due to the pan position on a heat-flux DSC sensor. Due to this effect, relative expanded uncertainty U values were ∼1.5%, and at least 15–25% as a result of pan placement. The sapphire uncertainty values were much smaller than those from the trimyristin (MMM) sample. With the assistance of FEM simulation, the effect of the different thermal diffusivity of MMM and sapphire on the Cp (T) measurements is elucidated.

A 5-Year Study of Lithium and Valproic Acid Drug Monitoring in Patients with Bipolar Disorders in an Italian Clinical Center.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is an effective tool used to improve the pharmacological treatment in clinical practice, especially to detect subtherapeutic drug plasma concentration (Cp) in order to consider a change of dosage during treatment and reach its putative therapeutic range. In this study, we report the Cp values of lithium and valproic acid (VPA), alone and in combination, mostly in bipolar patients admitted to an Italian clinical center of the University of Pisa during the years 2016–2020, which include 12,294 samples of VPA, 7449 of lithium and 1118 of both in combination. Lithium and VPA are the most utilized drugs in treating bipolar disorders, and their TDM is strongly recommended by recent guidelines. In relation to lithium Cp monitoring, several studies have underlined that 0.5–0.8 mmol/L is the optimal range for chronic treatment, and below 0.4 mmol/L, it is unlikely to produce a clinical response. For VPA, the therapeutic range is 50–100 μg/mL and a linear correlation between Cp and clinical efficacy has been proposed, where below 50 μg/mL, the clinical efficacy of VPA has not been proven thus far. Toxic levels of both drugs were rarely found in our study, while a high percentage of patients, about one-third, had sub-therapeutic Cp during their treatments. In addition, in several cases of patients receiving multiple blood sampling, the initial subtherapeutic Cp changed only partially without reaching its therapeutic window. In relation to age, we found a higher percentage of lithium and VPA Cp values in range in the adolescents than in the adults and elderly groups. No differences were reported when analyzing the distribution of Cp values in males and females. In conclusion, this present study suggests that TDM is widely used by many specialists, but there is still a window of improvement for optimizing pharmacological treatments in clinical practice.

Effects of hydrofoil motion parameters and swing arm parameters on power extraction of a flexible hydrofoil in swing arm mode

This study aimed to numerically investigate the power extraction performance of an oscillating hydrofoil with a time-varying camber in the swing arm mode. The effects of the swing arm length (R), swing arm amplitude (H0), pitching amplitude (θ0), reduced frequency (f*), and flexure amplitude (α) on the average power coefficient (CP‾) and efficiency (η) were investigated. The results revealed that, with an increase in α, the force coefficients were improved, which is beneficial for improving the power extraction capability. At α = 15%, η of the flexible hydrofoil was 38.5%; this represents an increase of approximately 40.5%, as compared to rigid hydrofoils. Further, R and H0 of the swing arm caused variations in the vertical amplitude of hydrofoils, thereby altering the motion velocity and effective angle of attack and further affecting the evolutions of the flow fields and vortices, pressure distribution, and force coefficients. Moreover, the leading-edge vortex was found to separate from the hydrofoils gradually in advance with an increase in θ0, whereas the increase in f* decreased the synchronization between the directions of the force coefficient and motion velocity. Furthermore, it was found that the optimal f*, which could reach peak values of CP‾ and η, increased with θ0.

Performance research of VAWT with expandable blades based on savonius turbines

In order to improve the wind energy utilization of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT), this paper presents a new structure of VAWT with expandable blades. The blades of the new turbine are symmetrical airfoil NACA0012 instead of curved blades. The blades of the new structure VAWT have open and folded state. While the blades rotate to the windward side, the blades are open and similar to the curved blades of the S-type turbine. While the blades rotate to the leeward side, the blades are folded and similar to the airfoil of the H-type turbine. In this paper, multistream tube theory was used to analyze the movement of the new type VAWT in the flow field, solve the wind speed influencing factors of the model, establish the theoretical formula of wind energy utilization (CP value) of the new type VAWT. And performance of the wind turbine was simulated and calculated by Matlab. Cp value and self-starting performance of the new type VAWT has greatly improved compared with Savonius type wind turbine. The blade of the new type VAWT is constant section in the vertical direction which can be produced by the costless form of straight blade production. The new type VAWT is not only suitable for medium and large wind farm, but also can be well applied in the areas with relatively poor wind energy resources.

