Cp Genome Sequence Research Articles

Complete chloroplast genome of Jasminum sambac L. (Oleaceae)

Jasmine [Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton] is an important cultivated plant species that is valued for its ornamental, medicinal and edible values. However, the genomic information available for jasmine is limited. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of single-petal (SP) and double-petal (DP) cultivars of jasmine were investigated. An entire cp genome comparison, inverted repeat contraction and expansion were analyzed among several species, including the two jasmine cultivars, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The results showed that the complete cp genomes were 163,315 bp (SP) and 163,281 bp (DP) long, respectively. Both genomes exhibited a single circular molecule with quadripartite structure consisting of a pair of inverted repeats separated by the large and small single-copy regions. Both SP and DP cultivars contained 114 unique genes. Sequence analysis identified 31 tandem repeats, 15 forward repeats, 14 palindrome repeats and five complement repeats in both cp genomes. A total of 118 and 117 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected in the cp genomes of SP and DP cultivars, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported that the SP cultivar was close to DP, and J. sambac belonged to the family Oleaceae, order Contortae. The complete cp genome sequences presented in this report may contribute to genetic and phylogenetic studies of this species.

Complete chloroplast genome of Salvia plebeia: organization, specific barcode and phylogenetic analysis

Salvia plebeia has been in use as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for more than 500 years. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of S. plebeia was sequenced, assembled and compared to those of other five published Salvia cp genomes. It was found that the cp genome structure of S. plebeia was well conserved and had a total size of 151 062 bp. Four parameters were used to display the usage conditions of the codons of the amino acids in Salvia genus. Although the number of protein-coding genes in each species was the same, the total number of codons was different. Except for amino acids Trp and Met whose Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) value of one condon was equal to 1, the remaining 19 amino acids had 1-3 preferred codons. The preferred codon names of each amino acid were coincident. The period size for the tandem repeats of six species ranged from 9 to 410 bp. Salvia cp genomes mainly possessed tandem repeats with a copy number less than or equal to 3. The sequence length of tandem repeats of the six species ranged from 25 to 824 bp. Highly viarable regions including four intergenic spacers and six partial genes were discovered as potential specific barcodes for Salvia species through cp genome-wide comparison. Finally, we performed phylogenetic analyses based on the complete cp genome and coding sequences respectively. These results provide information to help construct the cp genome library for Salvia, which may support studies of phylogenetics, DNA barcoding, population and transplastomics.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Coelogyne fimbriata (Orchidaceae)

Coelogyne fimbriata has been classified as a national second-class protected orchid species in China. In this study, we report and characterize the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of C. fimbriata in an effort to provide genomic resources useful for promoting its conservation and systematic research. The complete genome is 159,010 bp in length and the overall GC content is 43.3%. The cp genome sequence has a typical quadripartite structure, comprising two inverted repeats (IRA and IRB) regions, which are separated by a small single-copy (SSC) region and a large single-copy (LSC) region. Moreover, a total of 135 functional genes were annotated, including 89 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis recovered a close relationship between C. fimbriata and Pleione formosana, and both species are placed within the tribe Arethuseae (Orchidaceae).

The complete chloroplast genome of Actinidia latifolia, a species with high vitamin C content in fruit

Actinidia latifolia, known for its high vitamin C content in fruits, is widely distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions of eastern and southern Asia. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of A. latifolia to investigate its phylogenetic position in the gunus Actinidia. The complete cp genome sequence is 156,873 bp in length with 37.15% overall GC content and characterized by a typical quadripartite structure comprising one pair of inverted repeats (23,377 bp) separated by a small single-copy region (21,453 bp) and a large single-copy region (88,666 bp). The cp genome contains 132 unique genes, including 83 protein coding genes, 41 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis highly supported that A. latifolia evolutionarily close to A. eriantha.

The complete chloroplast genome of the monotypic genus of Bulleyia Schltr. (Orchidaceae)

Bulleyia Schltr. is monotypic and represented only by Bulleyia yunnanensis Schltr., native to the Yunnan of China, Bhutan, and northeast India. Here, we report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence and the cp genome features of B. yunnanensis. The cp genome sequence of B. yunnanensis was 159,581 bp in length and presented a typical quadripartite structure consisting of one large single-copy region (LSC, 87,563 bp), one small single-copy region (SSC, 18,714 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (IR, 26,652 bp). Besides, the cp genome encoded 132 genes, including 113 unique genes (79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes). The phylogenetic analysis suggested that B. yunnanensis be closely related to Pholidota in tribe Arethuseae.

