Course Of History Research Articles

Justice and Humanity: W. H. Auden’s War Writing

As one of the outstanding representatives of English poetry in the 20th century, W.H. Auden is famous for his profound war poems and his reflection of the context of The Times. This deeply discusses Auden’s literary creation during the Spanish Civil War and the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and analyzes how his poems reveal the cruelty of war, the complexity of human nature, and the course of history. Through a textual analysis of Auden’s masterpieces Spain1937 and Journey to a War, this paper reveals how Auden reflected the far-reaching impact of war on individuals and society through literature.This article synthesizes the research of domestic and foreign scholars on W.H. Auden’s poetry. It deeply analyzes the commonalities between war and human nature in Auden’s war poems and the impact of war on human nature, revealing the shared vulnerability of war and human nature. Through the portrayal of soldiers’ images, it showcases the fear and suffering of ordinary people, expressing sympathy for those affected by war. Auden emphasizes the radiance in human nature. For example, in the In Time of War poem cycle, he depicts the images of Chinese soldiers, and in Spain 1937, his attitude of supporting the anti-fascist war is evident. He pays attention to the sacrifices in war and calls for the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind, reflecting on the cruelty of war. The section on Auden’s personality display, especially the influence of his trip to China and Journey to a War on his poetic style, is reflected in the stylistic transformation of the In Time of War poem cycle. In Journey to a War, Auden’s personal ideology shifted from Marxism to Christian belief, and this transformation is the result of multiple factors. In addition, Auden’s unique portrayal of the Spanish Civil War demonstrates the combination of his political stance and detached attitude. Spain 1937 manifests the influence of his early Marxism and the transformation of his ideology and writing style toward a detached attitude.

Transforming History Teaching on Ancient Kingdoms History of Thailand Using Inquiry-Based Learning Combined with Magic If Techniques to Promote Archaeological Literacy of Vocational Certificate Students

This research is a research and development (R&D) study with the objectives to: 1) examine the requirements, 2) develop teaching methods, 3) evaluating the effectiveness, and 4) assessment the implementation of history teaching on ancient kingdoms of Thailand using inquiry-based learning combined with the Magic If technique to enhance archaeological literacy among vocational certificate students. The research instruments included: 1) an interview form to assess teaching design needs, 2) an assessment form for the appropriateness of the learning activity set, 3) an assessment form for archaeological literacy, and 4) a questionnaire on student opinions. The target group comprised 53 students, along with five teachers and administrators. Analyze quantitative data using mean and standard deviation, and analyze qualitative data through content analysis. The research findings revealed that: 1) Teachers and students expressed a need for instructional development in history courses, research findings revealed that: 1) Teachers and students expressed a need for instructional development in history courses, emphasizing diverse learning processes rather than rote memorization. 2) A learning activity set was designed, consisting of three learning activities with a total duration of seven hours. The appropriateness evaluation yielded the Excellent of agreement (M=4.93, SD=0.11). 3)The post-learning assessment results indicated that students' overall archaeological literacy was at the Excellent (M=4.59, SD=0.23). 4)The evaluation of instructional implementation showed that student satisfaction was at the Excellent (M=4.89, SD=0.07).

5'UTR gene regions in germline DNA sequencing panels: lessons from the analysis of breast and ovarian cancer patients of Tatar and Bashkir ethnic origin.

Tatars and Bashkirs are large and closely related ethnic communities that reside in the territory of the Russian Federation but have managed to preserve their national identity through the course of history. This study included 446 Tatars, 53 Bashkirs, and 26 women of mixed Tatar-Bashkir ethnicity. Germline DNA analysis was performed for 349 breast cancer (BC) patients with clinical features of hereditary disease (family history, or young onset (</= 50 years), or BC bilaterality, or triple-negative receptor status (lack of expression of ER, PgR, and HER2) and 176 subjects with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). BRCA1 pathogenic variants (PVs) were detected in 63 women; surprisingly, five Slavic founder alleles accounted for 30 (48%) of the BRCA1 PVs. The genuine Tatar BRCA1 allele, c.5161C > T, was observed in 11 subjects. Among 27 women with BRCA2 PVs, six and five women were carriers of the c.-39-1_-39del and c.468dup variants, respectively. The loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) test confirmed the pathogenic nature of the c.-39-1_-39del [rs758732038] allele, which is located in the 5'UTR of BRCA2. Analysis of other BC-associated genes revealed single instances of PVs affecting PALB2, TP53, ATM, RAD51, and RAD51D genes. Tatars and Bashkirs, which are ethnically and religiously separated from Russians, carry an unexpectedly high proportion of Slavic BRCA1/2 founder alleles. The identification of recurrent Tatar/Bashkir BRCA2 pathogenic 5'UTR variant c.-39-1_-39del calls for a systematic analysis of regulatory regions of cancer-predisposing genes in patients with missing heritability.

