Covert Control Research Articles

Data Exfiltration Anomaly Detection on Enterprise Networks using Deep Packet Inspection

Advanced persistent threats (APT) are threat actors with the advanced Technique, Tactic and Procedure (TTP) to gain covert control of the computer network for a long period of time. These threat actors are the highest cyber attack risk factor for enterprise companies and governments. A successful attack by the APT threat Actors has the capabilities to do physical damage. APT groups are typically state-sponsored and are considered the most effective and skilled cyber attackers. The final goal for the APT Attack is to exfiltrate victims data or sabotage system. This aim of this research is to exercise multiple Machine Learning Approach such as k-Nearest Neighbors and H20 Deep Learning Model and also employ Deep Packet Inspection on enterprise network traffic dataset in order to identify suitable approaches to detect data exfiltration by APT threat Actors. This study shows that combining machine learning techniques with Deep Packet Inspection significantly improves the detection of data exfiltration attempts by Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) actors. The findings suggest that this approach can enhance anomaly detection systems, bolstering the cybersecurity defenses of enterprises. Consequently, the research implications could lead to developing more robust strategies against sophisticated and covert cyber threats posed by APTs.

The Association of Parental Feeding Practices, Parental Control Over children’s Eating Behavior, and Sociodemographic Characteristics with Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Türkiye

ABSTRACT Parents both respond to and influence their child’s weight. This study aimed to investigate the association of parental feeding practices, parental control over children’s eating behavior, and sociodemographic characteristics with childhood overweight and obesity. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 405 parents of children aged 7–11 years. Predictors that decreased the risk of childhood overweight/obesity were increase in child age (27.9%), high maternal education (61.7%), upper socioeconomic status (38.9%), increase in parental covert control (30.4%), and increase in parental pressure to eat (46.2%). Examining both parental attitudes and practices regarding child feeding and parental approaches to child food choices can benefit early intervention programs to prevent overweight and obesity in children.

Justification of the criterion for technical synthesis of radar complexes for covert airspace control

For covert control of airspace, it is required to use complexes that meet the requirements for the effectiveness of obtaining data on objects in the field of observations and protection against the detection of their own unmasking signs by means of radio technical monitoring with predetermined indicators of resource intensity and efficiency of performing target functions. Joint fulfillment of these requirements when the parameters of the equipment structures and information processes are found under the established conditions for monitoring the properties of resource intensity and efficiency is achieved. Due to the complexity and inconsistency of the dependent bridges of the performance indicators and the stealth of application from the technical characteristics of the radar systems, it is necessary to substantiate the synthesis criterion for finding compromise technical solutions for the design of the equipment and the choice of a strategy for obtaining data on air facilities. The goal of the article is determination of design characteristics, frequency-time and energy signals parameters of radar complexes for analysis of air situation at concealment of unmasking features from means of radio technical monitoring. The criterion of technical synthesis of radar complexes for covert control of air-space is justified, which allows obtaining information about air objects at pre-established risks of threats to identify their own unmasking signs by means of radio technical monitoring. Regularities have been investigated and the conditions for achieving the target functions of complexes with resonant, band and frequency-independent signal transmission-reception devices have been determined. The principles of construction have been substantiated and the rules for finding rational parameters of the design of radar complexes and information processes used in airspace control in order to achieve the required operational properties of obtaining information about air objects while maintaining secrecy from radio monitoring facilities have been determined.

Социальное манипулирование молодежью в интернет-пространстве: сравнение России и США

The emergence of humanity into the digital age has led to transformations in societal consciousness and socio-cultural space, thus highlighting the relevance of studying issues of social interaction in virtual reality. Due to pervasive digitization, the phenomenon of social manipulation has also taken on a pervasive character, espe-cially concerning the younger generation, whose life orientations and values are still in the process of for-mation. The article provides a sociological analysis of the concept of youth in the internet space as an object of social manipulation. It identifies the characteristics of the internet space that contribute to the spread of covert control practices in virtual reality. The author develops a theoretical-conceptual model of social manipulation in the internet space, based on which its subjects, goals, channels, and methods are described. The distinctive features of the application of modern technologies for social manipulation of youth in Russia and the USA are revealed.