The complete chloroplast genome of Ilex ‘Emily Bruner’, Ilex cornuta ‘Burfordii’ × Ilex latifolia (Aquifoliaceae)

Ilex ‘Emily Bruner’ is an important economic plant with ornamental and ecological functions in southeastern China. In this study, we characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of ‘Emily Bruner’ to investigate its phylogenetic relationship. The entire cp genome of ‘Emily Bruner’ was 157,216 bp in length with 37.68% overall GC content, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,721 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,427 bp, which were separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 52,068 bp. The cp genome contained 135 genes, including 90 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole cp genome sequences showed that ‘Emily Bruner’ is closest to I. cornuta species.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Zingiber zerumbet

Different species of Zingiberaceae are very similar in appearance, which brings some obstacles in the accurate identification of species. Here, we assembled and analyzed the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of Zingiber zerumbet. The cp genome of Z. zerumbet is 169,183 bp in length, which contains a pair of inverted repeated (IR) regions of 37,480 bp, a large single copy (LSC) region of 86,709 bp, and a small single copy (SSC) region of 7,515 bp. The genome contains a total of 138 genes, including 92 protein-coding genes, 38 transfer RNA genes, and eight ribosomal RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis exhibited that the cp genome sequence could distinguish Z. zerumbet from other species. This study is beneficial to the germplasm identification and utilization of Z. zerumbet.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Dendrobium wangliangii (Orchidaceae)

Dendrobium wangliangii is a rare orchid species with extremely small populations, endemic to China. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence and the genome features of D. wangliangii were analyzed. The whole cp genome sequence of D. wangliangii is 160,052 including a large single-copy region (LSC, 87,525 bp), a small single-copy region (SSC, 18,373 bp), and a pair of repeat regions (IRs, 27,077 bp, each). The contents of four bases in cpDNA were A (30.9%), C (18.9%), G (18.3%) and T (31.9%), respectively. The total content of GC is 37.1%. The cp genome contains 129 genes, consisting of 124 unique genes (78 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs). Phylogenetic analysis showed that D. wangliangii nested with other Dendrobium spp. and was closely related to D. ellipsophyllum, D. wattii and D. longicornu.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb

Arisaema erubescens is a well-known medicinal plant in China. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of A. erubescens to investigate its phylogenetic relationship in the family Araceae. The cp genome was 167,607 bp in length, consisting of a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb: 26,193 bp) separated by a large single-copy region (LSC: 93,660 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC: 21,561 bp). The GC content of whole cp genome is 35.3%. De novo assembly and annotation showed the presence of 114 unique genes with 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. erubescens was closely related to A. franchetianum, and the genus Arisaema was sister to the genus Pinellia.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Korean endemic, Habenaria cruciformis (Orchidaceae)

Habenaria cruciformis (Orchidaceae), endemic to South Korea, is a perennial herb and its local population sizes are declined because of the destruction caused by human activity and the invasion of exotic species in their habitats. Here, we report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of H. cruciformis, which will provide valuable information for its biological conservation and future studies for the cp genome evolution of endemic plants on the Korean Peninsula. The cp genome of H. cruciformis is 155,708 bp in length, containing a large single-copy region of 85,131 bp and a small single-copy region of 17,659 bp which are separated by a pair of inverted repeats of 26,459 bp. The H. cruciformis cp genome encodes 131 genes, of which 113 are unique, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The overall GC content is 36.6%, which is consistent with the Habenaria species previously reported. Our phylogenomic analyses identified the sister relationship between H. cruciformis and H. linearfolia in the genus.

Complete chloroplast genome of Sphaeropteris brunoniana (Cyatheaceae)

Illumina sequencing was employed to determine the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Sphaeropteris brunoniana (S. brunoniana), which is a relict fern. The cp genome of S. brunoniana is indeed a circular DNA molecule with 156,659 bp. It includes an inverted repeats (IRs) pair with 24,011 bp each and two single-copy regions with 86,196 bp and 22,441 bp, respectively. Additionally, the genome contains 117 unique genes encoding 85 proteins, 28 tRNAs, four rRNAs. Pseudogenes of ycf66 and trnT-UGU are also detected in this genome.Bayesian phylogenetic tree strongly supports the deduction that S. brunoniana belongs to Cyatheaceae. To date, this is the first cp genome for the genus S. brunoniana.

The complete chloroplast genome of Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae) and its phylogenetic implication

Prunus domestica commonly known as European plum is one of the most important wild fruit tree resources, and up to date, its wild community has only been found to be distributed in wild fruit forest area of the Tianshan Mountainsin Ili region of Xinjiang, China. Despite its agricultural importance and long history of cultivation, many questions remain about the origin of this species, due to absence of genome data. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of P. domestica was determined using next-generation sequencing. The entire cp genome was determined to be 157,395 bp in length. It contained large single-copy (LSC) and small single-copy (SSC) regions of 85,744 and 18,949 bp, respectively, which were separated by a pair of 26,351 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The genome contained 130 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 36.8%. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed by 39 chloroplast genomes reveals that P. domestica is most closely related to Prunus salicina.

The complete chloroplast genome of Panisea uniflora (Lindl.) Lindl. (Orchidaceae)

Panisea was a small genus in Orchidaceae including 12 species, while its generic relationships had been unclear. Here, we report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence and the features of Panisea uniflora to provide molecular data for further systematic research. This complete cp genome was 159,341 bp in length and presented a typical quadripartite structure including one large single-copy region (LSC, 87,166 bp), one small single-copy region (SSC, 18,781 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (IR, 26,697 bp, each). The cp genome encoded 132 genes, of which 113 were unique genes. Besides, a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis indicated that P. uniflora was mostly related to Pholidota imbricata in tribe Arethuseae.

