Catch-up and life-course vaccination policies for adult and adolescent migrants in low-and-middle income countries: A policy analysis.

To identify: (i) availability of nitazenes for purchase on international cryptomarkets and surface web shops, (ii) country of origin and country of destination of advertised products and (iii) types and forms of nitazenes available. We also identified shifts in market characteristics over time where possible. Observational study of cryptomarkets and surface web marketplaces selling drugs and specifically nitazenes. Data comprised: (i) all drug listings on 34 cryptomarkets, collected twice monthly from October 2021 to September 2024, and from which nitazene listings were identified and (ii) all nitazene listings on 10 surface web shops, identified in April 2024 via search query on purchasing nitazenes in Australia on a common search engine. The former were analysed using Joinpoint regression; the latter descriptively. While nitazene listings comprised a small proportion of total drug listings across the cryptomarkets (0.16%), the proportion of nitazene listings had a small and fluctuating increase over the 3years [average monthly percent change (MPC) = 1.7%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.4%, 2.4%]. Overall, 78.9% of listings were reported as available for delivery to Australia, decreasing from 90.4% in October 2022 to 67.7% in September 2024 (MPC = -2.1%; 95% CI= -2.8%, -1.6%). The proportion reported as originating from Asia decreased from August 2023 (52.8%) to September 2024 (12.1%) (MPC = -11.7%; 95% CI = -16.3%, -8.9%), while listings originating from North America increased from April 2023 (19.3%) to September 2024 (82.8%) (MPC = 9.0%; 95% CI = 7.3%, 11.2%). Isotonitazene, protonitazene and metonitazene were most frequently identified, with proportion of isotonitazene and protonitazene listings increasing over the 3years (average MPC = 2.1%; 95% CI = 1.5%, 2.8% and average MPC = 4.1%; 95% CI = 2.8%, 5.4%) and metonitazene declining (average MPC = -3.5%; 95% CI = -4.2%, -2.7%). Powder was the predominant form (87.2%), although the proportion of pills statistically significantly increased between October 2021 (0.0%) and September 2024 (20.2%) (MPC = 11.8%; 95% CI = 7.7%, 16.5%). Seven out of 10 surface web shops sold nitazenes for Australian delivery. Ten types of nitazene were identified on surface web shops. Powder was also the main form listed, followed by nasal sprays. From October 2021 to September 2024, nitazenes were listed across a range of cryptomarkets and surface web shops, with shifts in the types available and their reported country of origin. These market insights show the importance of ongoing digital trace monitoring and reinforce the need for comprehensive harm reduction strategies and strong public health risk communication frameworks.

Parenting stress among clinical nurses has been associated with turnover-related outcomes. For many nurses, critical periods of career development and accumulated clinical responsibility overlap with reproductive and early parenting years. Features of nursing work may shape parenting stress through demands related to scheduling, workload, and limited flexibility. Integrative literature review. An integrative literature review was conducted following the methodological framework of Whittemore and Knafl. The final searches across three databases (CINAHL Complete, Medline, and Embase) were completed on May 14, 2026. Eligible articles were published in English, addressed parenting stress, and, when empirical, included nurses as a distinct population. Reporting followed PRISMA guidelines. Eight articles met all inclusion criteria. Countries of origin included South Korea, Turkey, and China. Approximately 1667 nurse-parent participants were represented across the included studies. Main themes included as follows: (1) Work-Family Role Conflict and Parenting Stress, (2) Parenting Stress Across Career and Family Life Stages, (3) Parenting Stress and Nurse Workforce Outcomes, and (4) Organizational and Structural Contributors to Parenting Stress. Parenting stress appears to be a relevant nursing workforce issue shaped by structural conditions of practice. The structure and demands of patient care may intensify parenting stress. Additional research is needed to examine the effects of parenting stress in clinical nurses and the implications for nurse retention. Organizational and policy-level interventions (including family-friendly scheduling, accessible childcare, and structured peer support programs) may support workforce sustainability among nurse-parents.

The Price of Progress: Cost Considerations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Clinical Trials.