Effectiveness of hazard control through HACCP critical control points in the wet noodle production process on product quality

The cavitation phenomena should be considered during the design of hydrokinetic turbines due to cavitation could cause surface erosion, mechanical vibrations, undesirable noise and efficiency reduction in the energy transformation. Therefore, the aim of this work is to conduct a numerical comparison of the cavitation resistance of 3 hydrofoils (NACA0015, Eppler420 and S822) with the purpose of selecting the best foil for the blade cross-section design. For each hydrofoil, the traditional and the high-lift configurations were evaluated. The hydrodynamic factors, including the lift and the drag (CL and CD, respectively) coefficients were determined by using JavaFoil software for several angles of attack (α). Additionally, for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study in ANSYs Fluent software, the SST k-ω and the Schnerr and Sauer turbulence and cavitation models were respectively utilized to validate the values of CL and CD, and to calculate the pressure coefficient (CP). The values of CP were compared with the cavitation number (σ) for identifying cavitation on the blade and comparing the cavitation resistance of the hydrofoils studied. The methods used and the numerical results obtained were subsequently analyzed and validated using relevant experimental values available in the literature for the NACA0015 hydrofoil. CFD simulations revealed that the NACA0015 traditional hydrofoil and the high-lift configuration of the Eppler420 hydrofoil have the best resistance to cavitation inception in comparison with the traditional hydrofoils and the high-lift configurations studied, respectively.

Comparative study of the cavitation resistance of the traditional and high-lift hydrofoils for hydrokinetic application

The cavitation phenomena should be considered during the design of hydrokinetic turbines due to cavitation could cause surface erosion, mechanical vibrations, undesirable noise and efficiency reduction in the energy transformation. Therefore, the aim of this work is to conduct a numerical comparison of the cavitation resistance of 3 hydrofoils (NACA0015, Eppler420 and S822) with the purpose of selecting the best foil for the blade cross-section design. For each hydrofoil, the traditional and the high-lift configurations were evaluated. The hydrodynamic factors, including the lift and the drag (CL and CD, respectively) coefficients were determined by using JavaFoil software for several angles of attack (α). Additionally, for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study in ANSYs Fluent software, the SST and the Schnerr and Sauer turbulence and cavitation models were respectively utilized to validate the values of CL and CD, and to calculate the pressure coefficient (CP). The values of CP were compared with the cavitation number (σ) for identifying cavitation on the blade and comparing the cavitation resistance of the hydrofoils studied. The methods used and the numerical results obtained were subsequently analyzed and validated using relevant experimental values available in the literature for the NACA0015 hydrofoil. CFD simulations revealed that the NACA0015 traditional hydrofoil and the high-lift configuration of the Eppler420 hydrofoil have the best resistance to cavitation inception in comparison with the traditional hydrofoils and the high-lift configurations studied, respectively.

Социальные детерминанты общественного здоровья в период пандемии COVID-19: интегральная оценка данных на уровне муниципальных образований Калининградской области

The issues of ensuring equality in the field of health and improving the level of public health have become more important than ever before at the present time. The reason for everything is the appearance and rapid spread of coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The scale of the epidemic, which covers countries and regions on all continents without exception, indicates its pandemic nature. In these conditions, as before, a key role in solving the issues raised is assigned to research on the social determinants of public health and their assessment. Research in this direction is carried out taking into account the multifactorial nature of social conditions on the basis of a component-by-component analysis of determinants and integral criteria. The article presents the results of the analysis of the incidence of COVID-19 in the first year (2020) of the pandemic on the scale of municipal urban districts of the Kaliningrad region. The ranking of the territory of urban districts by the level of morbidity was carried out. In general, municipalities with an average (10–15 cases per 1000 people) and a high (15–22 cases per 1000 people) incidence rate prevail among urban districts. The incidence rate of COVID-19 is compared with the composite indicator. The composite indicator (CI) acts as an integral criterion for assessing the favorability of social conditions for public health. The composite indicator is formed by additive “convolution” of eight parameters. The convolution procedure is carried out taking into account the assignment of the weight of individual indicators for non-numeric, inaccurate and incomplete information. The results of the spatial analysis of the composite indicator indicate the relative geographical diversity of assessments of social conditions at the level of urban districts. It is noted that the social environment in 15 out of 22 municipalities is characterized by unfavorable and the most unfavorable conditions for public health. At the municipal level, high values of the morbidity rate are usually associated with low values of the composite indicator. The results of spatial correlation analysis confirmed the existence of a negative relationship between the CP value and the incidence rate. The correlation coefficient is—0.46. Research on the social determinants of public health should be included in the list of priorities in the implementation of public health policy at the municipal level.

Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zones across Katrol Hill Fault, Kachchh, Western India: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach

The present study focuses on the use of remote sensing and geographical information system tools for morphometric and geomorphic analysis of major river basins across the Katrol Hill Fault, which makes drainage divide. It aims to find groundwater potential for the management and planning of groundwater resources. The study area consists of 6 major watersheds of major river systems namely Bhurud, Khari, and Pat flowing north of the major divide, while Rukmawati, Nagavanti, and Bhukhi are southerly flowing rivers. Based on linear, areal, and geomorphic aspects, a watershed with excellent groundwater potential was found. The highest order in the area is the 5th order stream. Appropriate drainage network characteristics, elongated shape, and permeable lithological formation with low relief among all the watersheds made WS3 be excellent potential for groundwater. The statistical analysis, where Cp value was computed, showed the potential groundwater zone to be in WS3 followed by WS2 and WS5. These results were even verified with field data, collected from well-inventory and that too favored WS3 as an excellent groundwater potential.

Optimisation of Francis turbine draft tube using response surface model

The draft tube design of low and medium head hydraulic turbines plays an important role in determining the efficiency and power output. Proposed Francis draft tube geometry was optimised with two different optimisation goals, i.e.: 1) rehabilitation; 2) a new design. Using the design of experiments approach, 81 design points were generated for both cases separately and response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimisation. Two objective functions, i.e., pressure recovery (Cp) and loss factor (ζ) were considered in the optimisation process. A multi-objective genetic algorithm coupled with RSM was adapted to optimise the proposed draft tube geometry for achieving desired optimisation goal. For Case 1, optimum values of Cp and ζ value were found as 0.8290 and 0.1158, respectively. The value of pressure recovery was enhanced by 7.0% at the best efficiency point. For Case 2, an optimum value of Cp was found as 0.851 which is 10.0% higher compared with the performance of the existing draft tube.

Using caloric efficiency to estimate the net energy value of expelled, extruded soybean meal relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal and its effects on growth performance of nursery pigs.

This study aimed to estimate the net energy (NE) value of expelled, extruded soybean meal (MSBM) relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM) and determine its effects on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 297 pigs (DNA 241 × 600) were weaned (BW 5.10 kg) and placed into 60 pens (2 rooms of 30 pens) with 5 pigs per pen balanced by gender and weaning weight. Pigs were fed a common diet for 21 d. Then, pens of pigs (BW 9.3 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments to provide 12 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts of MSBM replacing SSBM in the diet (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). All diets were fed for 28 d and were formulated to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and met or exceeded requirements for amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus. The SSBM diet was formulated to 2,421 kcal/kg and NE was not balanced between diets. Analyzed values for CP, EE, CF, and total lysine for the SSBM were 47.28%, 0.47%, 3.80%, and 3.00%, whereas the MSBM contained 47.41%, 6.88%, 5.32%, and 2.99%, respectively. The MSBM had increased values for KOH solubility and trypsin inhibitor (83.62% and 7,026 TIU/g) compared to the SSBM (73.05% and 3,011 TIU/g), whereas urease activity was similar between the two (0.03 and 0.02 Δ pH, respectively). Data were analyzed using Proc GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and room as the blocking factor. There was no evidence of differences in ADG and ADFI in pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM. Pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM had improved (linear, P < 0.001) G:F and caloric efficiency on an NE basis. Using caloric efficiency to estimate NE of the MSBM relative to SSBM, MSBM was estimated to have a value of 2,566 kcal/kg. In conclusion, MSBM contains approximately 123% of the energy of SSBM, which improved feed efficiency when fed to nursery pigs.