The complete chloroplast genome of Fraxinus hupehensis and phylogenic analysis of Lamiales

Fraxinus hupehensis is a national rare and Endangered tree in the Oleaceae family, that has high commercial value owing to its slow growth, interlaced roots, intricate tree shape, and easy to shape. Here, we determined the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence for F. hupehensis using genome skimming sequencing. The cp genome was 155,698 bp and consisted of a large single copy (LSC) region (86,498 bp), a small single copy (SSC) region (17,803 bp) and two inverted repeats (IRs) (25,694 bp). It encodes 131 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNAs and 35 tRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that F. hupehensis was relatively closely related to F. chinensis compared to other species in the Oleaceae family.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Leucanthemella linearis (Matsum. ex Matsum.) Tzvelev (Asteraceae), endangered plant of Korea

The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of LHeucanthemella linearis was newly analyzed in this study. It was 151,395 bp in length and was a typical circular structure composed of a large single-copy region (LSC) (83,080 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (18,391 bp) which were separated by two inverted repeat regions (24,962 bp). It was totally 6 bp shorter than the Chinese L. linearis cp genome and was composed of 132 genes. There were four regional specific Indels between them in the LSC region as well as 20 bp insertion in the intergenic spacer region excluding poly-A/T sequence variation. And it was clear that both of Luecanthemella linearis were sister to Chrysanthemum – Artemisia groups and their phylogenetic relationship from this study.

The complete chloroplast genome of Akebia trifoliata subsp. australis (Lardizabalaceae), a medicinal plant in China

Akebia trifoliata subsp. australis (Diels) T.Shimizu is a medicinal plant in China. Here, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of A. trifoliata subsp. australis was assembled and characterized as a resource for future genetic studies. The whole cp genome was 157,952 bp in length, containing of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,596 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,060 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,148 bp. The new sequence possessed total 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. The nucleotide composition was asymmetric (30.3% A, 19.7% C, 19.0% G and 31.0% T) with an overall GC content of 38.7%. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on 10 cp genomes indicated that A. trifoliata subsp. australis was closely related to Akebia trifoliata subsp. trifoliata. However, Akebia quinata was closely related to Stauntonia obovatifoliola.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Euphorbia lathyris L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Euphorbia lathyris L. is a well-known bioenergy plant cultivated in many parts of the world. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of E. lathyris to investigate its phylogenetic relationship in the family Euphorbiaceae. The cp genome was 163,738 bp in length, consisting of a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb: 26,837 bp) separated by a large single-copy region (LSC: 91,783 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC: 18,281 bp). The GC content of whole cp genome is 35.6%. Annotation showed the presence of 113 unique genes with 79 protein-coding genes, four tRNA genes, and 30 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that E. lathyris was in the basal position of subgen. Esula, closely related to sect. Esula and sect. Helioscopiae.

Chloroplast genome sequence of a yellow colored rice (Oryza sativa L.): insight into the genome structure and phylogeny

Colored rice is gaining popularity due to its use in creative agriculture and the value of healthy consumption. However, the quality and yield characteristics of most rice varieties still need to be improved. Revealing the genetic background of colored rice is of great significance to promote crop improvement. Here, the completed chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of yellow colored Oryza sativa voucher HSAGSDYD1802 was sequenced and reported. It was a 134,502 bp circular DNA with a typical quadripartite structure, consisting of two reverse repeat regions (IRa and IRb, 20,804 bp) separated by a large single-copy region (LSC, 80,547 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC, 12,347 bp). The total GC content was 39%. The cp genome encoded 146 genes, containing 100 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNAs, and 38 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that O. sativa voucher HSAGSDYD1802 was closely related to O. sativa L. TN1, RP Bio-226 and IR8. This study enriches the genetic information of colored rice and is helpful for future molecular breeding.

Phylogenetic relationship and characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Actinidia callosa var. strigillosa

Actinidia callosa var. strigillosa is one of the endangered Actinidia species scattering across mountain areas in southwest China. Here, we assembled and characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of A. strigillosa to provide genomic resources for its identification, conservation and utilization. The cp genome is 155,957 bp in length, containing a pair of 23,119 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions, which is separated by a large single copy region (LSC) of 89,429 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 20,290 bp. A total of 132 genes were annotated in this cp genome, including 83 protein-coding genes, 41 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic position of A. strigillosa based the cp genome data was sister to the group A. deliciosa and A. chinensis.

The complete chloroplast genome and phylogenetic analysis of Pleurospermum amabile Craib & W. W. Smith

The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Pleurospermum amabile is characterized, and its phylogenetic relationships with related taxa in Apiaceae are revealed. The results showed that the complete cp genome of P. amabile was 155,955 bp in length, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,745bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 15,562 bp, which were separated by two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 26,324bp, each. In total, 129 genes were annotated, comprising of 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that P. amabile is a member of the East-Asia Clade, and showed a close relationship to Chuanminshen violaceum.