THE RADICAL ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN POLITICAL IMAGINATION AND PRODUCTION OF COMMON FUTURE IN BELARUSIAN PROTESTS

The following article explores the idea of how information technologies could serve the idea of a common future in the world of catastrophe. In a world of socio-political catastrophes, violent suppression of rights and freedoms, oppressive state machines and covert control tactics, attempts are being made to find soft tactics of resistance, non-violent forms of confrontation that would allow to overcome the existing patriarchal order and reveal neo-colonial practices. The digital environment can be not only a tool for the production of machines of total control or the maintenance of the capitalist order of consumption. They can also serve as a tool for soft, nonviolent resistance to rigid structures, creating emancipatory tools for overcoming oppressive power relations and transforming the socio-political environment into a more inclusive, open structure. The article also attempts to return to the discussion about the critical potential of the theory of cyberfeminism, which not only analyzes the social and political, but also revises information technologies from the point of view of their emancipatory potential.

Comparing the use of food and physical activity parenting practices: Parents of children with overweight and obesity versus parents of children with a healthy weight

Paediatric overweight and obesity are caused by a complex imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Parents may influence this imbalance through energy balance-related parenting practices. This study aims to compare the use of energy balance-related parenting practices between parents of children with overweight and obesity and children with a healthy weight. This study compares energy balance-related parenting practices among a group of parents with children with overweight and obesity at the start of a lifestyle intervention (N=107) and children with a healthy weight (N=137). Specifically, it compares the feeding practices 'overt control' (open control over eating), 'encouragement', 'instrumental feeding', 'emotional feeding', and 'covert control' (hidden control over eating), as well as the physical activity parenting practice 'promoting physical activity'. Multiple regression analyses are used to calculate associations between child weight groups and parenting practices when corrected for children's characteristics. Parents of children with overweight and obesity reported significantly different scores on control over eating practices than parents of children with a healthy weight, namely a significantly higher score on covert control (B=0.397, S.E. 0.123, p=0.001) and a significantly lower score for overt control (B=-0.136, S.E. 0.068, p=0.046). Covert control is reported more, while overt control is reported less in parents of children with overweight and obesity compared to parents of children with a healthy weight, even after correction for the child's, family, and maternal characteristics. Future longitudinal research and intervention trials are recommended to determine whether and how the use of control over eating practices changes.

RELATIONSHIPS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS' SMARTPHONE DEPENDENCE WITH VICTIMIZATION,
 VULNERABILITY TO CYBERBULLYING AND MANIPULATIONS

Smartphone addiction is associated with depression, anxiety, stress, dissatisfaction with life, health problems
 and a number of other negative properties. The article found that the dependence of girls and boys on a smartphone is
 positively associated with exposure to cyberbullying, victimization and dependence on social networks and negatively –
 with exposure to manipulation. The positive relationship between smartphone addiction and victimization is realized
 through positive correlations between most of the factors that form these complex constructs. The feedback between
 smartphone addiction and exposure to manipulation is carried out through negative correlations between the factors that
 form them, and its difference from the positive relationship with exposure to cyberbullying shows that these two exposures
 to adverse influences are fundamentally different. The difference is explained by the fact that cyberbullying is an open
 manifestation of an unfriendly attitude towards the addressee of the impact, and manipulation is a covert control of him,
 often masked by ostentatious friendliness. The results obtained can be used in practical work with pupils and students
 in the process of explaining to them the dangers of excessive smartphone use.

Technology in the Pandemic: Rupturing the Aura of Higher Education

Framed by Benjamin’s (2008) concepts of aura, technological reproduction, and miniaturization, this paper argues that technology provides students with greater opportunities to take control of their learning in ways that were not possible when education took place largely on-campus, in the higher education classroom. Post pandemic, digital technology has influenced, and will further impact, the way in which we teach and communicate with our students. Educators emerging from pandemic pedagogies need a deeper understanding, and more judicious and effective use of technologies for learning. By understanding and using technology in these ways, educators can help students become more empowered, collaborative, and critically reflective. A lack of readiness for emergency online learning has been replaced with a sense of acceptance that educators must incorporate digital tools into their practice for both educational and communicative purposes. This means that our intellectual and social attachment to the physical classroom as a place for learning and communicating is not as strong as before. Far from being a eulogy for the physical classroom, this paper aims to interrogate the proliferation of technology, and the broad implications for higher education. It argues that the use of technology may help diminish the historical power and aura of higher education and intellectual pursuits, thus undermining the traditional overt and covert control of the institution as an ideological state apparatus. Nevertheless, this shifting educational landscape brings new challenges and questions about the historical aura of higher education, and the concomitant evolution of teacher student relationships and power structures through technology implementation. While maintaining optimism about educational technology, this paper urges educators to consider the broader context of our educational settings, and argues for prioritising critical engagement with technology that aims to utilise its potential for collaboration, empowerment and critically reflective inquiry.

Person in a Smart City: Anthropological Effects and Humanitarian Risks

The article explores the concept of the smart city in terms of semiotics and anthropology. The author analyzes what axiological connotations, existential meanings, and cultural codes are expressed in smart cities, based on a semiotic approach to urban space as a discourse that can be read and interpreted. It is shown that the human being was displaced beyond the urban narrative under the original technological understanding of the smart city, but subsequently the smart city begins to be interpreted taking into account the smart community, with a focus on people and the human dimension of urban space. The example of South Korea's Songdo demonstrates that a smart city that ignores the cultural context and values of its inhabitants is a functional but semiotically unsaturated and lifeless space. The anti-historical characteristic of smart cities is noted as their axiological feature. The past and the disordered, uncomfortable present are evaluated negatively, while the technologically advanced future is idealized and assessed positively. Moreover, the concept of the smart city transforms the cultural opposition of the urban as artificial and the natural as inartificial. Smart cities reconstruct the idea of a “garden city”, relying not on the desire to conquer nature and exploit its resources, but on the necessity and existential healing of human contact with nature. At the same time, the positive anthropological effects of the smart transformation of cities, associated with the optimization of the daily life processes of citizens, are accompanied by certain humanitarian risks. Among such risks the author refers to the increasing “nervous tension” of urban residents caused by the acceleration of the pace of urban life and the complexity of urban technology; aggravation of social inequality and social polarization; reduction of social ties and atomization of subjects. In addition, attention is focused on the fact that the disposal and management of urban data through the use of smart technologies appears as a new form of covert control of society.

Психологические особенности формирования предубеждения присяжных заседателей в отношении подсудимого

This article provides a theoretical analysis of the conditions and specifics of the consideration of criminal cases with the participation of jury. The aspect of the provision of psychological influence by the participants in the trial on the jury by means of a system of psychological techniques that form the prejudice of the jury against the defendant is disclosed. Currently, the selection of candidates for jurors does not include psychological evaluation criteria. But, in order to avoid making erroneous decisions by the jury, they need to be prepared to confrontation psychological pressure from opposite sides, to teach them the ability to resist manipulation.
 During the trial the defense and prosecution parties try to form the attitude of the jury towards the defendant, which corresponds to their position. The methods of forming the convictions of jurors correspond to the modern direction of applied psychology.
 The degree of awareness of the jury about the evidence examined and the rules for its assessment is a cognitive condition for overcoming the formation of the necessary conviction in the jury, because the defendant and the prosecutor and defense parties of the trial use manipulative techniques as methods of influence, mechanisms of covert control: deception, intimidation, etc.
 It is advisable, prior to participating in a trial, to give the jury the foundations of the psychological knowledge they need. At the same time, it is hardly realistic, in the existing normative conditions, to form their knowledge of the general laws of the functioning of mental processes, the characteristics of the individual’s activity and his personal characteristics that determine the productivity of the implementation of mental cognitive processes in the framework of a specific situation that has legal significance. But you can pay special attention to the emotional stability of the individual, aggressiveness, introversion, rigidity in the spheres of interpersonal relationships and the resolution of difficult situations of professional activity.

Parental control in children’s overweight and obesity prevention

Introduction. Proper nutrition is one of the fundamental factors necessary for the healthy growth and development of children. The aim of this study was to examine the role of overt and covert parental control in the formation of excess body mass index (BMI) (overweight or obesity) in children. Materials and methods. The study included 135 residents of the Republic of Bashkortostan who had 7-11 year children with a z-score for BMI of at least -1 (optimal body weight, overweight, obesity). The collection of primary data was carried out in 2019 through a questionnaire. Statistical processing of the data was performed using logistic regression analysis, where the presence of excess BMI (overweight or obesity) in a child was considered as a dependent variable, and 25 questions characterizing the use of overt and covert parental control over nutrition were considered as covariates (Birch L.L. et al., 2001 (Child Feeding Questionnaire); Ogden J., Reynolds R., and Smith A., 2006). Results. According to the data obtained, the risk of exceeding BMI in children increased if parents offered them their favourite food in exchange for good behaviour (overt control - restriction-reward) (B=0.361, p=0.016), and decreased if parents refrained from buying sweets and chips for home (covert control) (B=-0.374, p=0.033). Conclusion. Parents' use of covert controls in the form of abstaining from buying sweets and chips at home, as well as refusal of such explicit controls as using a child's favorite food in exchange for good behavior, make a significant contribution to preventing the formation of overweight and obesity in children.

"BLACK RHETORIC" AS A MANIPULATIVE TECHNIQUE

Problem setting. Manipulations are the main thing in «black rhetoric». Nowadays, it is not difficult to influence with the help of words, different techniques can be used, but they all act as a forced verbal influence on the listener. All of them are formulated and sound based on the power of words. However, where the coercion of submission to another's will is disguised and hidden, there is always contempt and speculation. Therefore, it is no coincidence that most experts raise the question of the moral side of the use of black rhetoric. However, it is fair to say that "black rhetoric" does not mean that it is "forbidden rhetoric." Most likely − this is the reverse side of the classic rules of the communicative process. These are two reverse sides of the same coin: on the one hand, argumentation and logic are clearly presented. On the other hand − rhetoric as a method of securing beliefs. It is believed that black rhetoric is constructive under certain conditions.Paper objectiv. An article devoted to the study of the problems of the application of manipulations with «black rhetoric», coverage of the technology of black rhetoric and methods of resistance to the means and technical manipulative influence on consciousness. The aim of the study is to reveal the techniques of «black rhetoric» and find ways to overcome several methods of manipulating consciousness. Paper main body. According to K. Bredemayer, "black rhetoric" is the manipulation of a complex of rhetorical, dialectical, polemical and rabid methods in order to direct the conversation in the desired direction and lead the opponent or the audience to the desired conclusion and result for the manipulator.
 "Black rhetoric" and logic are interconnected, they are united not only by a common process of proof, but also by the fact that each of the sciences is based on thinking, in fact, the main type of rhetoric is verbal thinking, and the most important argument is manipulation.
 Verbal thinking − thinking that operates with fixed concepts in words, thoughts, conclusions, analyzes and summarizes, builds hypotheses and theory. It takes place in forms that are constant in the language, ie carried out in the processes of internal or ("thinking aloud") external language. Communication through verbal means is nothing more than the use of a living word in the transmission of information. But in addition to language, speech, there are other means of communication. People exchange information through gestures, facial expressions, looks, postures, body movements, which are called non-verbal (non-verbal) means of communication.
 Nonverbal communication is a system of nonverbal cues that serve as a means of exchanging information between people. There is no consensus on the composition of non-verbal components of communication, their classification is based on different criteria. Thus, the communicative nonverbal components of communication are praxodic, kinetic, toxic and proxemic means.
 "Black rhetoric" uses primarily verbal manipulations. Manipulation is the covert control of people and their behavior. The peculiarity of all manipulative language techniques is that the speaker does not directly state his true purpose. The interlocutor seems to come to the conclusion that the manipulator needs.
 Language manipulation can be found in almost all spheres of human life: in advertising, trade, politics, education, psychotherapy, jurisprudence, literature, family communication and more. In addition to language manipulation, there is also psychological manipulation, which has the following characteristics: the attitude of the manipulator to the objects of manipulation as a means to achieve one's own goal; the desire to gain a unilateral advantage; the latent nature of the influence (both the fact of influence and its direction); use of psychological vulnerability of the person.
 The analysis of the listed manipulative techniques of "black rhetoric" shows the absence of logical methods of proof and refutation. Psychological factors, emotional influences, suggestive possibilities are emphasized − thinking avoids logical principles of proof and refutation.
 Conclusions of the research. Strategies such as: take the initiative in the conversation to prevent manipulation; do not allow a skillful interlocutor-manipulator to disturb the normal course of your thoughts in his favor, because black rhetoric seeks to use linguistic means, the purpose of which is the ability to argue and discuss, emphasize and propagate so that the speaker always wins, despite the erroneous judgments.
 To effectively counteract "black rhetoric", psychological influence through critical thinking and reflection should be avoided; emphasize the logical means of discussion; analyze the information by comparing the proposed facts to be verified.
 Mastering the logical methods of introducing a discussion allows you to overcome the dangerous effects of "black rhetoric", to resist suggestions. Information security is thus achieved by mastering logical knowledge and skills of logical proof and refutation.

Maternal perception, concern and dissatisfaction with child weight and their association with feeding practices in the Generation XXI birth cohort

What a mother thinks about her child's weight status might influence what and how she feeds her child. We examined the association between maternal perception, concern and dissatisfaction with child weight alongside feeding practices. Participants were from the Generation XXI birth cohort (n = 3233). A validated version of the Child Feeding Questionnaire and the Overt/Covert Control scale were used. Associations were evaluated by linear regression models (β coefficients and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) with Bonferroni correction). Perceived underweight was associated with practices promoting food intake, such as higher pressure to eat at ages 4 and 7 years (β = 0·229; 95 % CI: 0·059, 0·398 and β = 0·190; 95 % CI:0·005, 0·376, respectively) and lower restriction at age 4 (β = -0·175; 95 % CI: -0·0310, -0·039). At age 7, perceived overweight was associated with higher covert control (β = 0·203; 95 % CI: 0·029, 0·376). Mothers who were concerned about child weight reported higher restriction (β = 0·226; 95 % CI: 0·142, 0·310 at 4 years and β = 0·261; 95 % CI: 0·169, 0·353 at 7 years) and covert control (β = 0·183; 95 % CI: 0·083, 0·282 at 4 years and β = 0·171; 95 % CI: 0·073, 0·269 at 7 years). Maternal desire for a heavier child was associated with higher pressure to eat at both ages (β = 0·285; 95 % CI: 0·163, 0·406 and β = 0·393; 95 % CI: 0·266, 0·520), while the desire for a thinner child was related to higher covert control at 7 years of age (β = 0·158; 95 % CI: 0·001, 0·316). Maternal perceptions and concern for child weight status are associated with feeding practices independently of actual weight status.

The Brief Partner Behavioral Control Scale (B-PBCS): Development and Validation

Despite the large growth of close relationships literature, partner behavioral control has been rarely the primary focus of research. It is also evident that the instruments for measuring partner behavioral control are scarce. Thus, the present study aims to develop and validate a 9-item Brief Partner Behavioral Control Scale (B-PBCS). The validity and reliability of the B-PBCS were examined in a sample of emerging adults (N = 511; 81.8% females; Rangeage = 18-25) who are currently in a premarital romantic relationship. To assess psychometric properties of the B-PBCS, we conducted a series of tests examining factor structure (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), measurement invariance (configural and metric invariance), reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability), and predictive validity. Results demonstrated that the B-PBCS has a two-factor solution (overt and covert partner behavioral control), acceptable measurement invariance, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and predictive validity. The overt partner behavioral control at baseline assessment has been linked to romantic relationship conflict and psychological distress at 14-week follow-up assessment even after controlling for sex, age, and relationship duration. In conclusion, the B-PBCS offers a valid and brief measure for assessing partner behavioral control.

Two to Tango? The Dance of Maternal Authority and Feeding Practices with Child Eating Behavior.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between maternal feeding practices and children’s eating problems. Mothers of 292 children aged 5.9 ± 1.1, 50% boys, reported online on parental authority, overt and covert control of the child’s food choices, child feeding practices, and their child’s problematic eating behavior. Structural equation modelling yielded a model with excellent indices of fit (χ(2)(52) = 50.72, p = 0.56; normed fit index (NFI) = 0.94; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.001). The model showed that an authoritarian maternal authority style was associated with overt control, which was associated with maternal tendency to pressure children to eat and with maternal restriction of highly processed or calorie-rich snack foods. These, in turn, were positively associated with the child’s satiety response, food fussiness, and slow eating, and negatively with the child’s enjoyment of food. In contrast, a permissive maternal authority style was associated with covert control of the child’s eating, concern over the child being overweight, and the restriction of highly processed and calorie-rich snack foods, which were in turn positively associated with the child’s emotional overeating and the child’s food responsiveness. The model seems to tap into two distinct patterns of mother-child feeding and eating dynamics, apparently related to children with opposing appetitive tendencies.

The Forbidden Reward. The Emergence of Parent-Child Conflicts About Food Over Time and the Influence of Parents' Communication Strategies and Feeding Practices.

One of the most critical arenas for conflicts between parents and their children relates to food. Although parent-child conflicts about food are a real occurrence, this form of parent-child interaction has been rarely examined. Given the special role of parents in shaping children's diet, we especially focus on the impact of parental measures. This study investigates how parental communication strategies (i.e., active vs. restrictive) and feeding practices (i.e., overt control vs. covert control) affect the emergence of parent-child conflicts about food over time. Based on previous research, we assessed overt control through parents' use of food as a reward and restriction of their children's access to specific food types. We explored the impact of our predictors on both conflicts about unhealthy and healthy food with a two-wave panel study including parents and their children (N = 541; children aged between 5 and 11) in Austria between fall 2018 and spring 2019. Results of two multiple linear regressions indicated that predominantly parents' use of unhealthy food as a reward is connected to both healthy and unhealthy food conflicts. Furthermore, inconsistent parental educational styles increased the respective conflict potential. Active food-related mediation and covert control did not relate to food-related conflicts about unhealthy and healthy food. Parents' increased use of overtly controlling and restrictive feeding practices might not be only counterproductive for children's diet but also for food-related parent-child interactions. Instead, a “health discourse” (i.e., active food-related mediation) might prevent food-related conflicts and foster a healthy growth in the future.

Calibration of the food parenting practice (FPP) item bank: tools for improving the measurement of food parenting practices of parents of 5\u201312-year-old children

PurposeThere has been a call to improve measurement rigour and standardization of food parenting practices measures, as well as aligning the measurement of food parenting practices with the parenting literature. Drawing from an expert-informed conceptual framework assessing three key domains of food parenting practices (autonomy promotion, control, and structure), this study combined factor analytic methods with Item Response Modeling (IRM) methodology to psychometrically validate responses to the Food Parenting Practice item bank.MethodsA sample of 799 Canadian parents of 5–12-year-old children completed the Food Parenting Practice item bank (129 items measuring 17 constructs). The factorial structure of the responses to the item bank was assessed with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), confirmatory bi-factor item analysis, and IRM. Following these analyses, differential Item Functioning (DIF) and Differential Response Functioning (DRF) analyses were then used to test invariance properties by parents’ sex, income and ethnicity. Finally, the efficiency of the item bank was examined using computerized adaptive testing simulations to identify the items to include in a short form.ResultsOverall, the expert-informed conceptual framework was predominantly supported by the CFA as it retained the same 17 constructs included in the conceptual framework with the exception of the access/availability and permissive constructs which were respectively renamed covert control and accommodating the child to better reflect the content of the final solution. The bi-factor item analyses and IRM analyses revealed that the solution could be simplified to 11 unidimensional constructs and the full item bank included 86-items (empirical reliability from 0.78 to 0.96, except for 1 construct) and the short form had 48 items.ConclusionOverall the food parenting practice item bank has excellent psychometric properties. The item bank includes an expanded version and short version to meet various study needs. This study provides more efficient tools for assessing how food parenting practices influence child dietary behaviours. Next steps are to use the IRM calibrated item bank and draw on computerized adaptive testing methodology to administer the item bank and provide flexibility in item selection.

Food Parenting Practices and Children’s Eating Behaviors: Comparing Mothers and Fathers

Abstract Objectives Food parenting practices (FPPs) can influence children's eating behaviors, but published research has mainly focused on mothers. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between maternal and paternal FPPs and children's eating behaviors. Methods A Canadian sample of 565 parents (53% fathers) of 5–12 year old children completed a food parenting practices item bank and the Children's Eating Behaviors Questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between FPPs and children's eating behaviors (food fussiness, emotional overeating, food and satiety responsiveness). Models were run separately for mothers and fathers. Results Both paternal and maternal use of permissive practices were associated with greater food fussiness (fathers β = 0.33, P = 0.004; mothers β = 0.24, P = 0.002), while providing more vegetable opportunities was associated with lower food fussiness (fathers β = −0.20, P = 0.008; mothers β = −0.28, P = 0.003). Both fathers’ and mothers’ use of restriction for weight practices were associated with more emotional overeating (fathers β = 0.35; mothers β = 0.50, both P < 0.001) and food responsiveness (fathers β = 0.19, P = 0.008; mothers β = 0.40, P < 0.001). Paternal use of coercive control (β = 0.31, P = 0.001) and maternal use of permissive practices (β = 0.25, P < 0.001) were associated with higher emotional overeating among children. Paternal use of permissive practices (β = 0.25, P < 0.01) and a covert control of the food environment (β = 0.20, P < 0.01) were associated with greater food responsiveness. Mothers’ use of nondirective support was associated with higher satiety responsiveness (β = 0.26, P = 0.001) whereas fathers’ use of restriction for weight (β = 0.21 P < 0.006) and permissive practices (β = 0.26, P = 0.001) were associated with higher satiety responsiveness. Conclusions FPPs predictive of emotional overeating and food fussiness are generally similar for mothers and fathers. However, fathers differ from mothers in some FPPs associated with food and satiety responsiveness. Future research should explore the bidirectional effects of mothers’ and fathers’ FPPs and children's eating behaviours. Funding Sources Canadian Institutes of Health research, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center.

Методика оцінювання стійкості системи зв’язку, радіотехнічного забезпечення та автоматизації управління повітряного командування

Аналіз досвіду війн та збройних конфліктів свідчить про те, що максимальна реалізація бойових можливостей повітряного командування багато у чому залежить від наявності стійкого, безперервного, оперативного та скритого управління. Таке управління може бути досягнуте лише при побудові високоефективної, багаторівневої системи управління, функціонування якої, об’єктивно, залежить від ефективності функціонування підсистеми зв’язку, радіотехнічного забезпечення та автоматизації управління. Проте, досвід застосування сил та засобів зв’язку, РТЗ, А та ІС повітряного командування в ході антитерористичної операції на сході України свідчить про те, що система зв’язку, радіотехнічного забезпечення та автоматизації управління внаслідок ряду причин, не в повній мірі задовольняє потреби органів управління. Серед таких причин, основною слід вважати – її недостатню стійкість. Тому, виникає нагальна потреба у проведенні наукових досліджень з метою забезпечення її стійкості на необхідному рівні. Питанню оцінювання стійкості системи зв’язку, радіотехнічного забезпечення та автоматизації управління присвячено ряд наукових праць. Проте їх аналіз показав, що вони, з тих чи інших причин, не можуть бути в повній мірі використані для оцінювання стійкості системи зв’язку, радіотехнічного забезпечення та автоматизації управління в сучасних умовах ведення бойових дій. У статті запропоновано методику, яка на відміну від відомих, ґрунтується на методі еквівалентних топологічних перетворень, що дозволило більш адекватно описати процес функціонування системи в сучасних умовах ведення бойових дій. Розроблення даної методики проведено з обґрунтуванням моделі системи, визначення обмежень та порядку підготовки вихідних даних. Представлено алгоритм оцінювання стійкості інформаційних напрямків за визначеними показниками та критеріями. Сформульовані пропозиції щодо практичної реалізації розробленої методики у вигляді спеціалізованого програмного забезпечення. Окреслені перспективи подальших досліджень. Основними методами дослідження, які використані при його проведенні були методи аналізу, синтезу та еквівалентних топологічних перетворень.

Phenotypes of controlling feeding behaviours in mothers of toddlers: A mixed methods study.

Maternal feeding behaviours, in particular controlling behaviours, are associated with risk of childhood obesity. To qualitatively examine patterns of mothers' beliefs and behaviours around controlling feeding through a semi-structured interview and to examine associations of those patterns with participant demographic characteristics and classical child feeding instruments. A convenience sample of mothers (N = 35) of toddlers (mean age 25 months) participated in a semi-structured interview about their child feeding beliefs and behaviours. Anthropometrics were measured. Transcripts were analyzed using narrative analysis for patterns from which two emerged, known as phenotypes. A coding scheme was created and reliably applied. Bivariate correlates of the phenotypes with participant child characteristics and mother self-reported feeding behaviours were examined. The phenotypes were High Covert Control (n = 12) and Shared Control (n = 23). High Covert Control phenotype membership was correlated with higher child and mother BMI (body mass index) and child female sex. Shared Control phenotype membership was correlated with lower child and mother BMI and greater pressure to eat. Two controlling feeding phenotypes emerged among mothers of toddlers, which were associated with participant characteristics including BMI, but did not map onto classical child feeding instruments.