The effect of the blade number on a cross-flow hydrokinetic turbine

The effect of the blade number of a cross-flow hydrokinetic turbine is studied in this paper. To begin with, a blade cross-sectional shape NACA0025 is selected, as was used in a previous study. Secondly, after the turbine blade is modeled, the simulation cases are conducted numerically by use of a commercial package program, ANSYS Fluent. Before further analysis is conducted, validation is executed to make sure the calculation is reliable. The result shows that the blade number has effect on the turbine's efficiency or power coefficient (Cp). A 2-bladed, 3-bladed and 4-bladed turbine can obtain Cp values of 37.5%, 33.6% and 30.2%, respectively. Additionally, from the component torque yields gained by upper and lower surface of a blade respectively, it is revealed that the lower surface obtains much more torques than upper surface does during rotational range from 20° to 180°. Also, during this rotational range, the 2-bladed turbine proved to be more efficient than the other two cases. In contrast, the upper surface gained more torque yields than lower surface during rotational interval from 180° to 380°(=20°). And during this rotational interval, the torque yields obtained by the upper surface offset the lower surface torque yields, which made the total torque yields seem insignificant. The reduction of the blade number is thought to be the cause of efficiency enhancement due to less complex flow condition caused by the interaction of the blades upon rotation.

Analisa Performa Bilah Taperless Dengan Airfoil S2091 Pada Turbin Angin Sumbu Horizontal

Utilization of wind energy is one option to produce electrical energy in the form of wind turbines. Wind energy is also renewable energy that can be utilized because of the potential for wind energy in Indonesia with an average wind speed of 2- 6 m/s. The purpose of this performance analysis is to obtain high efficiency so that the S2091 taperless blade can rotate at relatively low Indonesian wind speeds. Airfoil S2091 has an optimal Cl/Cd value to produce 500 W of power. This performance analysis uses the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) method in which the blade is divided into several elements, starting from determining the radius, chord, and twist on the blade. The assumed parameters will be simulated using Qblade v0.96 software and designing 3D blade designs using SolidWorks software. The dimensions of the taperless blade with the S2091 airfoil have a radius of 0.8 m, a chord of 0.12 m, a twist angle of 6.96o - 9.96o, and a maximum Cp value of 47% at a TSR of 4.5. At a speed of 12 m/s the maximum power generated is 998 W when the angular speed of the blade is 645 rpm and the minimum power generated is 95 W. Then the average power generated is 640.94 W. The results of field tests have a maximum charging power of 138 .46 W and an average charging of 14.13 W. Then the power obtained is 257.80 Wh. From these data, the efficiency of the blade system is 30%–40% and the efficiency of field testing is 34.16%.

Improving Quality of Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria Juncea L.) Foliage as Roughage Source for Ruminants by using Microorganisms

This study aims to investigate the chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, and in vitro ruminal digestibility efficiency of Sunn hemp silage with Fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLAB) and bacillus subtilis. The experiment was designed in a CRD. Five dietary treatments were fresh Sunn hemp (FS, the positive control), Sunn hemp silage (SS, the negative control), Sunn hemp silage with B. subtilis (SSB), Sunn hemp silage with FJLAB (SSL), and SSB plus FJLAB (SSBL). The results showed the OM content of Sunn hemp silage was decreased (p &lt; 0.05), but fiber contents (NDF, ADF, cellulose, and hemicellulose) were increased when compared with fresh Sunn hemp. However, SSL and SSBL could improve nutrition values (higher CP Reduction efficiency; p &lt; 0.01, decrease cellulose; p &lt; 0.01, and hemicellulose content; p &lt; 0.10) and quality grading of Sunn hemp silage when compare with the negative control which did not affect to CP and EE values. Furthermore, FJLAB reduced fiber content and increase CP content of Sunn hemp silage, whereas B. subtilis presented the opposite results. However, the combination of FJLAB and B. subtilis showed the best treatment of Sunn hemp silage of this experiment (the highest CP and EE Reduction efficiency, ruminal gas production, and organic matter degradability; OMD).&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, a toxin associated with disease in ruminants, found in Sunn hemp is completely destroyed by anaerobic microorganisms of silage&#x0D; The fermentation process of silage was improved by increasing lactic acid production and decreasing pH value to inhibit the growth of undesirable microbes&#x0D; Combination of fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLAB) and Bacillus subtilis, lactic acid producer, for Sunn hemp silage treatment yielded the highest lactic acid production and nutritive values&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT