COVID-19 Vaccination Programs Research Articles

Manajemen Humas Dalam Penerapan Pembelajaran Daring Selama Pandemi Covid-19 di SD Al-Bayyinah Makassar

This research aims to determine Management Public Relations in the Implementation of Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic at SD Islam Al Bayyinah Makassar. Public relations management in this case is seen from planning, organizing, implementing, controlling and evaluating of public relations. The approach used is a qualitative with descriptive type of research. Data analysis in this study used the Miles and Huberman model. Checking the validity of the data using triangulation techniques. The results showed that public relations planning was carried out to determine public relations goals and strategies in carrying out online public relations based on the needs of the school public. In this case, the organizing stage is also carried out, where it is decided that homeroom teachers, subject teachers with the assistance of school administration staff are in charge of carrying out previously planned public relations activities, which include presentations of school activities carried out at the beginning of the semester, creating whatsapp groups for each class, monthly online meetings and the COVID-19 vaccination program in collaboration with Puskesmas Pampang. The media used in the implementation of public relations are cellphones and laptops, using online applications including zoom, school web, youtube, facebook, instagram and whatsapp. Control in the implementation of public relations is carried out by the head of SD Islam Al Bayyinah Makassar who directly monitors public relations activities and communicates online to the coordinator and homeroom teacher. evaluation of public relations activities is carried out online with the foundation, principal, teachers, and parents/guardians of students by presenting detailed information about online learning conducted by the school in one semester.

THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS COVID-19 IMMUNISATION AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS IN PUBLIC MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN MALAYSIA

COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease that caused a worldwide pandemic in 2020. Medical students are public advocates for COVID-19 vaccination to achieve herd immunity. Our objective is to ascertain the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 immunisation among medical students in Malaysia. The online study included four public universities in Peninsular Malaysia: Universiti Putra Malaysia, International Islamic University Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia and Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. Data collected include sociodemographic characteristics, history of COVID-19 infection, knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 immunisation. Analytical statistics were analysed with IBM Statistical Package Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) v27.0 using Pearson chi-square or Fisher’s exact test (significant if p < 0.05). From the total of 427 respondents, 60.2% had good knowledge whereby clinical students 67.0% had a higher proportion of good knowledge as compared to preclinical students 53.5% (p = 0.004). Respondents in the age group of 21 to 24 years old (p < 0.001) and 25 to 29 years old (p = 0.016), and Indian ethnicity (p = 0.006) were more likely to have good knowledge. Respondents registered in Malaysia’s National COVID-19 vaccination program were considered as having a positive attitude (n = 264, 61.8%). A vaccination rate of 100% was observed. In conclusion, 60.2% of medical students had good knowledge, 61.8% had a positive attitude and 100% were vaccinated in these four public medical schools in Malaysia. Sociodemographic factors (age group and Indian ethnicity) have an association with only good knowledge but none with the level of attitude and practice towards COVID-19 immunisation.

COVID-19 VACCINE HESITANCY IN MALAYSIA: CHALLENGES WITHIN THE LAW AND WAY FORWARD

For hundreds of years, vaccines have been a critical tool in the prevention of viral diseases. Vaccination programmes have gained prominence as one of the primary strategies for combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, COVID-19 vaccination programmes have frequently been viewed negatively by many. This is evident by the fact that vaccine hesitancy continues to grow at an unprecedented rate which is much facilitated by the rapid growth of communication and information technology. Despite the fact that vaccines and vaccinations are considered medical products, the difficulties they present are socio-legal in nature. The study examines four major factors that contribute to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Malaysia namely compulsory vaccination and adverse event following vaccination (AEFI), information disclosure, misleading religious beliefs and sentiments, and misinformation and disinformation. It should be noted that, the identification and discussion of the factors mentioned above are vital as the failure of any future vaccination campaigns resulting from vaccine hesitancy would pose a huge threat to achieve the United Nations' Sustainable Goals (UNSDG), especially in respect of good health and sustainable economic growth. Therefore, for the purpose of this research, the paper adopts qualitative research approach to achieve its objectives. The paper recommends that the Malaysian vaccination legal framework be strengthened.

Analisis Sentimen Di Media Sosial Twitter Dengan Studi Kasus Vaksinasi Covid-19


 
 
 
 With the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization or WHO conducted research and research trials on the COVID-19 vaccine. The Indonesian government has made several policies, one of which is the "Mass Vaccination Program". However, the COVID-19 vaccination program in the field received mixed responses in the community, there were those who supported the vaccine program and some who rejected the vaccine program. In this study, researchers conducted research on sentiment analysis on the opinion of vaccination programs against anti-vaccine community groups based on Twitter social media data using the Naïve Bayes Classifier algorithm to provide information on opinion assessments that lead to positive and negative sentiments.
 Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out the public perception of AntiVaccine against the COVID-19 Vaccination Program in Indonesia.
 This study uses the Naïve Bayes Classification. The use of the Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC).
 This research uses tweets obtained from Twitter with the keywords/hashtags “Anti Covid-19 Vaccines” or by collecting data based on accounts related to news about vaccination programs such as @ The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Data collection was carried out in the period August 2021-December 2021, with a total of 889 data. This study has succeeded in obtaining an accuracy of 72 % for testing. The result of the final sentiment analysis in the classification of the Anti-Vaccine group in this study is "Negative Sentimen".
 
 
 

Experiences, Enablers, and Challenges in Service Delivery and Integration of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Rapid Systematic Review.

The COVID-19 vaccination is a crucial public health intervention for controlling the spread and severity of the SARS-CoV2 virus. COVID-19 vaccines have been developed in record time, but their deployment has varied across countries, owing to differences in health system capacity, demand for the vaccine, and purchasing power of countries. The aim of this rapid review is to summarize and synthesize experiences on COVID-19 vaccine service delivery and integration to inform future COVID-19 vaccination programming and contribute to the knowledge base for future pandemic management. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Global Index Medicus databases. Twenty-five studies were included in the analysis. Included studies spanned nine countries where COVID-19 vaccines were delivered through mass, mobile, and fixed-post vaccination service delivery models. There was limited evidence of integrating COVID-19 vaccines into routine services for pregnant women, people who inject drugs, and leveraging existing health programs to deliver COVID-19 vaccines to the general population. Common challenges reported were vaccine skepticism, lack of adequate health workers, and linguistic barriers to access. Partnerships with a variety of stakeholders and the involvement of volunteers were vital in overcoming barriers and contributed to the efficient functioning of COVID-19 vaccination programs.

Vaccine Acceptance During a Novel Student-led Emergency Department COVID-19 Vaccination Program.

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic not only exacerbated barriers to healthcare but has also highlighted the trend toward increased vaccine hesitancy. Our goal was to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake through a student-led, emergency department-based (ED) vaccination program. This prospective, quality-improvement pilot program used medical and pharmacy student volunteers as COVID-19 vaccine screeners in a southern, urban, academic ED. Patients eligible for vaccination were offered either the Janssen-Johnson & Johnson or the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and were educated about vaccine concerns. Vaccine acceptance rates were recorded, as well as reasons for vaccine hesitancy, vaccine brand preferences, and demographics. The primary and secondary quantitative outcomes were overall vaccine acceptance and change in vaccine acceptance after student-provided education, respectively. We performed logistic regression to identify potential variables that correlated with vaccine acceptance. Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, focus group interviews with four key stakeholder groups explored implementation facilitators and barriers. We screened 406 patients for COVID-19 vaccination eligibility and current vaccine status, the majority of whom were unvaccinated. Of unvaccinated or partially vaccinated patients, vaccine acceptance before education was 28.3% (81/286), and vaccine acceptance after education was 31.5% (90/286) (% difference, 3.1% [95% CI 0.3%-5.9%], P=0.03). The most common hesitancy factors cited were concerns about side effects and safety. Results from the regression analysis indicated that increasing age and Black race were associated with an increased odds of vaccine acceptance. Focus groups revealed implementation barriers, including patient resistance and workflow issues, and facilitators, including student involvement and public health promotion. Using medical and pharmacy student volunteers as COVID-19 vaccine screeners was successful, and brief education provided by the students led to a modest increase in vaccine acceptance, with overall acceptance of 31.5%. Numerous educational benefits are described.