The Evolution of the Concept of Time: From the Cyclical Theory of Ancient Greece to the Ontological Reconstruction of Modern Subjective Rationality

The evolution of the concept of time has undergone three major stages: the cyclical theory of ancient Greece, the linear view of Christianity, and the modern reconstruction based on subjective rationality, revealing a profound transformation in humanity’s ontological cognition. Rooted in celestial cycles and natural rhythms, Ancient Greece constructed a model of eternal recurrence that dissolved the directionality of history. Through the redemptive narrative of Creation and Apocalypse Judgment, Medieval Christianity established a unidirectional, linear conception of time, infused the divine purpose into the course of history and internalized it as a perceptual framework for the soul’s extension. By the modern era, the Scientific Revolution and the rise of subjective rationality had subverted tradition, pushing the conception of time from cosmic order to subjective construction. This process not only presents a cognitive leap from dependence on nature to the authority of reason, but also reflects human beings’ complete ontological awakening from cosmology to existentialism in the co-construction of time and existence.

ZwischenLieder. Zur politischen und poetologischen Funktion der Reyen in Daniel Casper von Lohensteins Sophonisbe, 1669/1680

Abstract This article deals with the structure of the tragedy ‚Sophonisbe‘ by Daniel Casper von Lohenstein. The aim is to show that the Reyen as textual components do not remain unconnected after the scenes, but integrate a further level of meaning into the play and combine the concerns of conveying historical material on the one hand and panegyric praise of the ruler on the other. The seemingly unavoidable dissimulation of the political world on the stage is not intended to lead to tyranny. The fate of the empire is to be determined by moral and integral negotiation, for which one thing is necessary: a rational but not dispassionate ruler, crowned by his subjects. Sophonisbe’s realisation that this goal is unattainable for Carthage and for herself becomes a tragedy; the course of history, which points to Austria and Silesia as part of the empire, becomes an appeal as praise of the ruler.

The Truth of Jesus in the Bible

From ancient times until now, if the science of man has always been the central research problem of philosophers and theologians, then truth is a topic that attracts scholars to research and has been searched throughout the course of human history. It is even a topic of intellectual headache that philosophers and theologians have set themselves the task of thinking about for centuries. Because this is a field of social consciousness, each culture, each country or nation has a different view and even from a different perspective, approach, each period of human history has a different view of the truth. Therefore, in the work Ethics, the author exclaimed: "It cannot be defined, because it is the most basic, ultimate and indivisible concept". Therefore, in this article, the author only focuses on researching and understanding the view of truth in the perspective of Jesus in the Bible. Because: “The truth will set you free” [John 8:32]. That is true liberation, that is true liberation. Truth is truth.

Understanding Gorkha Migration And Settlement In Assam Through The Post Inception Or Hysteretic Causal Process In The Context Of Continuity And Change

This study has been undertaken to investigate the determinants of Gorkha migration in Assam as a part of the debate of continuity and change using the Post inception or Hysteretic causal process. Through this process an attempt has been made to understand that the migration and settlement of the Gorkhas in Assam in ancient, medieval, and colonial period as a whole is a part of the process of continuity but the factors determining their migration and settlement from the ancient to the colonial period forms a part of the process of change. The study reveals how the event of Gorkha migration and settlement remains constant but the factors determining that event has kept on changing over the course of history.

Care, and the less of it: Haunted gestures and the affective economy of pharmaceutical HIV prevention

AbstractPre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an antiretroviral drug that effectively prevents an HIV infection, which German statutory health insurance has covered since 2019. The drug's use in Germany has (re)surfaced ambivalent emotions: hopes for an HIV/AIDS‐free future and sexual liberation rub against enduring worries and moralizations of promiscuity. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Berlin's sexual cultures and prevention landscape, this article engages the affective economy that has emerged concerning PrEP and the hopes, worries, and accusations the drug has incited. To illustrate how the conflicting affects surrounding PrEP use haunt this economy, the article builds from the German notion of Sorglosigkeit/carelessness—a term intentionally straddling the ambivalence between being careless and carefree. Sustained by healthcare infrastructures and PrEP users’ practices of self‐care, carelessness is not taken to be antithetical to, but operating on the affective terrain of, Sorge (worry, anxiety, concern, care). Ethnographically grounding carelessness in intergenerational hauntings of HIV/AIDS, the article examines gestures as they situate embodied emotions and personal experiences in the course of collective history. Three specific gestures—a sigh, finger‐pointing, and palpation—mediate between biographies, bodies, and publics, and trace how carelessness circulates around PrEP.

Research on the Cultivation Path of “Craftsman Spirit” in the Course Teaching of Chinese Arts and Crafts History

The course teaching of Chinese arts and crafts history plays an important role in cultivating students’ craftsman spirit. However, in the practical teaching of application-oriented colleges and universities, there exists a marginalized phenomenon of cultivating a craftsman spirit, which deviates from the training goal of application-oriented talents. By analyzing the internal connection between the teaching content design of Chinese arts and crafts history course and the opportunities for cultivating craftsman spirit, this paper proposes that in the process of cultivating craftsman spirit, it is necessary to construct the cultivation of craftsman spirit in inheritance and innovation, the cultivation of craftsman spirit in moral spirit’s role in the consciousness space of technology and art, and the cultivation of craftsman spirit in the awareness and grasp of the world.

Narrating Captivity—Narrating Oneself: The Report of Filipp Efremov About His Coerced Mobility in Central Asia (1774–1782)

ABSTRACT This article analyses representations of captivity in the first published account of forced mobility in Central Asia, Filipp Efremov’s account ‘The Nine Years’ Wandering’ (1784), which tells of his forced stay in Bukhara and his journey via South-Asian countries to St. Petersburg (1774–1782). By focussing on the text’s different editions and by comparing the representations of captivity in these different versions, this article will focus on the following aspects: What representations of captivity in terms of self-identification and asymmetrical social relations are contained in these texts? How did the agendas behind the processes of text production and publication affect the structure and content of the narratives? In this way, this article contributes to the study of narrative contextualisation, patterns of self-representation, narrative agency and their modification within particular genres over the course of the publication history in order to identify new aspects of narrated dependency as a rarely considered aspect of life writing.

June 22, 1941: Forces of Opposing Sides

Aim.To determine the ratio of the RKKA and Wehrmacht forces as of June 22, 1941 in terms of technical equipment in terms of the main types of expensive and resource-intensive weapons.Methodology.Statistical and comparative analyses of data on production and technical equipment of the main types of expensive and resource-intensive armaments of the Red Army and Wehrmacht for June 22, 1941 and the second half of 1941; analysis of technical specifications and memoirs for expert assessment of the quality of equipment and its competitiveness were carried out.Results.It is concluded that the USSR was prepared for war with Germany to a sufficiently high degree. As of June 22, 1941 the Red Army was not inferior to the Wehrmacht in technical equipment in those types of armaments which were the most costly in production and required for modern warfare - in tanks, aircraft and artillery. The existing problems of the Red Army in technical equipment were the problems of a rapidly growing army, preparing for war as quickly as possible, and these problems were not catastrophic. The USSR economy was able not only to equip the army before the war, but also to compensate considerably for the losses from the first strike within half a year. Having suffered significant losses in men and equipment in the first months of the war, the Red Army showed its ability to fight with what it had and under the conditions that are formed. The Wehrmacht and the German economy could not cope with such challenges.Research implications. The conclusions of the study can be used to continue research on the history of the USSR in the 1930s - early 1940s and to analyze the Great Patriotic War, as well as in teaching the course of Russian history.

Public-educational activity of Khayretdin Bolganbaev in Petropavlovsk

The study of the role of personality in history is one of the topical tasks of historical science. Behind the changes in the life of a separate social group, community, estate, settlement and country as a whole are always the ideas and actions of specific people. Their social activity is the engine of most important processes for society. Through the prism of their lives and activities, episodes of the general course of history are revealed. By the beginning of the twentieth century a new wave of enlightenment movement was formed on the territory of Kazakhstan. The main distinctive feature of their activity is the connection of the tasks of enlightenment with the ideas of national awakening of the Kazakh people. Enlighteners of the new bourgeois formation advocated national education, for the preservation of language and culture. In this connection, this article examines the public-educational activity of one of the statesman, an active member of the Alash movement, namely Khayretdin Bolganbaev. The author draws attention to the educational activities of Bolganbaev as a deputy of the provincial department of public education in the Petropavlovsk city, a teacher of a pedagogical college and a Soviet party school. It is concluded that the public-educational activity of Kh. Bolganbaev in the 20s of the twentieth century contributed to the consolidation, unification and self-identification of the Kazakh people.

Has music ever significantly changed the course of history?

Envisage music as an analogous counterpart to the human epidermis. Throughout the tapestry of an individual's existence, this integument undergoes a process of growth and undergoes marked alterations in its, serving as a fundamental constituent of the body while remaining orthogonal to the trajectory of the organism's overall development. This metaphor encapsulates the crux of the argument presented in this essay regarding the question of whether music has exerted a transformative influence on the trajectory of history. Historically, it is nearly impossible to envision a period devoid of music, for it has been an integral component of human societies for as long as memory can recall, fulfilling a myriad of functions ranging from the simplest melodies designed to establish a particular ambiance to the profound articulation of deeper societal significances. Perhaps due to its potent capacity to serve as a medium for conveying messages, one might be inclined to assume that music itself has played a pivotal role in effecting significant historical change, conceptualizing it as a bugle whose clarion call has incited transformative shifts. However, the contention I advance is that, rather than functioning as a bugle, music is more akin to a mirror, reflecting the historical tapestry rather than altering its course. Consequently, it stands as a valuable subject of inquiry and a font of insight, albeit not the primary impetus of historical transformation itself.

Unified Growth Theory: Roots of Growth and Inequality in the Wealth of Nations

What sparked humanity's leap from stagnation to prosperity? What lies at the core of inequality among nations? Unified Growth Theory explores the evolution of societies over the entire course of human history. It uncovers the universal wheels of change that have governed the journey of humanity, driven the growth process, and shaped inequality across the globe. The theory sheds light on two of the most fundamental mysteries surrounding this journey: (a) the mystery of growth—the origins of the dramatic transformation in human prosperity over the past two centuries, in the wake of millennia of near stagnation; and (b) the mystery of inequality—the roots of the vast inequality in the wealth of nations. The theory suggests that forces that operated in the distant past are central to the understanding of the uneven development across the globe and to the design of effective policies that could promote economic growth and mitigate inequality.

Balancing Self-Satisfaction and Moderation: The Ideal Economic Philosophy in the Nepalese Context

Intellectuals since ages past have started searching for an ideal society that has continued to the present day. Plato in the West built his perfect society based on rational human decisions to secure economic well-being. In the East, Buddha, Mahabir, and Kautilya have enlightened ethical aspects of economic decisions. The course of history, rational thinking as the guiding force in the evolution of civilization, has played some part in the process, however, the basic worries about human emotions and security concerns today are not so different from those of the cavemen. Both Eastern and Western understandings seek to distinguish between harmful and beneficial economic activities in various approaches and try to make human beings ethically mature. A thorough comparative study integrating practical ethical values in economic activity is still lacking. Applying epistemology and metaphysics, this paper has attempted to analyze the philosophical comparison that examines the economic philosophy of the ancient Indian subcontinent influenced by Buddhism, Jainism, and Vedic perspectives on the economic concept of wisdom and moderation. Drawing on live evidence and literature, it has attempted to compare these two philosophies on economic behavior, highlighting the basic interpretations in the Nepalese context, described as the Philosophy of Himalayan Communities. It has been found that the cultural teaching inherited by traditional practices has integrated economic well-being into a broad philosophical model of balancing self-interest and moderation, with the interplay of objective and subjective concerns having relevance in the modern context.

Philosophical Perspectives in Mythical Worlds: A Study of Amish Tripathi’s Shiva Trilogy and Ram Chandra Series

Mythology has been fundamental to human civilization, with each culture contributing rich folklore, epics, and philosophy. Indian mythology, preserved through texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, and Mahabharata, is particularly deep and diverse. Amish Tripathi, a contemporary Indian author, has redefined the landscape of Indian mythology through his popular works, “Shiva Trilogy” and “Ram Chandra Series”. These series reimagine ancient Hindu myths, blending them with modern philosophical concepts and addressing pressing social issues. The primary objective of this research is to examine how Tripathi reinterprets classical Hindu mythology, particularly in relation to contemporary values and challenges. The study also investigates the integration of modern philosophical ideas, such as dharma and duty, within his narratives, exploring their relevance and resonance with today's readers. Furthermore, this research delves into the depiction of women in Tripathi's works, analyzing how female characters, through their strength, agency, and roles, challenge traditional gender norms and reflect the evolving perception of women in both mythology and society. Through the exploration of characters like Sati, Krittika, and Tara, the research highlights how Tripathi portrays women as empowered individuals who transcend the stereotypical submissive roles often seen in traditional narratives. These women are integral to the unfolding of events and are active participants in shaping the course of history. By reimagining myths from a feminist perspective, Tripathi not only challenges patriarchal structures but also contributes to the discourse on gender equality. The research ultimately reveals how these works serve as a link between ancient traditions and modern social issues, offering fresh insights into timeless ethical dilemmas while fostering a progressive vision of womanhood and societal responsibility.

Personalizing and decolonizing general education: A case study in gamifying global art history curriculum

This study explores the transformation of general education art history courses at a liberal arts college, shifting from Eurocentric surveys to a decolonized, gamified, and student-centered curriculum. Through a longitudinal mixed-methods design, the research evaluates the integration of global narratives and innovative teaching strategies to enhance student engagement and global competencies. Data from pre- and post-implementation surveys with faculty, students, and instructional designers demonstrate significant improvements in student satisfaction, cultural openness, and engagement with global art. Challenges include navigating demographic skews, addressing the complexity of gamified structures, and refining assignment instructions. Findings highlight the value of curriculum redesigns that promote inclusivity, flexibility, and active learning, offering a framework for advancing general education in a globalized academic landscape.

“They fear us knowing too much”: a composite counterstory on black caregivers’ feelings toward teaching race and black history

Amid contemporary legislative efforts aimed to restrict the teaching of race-related topics and Black history in PK-12 public schools, the perspectives of Black caregivers are often excluded from educational policy decisions. In response to this erasure, I draw from Critical Race Theory and composite counterstorytelling as both theoretical and methodological frameworks to center Black caregivers’ feelings on the teaching of Black history and race in their children’s U.S. history courses, and as educators of these topics at home and in Black communal spaces. Presented through a composite counterstory, the findings reveal that caregivers draw on their racialized emotions as both a rationale for the inclusion of Black history and race in school curricula and as a pedagogical tool to teach their children about race and antiBlackness. The caregivers’ discussions of emotions also challenge dominant societal narratives surrounding Black emotionality.

Once Traitors, Now Butterflies

The successful Revolution of 1959 marks the moment when the Cuban people emerged from under the influence of the United States to assert their increased autonomy and begin to chart their own course of history. While they found success in the years immediately after the Revolution, Cuba was exposed to the unpredictable forces of the international economy following the collapse of the Socialist Bloc in 1991, and the loss of its most important trade partner, the Soviet Union. To conduct trade on the international market, Cuba sought to generate foreign currency. The two most successful sources of hard currency that emerged during this Special Period were tourism and remittances from abroad. This new embrace of foreign currency is an about-face from the previous Cuban policy, enacted in 1979, which banned the possession of U.S. currency for Cuban citizens but permitted it for tourists and foreign diplomats.1 This did not stop migrants from sending money, and after 1991, remittances became a crucial source of hard currency for the Cuban government. At the same time, the Cuban government became increasingly dependent on the flow of remittances in the 1990s. The U.S. used this period of economic instability to tighten sanctions on Cuba and implement some of the most debilitating policies to date.

Disability in Music Therapy Education and Clinical Training

“Disability” is a label that has been politicized throughout the course of history in Westernized society due to the perseveration of the medical model of disability. The medical model of disability asserts that issues inherent in a disability are due to the affected individual and that one’s goal should be a complete “cure” to be compliant with the state of normality accepted by society. The profession of music therapy is rooted in the medical model of disability; therefore, it accepts human variability as a disease which requires remediation. In academia, the national policies in the United States related to disability such as the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (U.S. Department of Labor, 1973a), the Americans with Disabilities Act (U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, 1990), and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (Congress, 2004) ultimately fail in their efforts to protect disabled students from discrimination. Therefore, it would benefit the field to pursue the integration of disability justice principles in music therapy education and clinical training, to better support budding music therapists and the individuals with whom they work. To this end, the purpose of this paper was to investigate the effects of ableism on the experiences of music therapy students in the United States (U.S.) and suggest considerations that could be implemented to minimize ableism. Acknowledgements I would like to extend my utmost thanks to Emily Smith Beitiks, PhD who is my mentor in the field of disability justice. I cannot express how much I enjoyed and appreciated her feedback on this paper’s multiple drafts and the multitude of conversations we have had about the field of disability justice in academia, and in society.