Healthcare in the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan: Lessons for the United States and other western healthcare systems.

Bhutan has demonstrated a trajectory of advances in healthcare, while still remaining true to its culture and traditional forms of medicine. Most recently, Bhutan gained international attention when it implemented a strategic Covid-19 vaccination programme that protected a greater percentage of its population than observed in Western industrialised nations. This accomplishment supports the idea that there are lessons from Bhutan to be shared with the rest of the world. In this work, we delineate our observations of the Bhutanese healthcare system, based on field observations in several Bhutanese cities, and results from surveys of Bhutanese physicians. We identify a number of unique practices that influence patient compliance, health education, and access to care in the Bhutanese system, that may be of particular interest and applicability to other healthcare systems. These include housing multiple health services at one location, fully funded medical visits, using non-physician teachers for health education and use of Gross National Happiness (GNH) measures in care.

The Effects of Expressing Empathy/Autonomy Support Using a COVID-19 Vaccination Chatbot: Experimental Study in a Sample of Belgian Adults.

Chatbots are increasingly used to support COVID-19 vaccination programs. Their persuasiveness may depend on the conversation-related context. This study aims to investigate the moderating role of the conversation quality and chatbot expertise cues in the effects of expressing empathy/autonomy support using COVID-19 vaccination chatbots. This experiment with 196 Dutch-speaking adults living in Belgium, who engaged in a conversation with a chatbot providing vaccination information, used a 2 (empathy/autonomy support expression: present vs absent) × 2 (chatbot expertise cues: expert endorser vs layperson endorser) between-subject design. Chatbot conversation quality was assessed through actual conversation logs. Perceived user autonomy (PUA), chatbot patronage intention (CPI), and vaccination intention shift (VIS) were measured after the conversation, coded from 1 to 5 (PUA, CPI) and from -5 to 5 (VIS). There was a negative interaction effect of chatbot empathy/autonomy support expression and conversation fallback (CF; the percentage of chatbot answers "I do not understand" in a conversation) on PUA (PROCESS macro, model 1, B=-3.358, SE 1.235, t186=2.718, P=.007). Specifically, empathy/autonomy support expression had a more negative effect on PUA when the CF was higher (conditional effect of empathy/autonomy support expression at the CF level of +1SD: B=-.405, SE 0.158, t186=2.564, P=.011; conditional effects nonsignificant for the mean level: B=-0.103, SE 0.113, t186=0.914, P=.36; conditional effects nonsignificant for the -1SD level: B=0.031, SE=0.123, t186=0.252, P=.80). Moreover, an indirect effect of empathy/autonomy support expression on CPI via PUA was more negative when CF was higher (PROCESS macro, model 7, 5000 bootstrap samples, moderated mediation index=-3.676, BootSE 1.614, 95% CI -6.697 to -0.102; conditional indirect effect at the CF level of +1SD: B=-0.443, BootSE 0.202, 95% CI -0.809 to -0.005; conditional indirect effects nonsignificant for the mean level: B=-0.113, BootSE 0.124, 95% CI -0.346 to 0.137; conditional indirect effects nonsignificant for the -1SD level: B=0.034, BootSE 0.132, 95% CI -0.224 to 0.305). Indirect effects of empathy/autonomy support expression on VIS via PUA were marginally more negative when CF was higher. No effects of chatbot expertise cues were found. The findings suggest that expressing empathy/autonomy support using a chatbot may harm its evaluation and persuasiveness when the chatbot fails to answer its users' questions. The paper adds to the literature on vaccination chatbots by exploring the conditional effects of chatbot empathy/autonomy support expression. The results will guide policy makers and chatbot developers dealing with vaccination promotion in designing the way chatbots express their empathy and support for user autonomy.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of COVID-19 Inactivated Vaccines in Reducing the Economic Burden of Ischaemic Stroke after SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Due to significant economic burden and disability from ischaemic stroke and the relationship between ischaemic stroke and SARS-CoV-2 infection, we aimed to explore the cost-effectiveness of the two-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccination program in reducing the economic burden of ischaemic stroke after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We constructed a decision-analytic Markov model to compare the two-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccination strategy to the no vaccination strategy using cohort simulation. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and used number of the ischaemic stroke cases after SARS-CoV-2 infection and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) to assess effects. Both one-way deterministic sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed to assess the robustness of the results. We found that the two-dose inactivated vaccination strategy reduced ischaemic stroke cases after SARS-CoV-2 infection by 80.89% (127/157) with a USD 1.09 million as vaccination program cost, saved USD 3675.69 million as direct health care costs and gained 26.56 million QALYs compared with no vaccination strategy among 100,000 COVID-19 patients (ICER < 0 per QALY gained). ICERs remained robust in sensitivity analysis. The proportion of older patients and the proportion of two-dose inactivated vaccination among older people were the critical factors that affected ICER. This study suggests the importance of COVID-19 vaccination is not only in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, but also in considering its long-term value in reducing the economic burden of non-communicable diseases such as ischaemic stroke after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Analysis of Pregnant Women's Participation in Covid-19 Vaccination at Cilamaya Health Centre

Pregnant women are included in a group that is vulnerable to COVID-19. The maternal mortality rate in Karawang Regency had touched the highest data in West Java in 2021 as many as 117 cases, with 48 cases (41%) of deaths caused by Covid-19. The low number of vaccinations for pregnant women at the Cilamaya Health Center at dose 1 was 54 people (41.17%), dose 2 was 30 people (22%), and dose 3 was 20 people (14.7%). This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and the participation of pregnant women in the covid-19 vaccination program, the relationship between family support and the participation of pregnant women in the covid-19 program, and the relationship between anxiety and the participation of pregnant women in the covid-19 program at the Cilamaya Health Center. This research is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach. The sample of this research is 117 pregnant women, taking the total sampling. The instrument for data collection is the Observation Sheet. Data analysis used the Chi-square statistical test with an α value of 5% (α = 0.05). Based on statistical tests, there is a relationship between knowledge of pregnant women p-value 0.003&lt;0.05, a relationship between family support p-value 0.00 &lt;0.001, and no relationship to anxiety p-value 0.406 &gt; 0.05. A significant relationship exists between the mother's knowledge and family support in participating in the Covid-19 vaccination program at the Cilamaya Health Center. It is hoped that pregnant women who have not participated in the Covid-19 vaccination can participate in the Covid-19 vaccine.

The COVID-19 Vaccination Impact on Household Consumption and Investment

The COVID-19 pandemic has penetrated all corners of the world, including Indonesia and Gorontalo Province. The impact is directly on public health and indirectly on the regional economy of Gorontalo Province. The presence of the COVID-19 vaccination as one of the solutions programmed by the government to deal with the pandemic is important and should be supported by all components of the nation and regions. For this reason, it is important to study the issue of COVID-19 vaccination with household consumption and investment to analyze and describe the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on household consumption and investment in Gorontalo Province. Meanwhile, the method used to collect data on COVID-19 vaccination, household consumption, and investment is the documentation method. The results of the study show that the COVID-19 vaccination has no significant impact on household consumption but has a significant impact on investment in Gorontalo Province. Therefore, the COVID-19 vaccination program initiated by the government needs to be fully supported by all national and regional components so that the accelerated economic development of the nation and state in general and the Gorontalo Province region, in particular, can grow well.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 28 January 2023 / Accepted: 20 April 2023 / Published: 5 May 2023

Can psychological distress account for the associations between COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and socio-economic vulnerability?

Socially disadvantaged individuals and communities consistently showed lower COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. We aimed to examine the psychological mechanisms that could explain such vaccination disparities. This study used data from serial population-based surveys conducted since the COVID-19 vaccination programme being launched in Hong Kong (N = 28,734). We first assessed the correlations of community-level and individual-level social vulnerability with COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was then conducted to test whether psychological distress measured by PHQ-4 can account for the associations between participants' socio-economic vulnerability and COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. The third part analysis examined whether perceived negativity of vaccine-related news and affect towards COVID-19 vaccines accounted for the association between psychological distress and COVID-19 vaccination. Communities with higher social vulnerability scores and participants who had more vulnerable socio-economic status showed lower COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. Individuals with more vulnerable socio-economic status reported higher psychological distress, which lowered COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. Furthermore, higher psychological distress was associated with lower vaccination acceptance through its psychological mechanisms of processing vaccine-related information. We proposed a renewed focus on tackling psychological distress rather than merely increasing vaccine accessibility in more socio-economic-disadvantaged groups for promoting COVID-19 vaccination acceptance.

FACTORS ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY WILLINGNESS TO FOLLOW THE COVID-19 VACCINATION PROGRAM BASED ON THEORY OF HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

community immunity or heard Indonesia, Indonesia has promoted a COVID-19 vaccination program for the entire community. The Special Region of Yogyakarta Province is one of the provinces that implements vaccination programs intensively for the community with a high level of community willingness to participate in this vaccination program. The willingness to participate in this vaccination program is a form of a person's behavior towards the health problems faced, and this can be seen with the nursing theory, namely the Health Belief Model which assesses a person's perception to make behavioral changes following the vaccination program. The purpose of the study is to analyze the factors in the Health Belief Model nursing theory on people's willingness to participate in the COVID-19 vaccination program. The research method is quantitative with a sample of 92 respondents, the total population of Dusun Sumberan who have been vaccinated against COVID-19 doses 1 and 2. The results show that people's willingness to participate in the COVID-19 vaccination program is influenced by perceptions of the potential severity of COVID-19 disease (p = 0.73), and the benefit factor of receiving COVID-19 vaccination (p = 0.70). Meanwhile, the factors that do not affect the community's willingness are the susceptibility or ease of contracting COVID-19 (p = 0.50), the obstacle factor in participating in the vaccination program (p = 0.50), and the motivational factor in participating in the vaccination program (p = 0.50). Conclusion: The Health Belief Model is a theory that can be the base to influence people to be willing to participate in the COVID-19 vaccination program. These findings can be used to provide education to the public about the importance of participating in the vaccination program, and reduce the public doubts about COVID-19, therefore vaccine coverage increases and the herd immunity occurs in Indonesia.

Developing a COVID-19 Vaccination Program for Seafarers in Cork

Introduction:The pandemic brought to the fore the importance of maritime transport as an essential sector for the continued delivery of critical supplies and global trade in times of crisis. Timely vaccination of seafarers secures their health and enables the chain of infection to be broken with the international propagation of the virus via maritime traffic. As part of the COVID-19 vaccination program, the Health Service Executive in conjunction with the Port of Cork company developed a unique pathway for seafarers to access COVID-19 vaccinations once they arrived in Cork.Method:An Excel template was developed by HSE and Port of Cork that would capture key information for seafarers to avail of vaccinations. Once data was captured by the ship's Captain, it was sent to the shipping agent and reviewed by the HSE South Emergency Management Office. Once the data was validated it was sent to the vaccination center so that the seafarer's details could be entered onto the system. Once confirmed, travel arrangements were made from the vessel to the vaccination clinic ensuring a safe staffing level remained on the vessel.Results:A total of 84 seafarers registered for the seafarer's vaccination program. 70 of these seafarers received one or more doses in Cork City Hall Vaccination Centre with the remainder having received one dose in pharmacies in Cork City.Conclusion:This joint initiative developed by the HSE Emergency Management Office and the Port of Cork, the first seafarer's COVID-19 vaccination program in Ireland, ensured seafarers were allowed to avail of a COVID-19 vaccination when they arrived at the Port of Cork. This highlights the requirement for future vaccination programs to consider and incorporate the requirements of seafarers acknowledging the essential role they play in the global supply chain.

Booster mRNA vaccination post-SARS-CoV-2 infection enhances functional qualities of T cell immunity

Abstract T cells are critical to generate protection from severe respiratory viral disease. Whether repeated SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure through vaccination causes T cell exhaustion or gain of functions remains debated. In this study, we sampled SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donors before and after vaccination to determine the functional consequences of hybrid immunity. Donors were sampled at 6 months and 18 months convalescence and divided according to their history of mild or severe/hospitalized disease (n = 44 and 45 respectively). In between the two sampling timepoints, donors also received mRNA vaccination through the national COVID-19 vaccination program. Using activation-induced marker assays, intracellular cytokine staining, single-cell transcriptomics and single-cell T-cell receptor sequencing analyses, we show that spike-specific T cells increase in magnitude but, importantly, also gain highly functional characteristics. By contrast, T cell responses to non-spike proteins were diminished or remained unchanged. Elevated interferon-gamma expression was a common hallmark of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells post-mRNA-vaccination. These responses were founded on both pre-expanded and newly detected CD8+ T cell clones after vaccination. Collectively, these data demonstrate the cumulative benefits of booster vaccinations, leading to increased quantity and quality of cell-mediated immunity. Supported by a grant from Karolinska Institutet Research foundation grants (2022-01708)

A tailored COVID-19 vaccination pathway for children 5-11years in Victoria, Australia.

Procedural anxiety was anticipated in children 5-11years during the COVID-19 vaccine rollout in Victoria, Australia, as children in this age group receive few routine vaccines. Therefore, the Victorian state government designed a tailored, child-friendly vaccine program. This study aimed to assess parental satisfaction with elements of the bespoke vaccination pathway. The Victorian government and state-run vaccination hubs in Victoria facilitated an online immunisation plan to help parents identify their child's support needs, and utilised experienced paediatric staff and additional supports for children with severe needle distress and/or disability. All parents/guardians of children 5-11years who received a COVID-19 vaccine in a vaccination hub were sent a 16-item feedback survey via text message. Between 9 February and 31 May 2022 there were 9203 responses; 865 children (9.4%) had a first language other than English, 499 (5.4%) had a disability or special needs, and 142 (1.5%) were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Most parents (94.4%; 8687/9203) rated their satisfaction with the program as very good or excellent. The immunisation plan was used by 13.5% (1244/9203) of respondents, with usage more common for Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander children (26.1%; 23/88) or families with a first language other than English (23.5%; 42/179). The child-friendly staff (88.5%, 255/288) and themed environment (66.3%, 191/288) were the most valued measures for vaccination. Additional support measures were required by 1.6% (150/9203) of children in the general population and 7.9%, (17/261) of children with a disability and/or special needs. A tailored COVID-19 vaccination program for children 5-11years, with additional support for children with severe needle distress and/or disability, had high parental satisfaction. This model could be utilised for COVID-19 vaccination in pre-school children and for routine childhood vaccination programs to provide optimal support to children and their families.

COVID-19 vaccination program in Cambodia: Achievements and remaining challenges.

Since Cambodia has been recognized as one of the low- and middle-income countries with a successful COVID-19 vaccine program, its program approaches were reviewed based mainly on press articles and announcements from the Ministry of Health. From the beginning, the government's proactive approach to securing vaccines and its flexibility prior to WHO Emergency Use Listing (EUL) contributed greatly to the success of the program. Vaccines were provided by COVAX and other countries, but more than half of the vaccines secured were Chinese vaccines purchased with government funds. The rollout of the vaccine has also been flexible, moving from a strategy of prioritizing risk groups and essential workers to one of expanding the campaign from population centers to rural areas, as well as gradually expanding the target age group, eventually targeting the population age 3 and older. As a result of this high level of commitment by the government and its flexible response, Cambodia has achieved 95% primary series coverage of the entire population, including those not eligible for vaccination. Although the sixth booster is now being administered in Cambodia and vaccination every six months was recommended, several challenges might be anticipated in continuing this program, including the lack of clear global guidance on how to sustain and modify the COVID-19 immunization program and vaccine fatigue after COVID-19 outbreaks have been controlled. How these challenges are overcome and how the COVID-19 vaccine program remains need to be carefully observed into the future.

PEMBERIAN SANKSI SEBAGAI UPAYA PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DALAM PROGRAM PERCEPATAN VAKSINASI COVID-19

In early 2019, Indonesia launched its Covid-19 vaccination program. However, this was met with controversy and widespread hoax news, resulting in increased vaccine hesitancy and lower vaccination rates. To combat this, the government implemented a penalty system for those in the target vaccination group who refused the vaccine without medical justification. These penalties included travel bans, restrictions on public services, and delayed salary payments for government employees. As the pandemic and global situation evolved, the government adjusted the regulations multiple times. Despite the controversy surrounding the penalty system, it has proven effective in increasing vaccination rates dramatically. This article reviews the impact of the penalty system on the Covid-19 vaccination program in Indonesia between 2021 and 2022. This review highlights that the effectiveness of the penalty system in increasing vaccination rates, despite its controversy.

Reflections on the Social Determinants of the COVID-19 Vaccination Programme in Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe has not been spared by the coronavirus disease COVID-19 which has wreaked havoc throughout the world. The country is currently grappling with the pandemic against a background of multiple complex socio-economic conditions. Unfortunately, COVID-19 has escalated prevalent human rights concerns and challenges, including health disparities, poverty, child sexual abuse, access to education, and freedom of speech. Although vaccines are an important tool for reducing the incidence of life-threatening diseases, social determinants of health contribute to vaccine hesitancy. This paper is based on scoping literature review of various relevant materials on the social determinants of health that are inhibiting Zimbabwe's COVID-19 vaccination programme. This paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourses on COVID-19. Four main themes are highlighted as social determinants of COVID-19 vaccination: (i) vaccination priority groups; (ii) vaccination hesitancy due to myths; (iii) social exclusion; and (iv) corruption. Findings are discussed in light of the implications to the right to health and other related rights. We recommend that governments of developing countries and stakeholders intensify myth-busting campaigns if vaccination programmes are to gain currency. We further call for the inclusion of priority groups such as persons with disabilities and the elderly on the vaccination priority list.

P011 Rituximab and COVID-19 vaccines; are they fit for purpose?

Abstract Background/Aims Since the COVID-19 outbreak the rheumatology community have been concerned about the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients prescribed immunosuppressing medications. Data suggests that patients receiving Rrtuximab are at increased risk of developing severe outcomes from COVID-19 (1). In our unit all patients receiving rituximab were selected to receive a targeted vaccination and booster programme with all patients receiving at least 2 vaccinations and up to 3 booster vaccinations. We studied the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines in rituximab patients, by checking the the Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2-S (Spike) IgG/IgM total antibody levels post vaccination. Our aim was to assess the vaccination response in patients receiving rituximab and to offer advice on continued shielding or alternatively passive immunization with tixagevimab/cilgavimab in those patients who did not mount a response. Methods Taking 39 patients currently on rituximab therapy, we measured Anti-SARS-CoV-2-S (Spike) antibody levels post vaccination. We recorded whether the test was positive or negative, and the numerical result. We recorded rituximab dates of administration and dates of vaccines. We also recorded diagnosis, co-prescribed DMARDs, immunoglobulin levels, white cell and lymphocyte counts. We took record of whether or not the patient subsequently contracted COVID-19, required a hospital admission, ICU or died. Results Of our 39 patients, 21 had Anti-SARS-CoV-2-S (Spike) antibody levels checked. Of these patients, 7 (33%) had a negative spike protein result. Of the patients with a positive result, 8 (38%) had an antibody level between 0-250U/ML, and only 6 (28.6%) had a level &amp;gt;250U/ML (The manufacturer advises that a level above 0.8U/ML is a positive result). Of patients with a negative result, 1 patient had received 3 vaccines, 5 patients had received 4, and 1 patient had 5. All of the patients had received a vaccine &amp;gt;4 weeks prior to receiving the drug. Two patients were co-prescribed Belimumab, 3 were co-prescribed low-dose methotrexate and 2 were not on additional disease modifying agents. The diagnoses of these patients were, 2 patients with SLE, 4 with SPRA, and 1 MPO Vasculitis. There were no significant findings in lymphocyte count, white cell count or immunoglobulin levels. Conclusion These findings suggest that our current COVID-19 vaccination and booster programme may not provide adequate response in patients receiving rituximab therapy. Despite this being a small cohort, these results show that 33% of patients have not mounted a vaccine response and this is concerning. We suggest that vaccine response should be checked in all patients receiving rituximab therapy and those patients who do not mount a vaccine response should be offered passive immunity and advised of possible additional risks regarding COVID-19 exposure. Disclosure S.K. Stewart: None. A. Pendleton: None.