Physician advocacy is increasingly recognized as a core professional responsibility that influences patient outcomes and health systems. However, advocacy engagement encompasses activities ranging from broad health system-level initiatives to individual efforts, making measurement challenging. To evaluate current engagement and identify trends, standardized measurement tools are needed. The objective of this scoping review is to identify themes and gaps of current literature on physician advocacy assessment methods to inform the development of a comprehensive evaluation framework. PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Ovid-MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and ERIC were searched in July 2025 for literature published between 2000 and 2025. A total of 233 unique articles were identified and reviewed by two independent reviewers. Eligible studies included English-language publications that contained survey or framework components evaluating physician advocacy engagement, or that assessed attributes of physician and health advocates. Methods sections were analyzed to determine how health advocates were identified. In total, 28 articles advanced to full-text review. Fourteen met inclusion criteria and underwent data charting for identifying categories including first author, year, country of origin, study aim, and identification of physician advocacy. Studies then underwent thematic analysis. The authors found a trend in which physician advocacy evaluations frequently included the domains of legislation, knowledge dissemination, professional organization participation, and community organization engagement. Assessment intensity of engagement was consistently featured across methods. This scoping review identified core domains and intensity as key components of physician advocacy assessment, while highlighting gaps in measuring micro-level and less common forms of advocacy. These findings informed a preliminary framework for developing a comprehensive assessment tool that requires further exploration and refinement.

Abstract Although there is growing literature on access to and survival in higher education among forcibly displaced migrants, cases of mass displacement across different geographies highlight the need for deeper exploration to understand the role of higher education in mitigating the impact of displacement. The Ukrainian influx to European countries in the aftermath of the country’s full-scale invasion exhibits an entirely different migration structure, both in terms of the origin country and the receiving countries, including the access and survival of Ukrainian forcibly displaced migrants in higher education and the role of higher education in these migrants’ future imaginaries. This study aims to examine the access and experiences of Ukrainian student migrants in French higher education, as well as how they use higher education to construct their desired future. A total of 20 Ukrainian Forcibly Displaced Migrants (UFDMs) were interviewed. The findings suggest that Ukrainian Forcibly Displaced Learners’ journeys to France are shaped by the interplay between agency and capabilities, in which agency enhances capabilities, while the resulting capabilities, in turn, reinforce the agency of the migrants in cyclical manner. The presence of political will at the EU and national (France) levels, along with institutional openness, reinforces their agentic capacity, strengthens their mobility capital, and enhances their retention in programs. Additionally, despite a strong intention for circular migration, the evolving situation in Ukraine forces them to develop alternative future plans, including staying in France or migrating onward. Higher education is identified as a fundamental tool that provides hope, confidence, and readiness for UFDMs to pursue these multiple futures.

Purpose This study investigates whether foreign directors from positive peace cultures enhance a firm’s environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance. Grounded in Social Learning Theory, we argue that such directors facilitate the diffusion of ethical values and sustainable governance practices in boardrooms. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of 26,744 firm-year observations of Chinese firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2009 to 2024, we construct a novel board-level Positive Peace Index (PPI) based on the PPI scores of foreign directors’ countries of origin obtained from the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP). We then estimate a lead-lag OLS model, regressing ESG performance, measured using the Huazheng ESG composite score, on PPI alongside relevant control variables. Findings Firms with foreign directors from stronger positive peace cultures (i.e. a higher average of positive peace level on the board) demonstrate superior ESG performance, particularly in product quality, corporate governance, and environmental protection. The positive effect of PPI is more pronounced in firms with less government intervention, lower CEO power, and more frequent board meetings, reflecting conditions that foster open dialog and social learning. Importantly, PPI provides explanatory power beyond Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and generic board diversity measures. Originality/value This study introduces positive peace culture as a novel, values-based lens for examining the cultural influence of foreign directors on ESG, addressing prior mixed findings in the literature. By moving beyond Hofstede’s framework, we respond to calls for more nuanced, context-sensitive cultural metrics (Chanchani and MacGregor, 1999; Doupnik and Tsakumis, 2004). Our findings carry practical implications for firms, investors, and policymakers in emerging markets, advocating for thoughtful board composition strategies that prioritize cultural values such as positive peace that are aligned with ethical and sustainable business practices.

Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis of molecular data has identified genetic variants associated with traits such as gene expression, and colocalization of these functional QTL with GWAS risk loci has offered insights into the genetic basis of human disease. We employed gene expression (RNA-seq) and chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq) obtained from human primary fibroblasts to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in cohorts ascertained for bipolar disorder of European (n = 150) and Latin American (n = 96) ancestries. Leveraging data from three countries of origin (The Netherlands, Colombia, Costa Rica) within our cohort, we characterized differences among individuals at the SNP, gene, and accessible-chromatin levels to compute ancestry-specific expression (e)QTLs and chromatin-accessibility (ca)QTLs. Across ancestries, we observed R2 ≥ 0.93 for eQTL effect sizes and R2 ≥ 0.95 for caQTLs, indicating a high degree of concordance. Integrating chromatin data with expression and genotype information enabled precise fine-mapping of eQTLs, yielding 203 genes with high-confidence (posterior probability > 90%) candidate regulatory pathways. In downstream analyses, transcriptome-wide (TWAS) and chromatin-wide (CWAS) association studies with brain- and skin-related GWAS identified 36 TWAS-significant genes and 77 CWAS-significant open chromatin regions. These findings underscore the shared genetic regulatory mechanisms across European and Latin American ancestries, while demonstrating that ancestry-specific reference panels enhance the accuracy of TWAS and CWAS in diverse populations. More broadly, this study highlights the value of paired multi-omic datasets from diverse cohorts for interpreting disease-associated genetic variation.

Italy is a major hub for migration routes. Disparities in health management across different geographic regions, particularly among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), are well recognized, yet comprehensive data on the quality of T2D care in migrant populations remain limited. Quality indicators of T2D care were analyzed for foreign patients compared with European patients using the 2022 AMD Annals database. The Italian National Institute of Statistics classification defined geographic origins. Data on country of origin were available for 179,536 T2D patients, with 19.3% being foreign, mainly from North Africa, Central and Eastern Europe, Central and South Asia, Central and South America.Foreign T2D patients were generally younger, resulting in shorter disease duration. While annual screening rates for risk factors and major complications were as European subjects, critical gaps were noted in microalbuminuria and retinopathy assessments. Treatment intensity was lower for patients from North and West Africa and Central and South Asia, though the use of innovative therapies like GLP-1RAs and SGLT2i was comparable to European patients. The overall quality of care, measured by the Q-score, was lowest in West African patients (26.4 ± 9.1 vs. 29.1 ± 8.0), while 51.6% of those from Central and South Asia had satisfactory care quality (Q-score > 25). Study showed differences in age, disease duration, and treatment among patients from various geographic regions, while indicating equitable access to therapies and comparable overall quality of care. These findings may inform management strategies to improve T2D care for migrant populations.

A rapid and robust mass spectrometric approach based on ion suppression effects was developed for the identification and authentication of liquid food samples. Wine was used as a model system to evaluate sample discrimination according to vintage, country of origin, producer and name. A defined mixture of 25 chemical marker compounds was added to each sample, followed by dilution and direct analysis using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) operated in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Sample-specific matrix effects on the ionization efficiencies of the marker compounds produced characteristic mass spectral response patterns, which were acquired within approximately 1 min per sample. These patterns were compared with reference data derived from a comprehensive wine database. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) combined with complementary distance-based metrics. The approach was validated using five vintages of several premium wines. High authentication scores were obtained for all samples, demonstrating the suitability of the approach for rapid wine authentication and verification of origin. The results indicate that ion suppression-based MS fingerprinting represents a promising tool for fast, minimal-preparation assessment of authenticity in food analysis.

Esophageal cancer is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide and is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages, leading patients and their relatives to seek health-related information beyond traditional clinical encounters. In recent years, YouTube has become a popular source of medical information. Nevertheless, questions persist regarding the accuracy, credibility, and overall reliability of the content available on the platform. This cross-sectional study evaluated publicly available YouTube videos related to esophageal cancer. Data were collected on December 3, 2025, using a browser without a user login to minimize algorithm-driven bias. Viewer engagement metrics (views, likes, and comments), source categories, and country of origin were recorded for each video. Content quality and reliability were assessed using the DISCERN instrument, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, and Global Quality Score (GQS). Non-parametric statistical analyses were used to compare quality outcomes across source categories and evaluate the correlations between the engagement metrics and quality scores. A total of 78 videos met the inclusion criteria, most of which originated in the USA (83.3%). Health-related channels constituted the largest source category (35.9%), followed by patient experience-based videos (23.1%), and private institutions (20.5%). Viewer engagement metrics (views, likes, and comments) did not differ significantly among source types (p > 0.05). In contrast, the content quality varied substantially. Videos produced by public institutions achieved the highest DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS values, whereas patient-experience-based videos demonstrated significantly lower quality and reliability (p < 0.001). Engagement metrics were strongly intercorrelated but showed no association with quality scores. YouTube videos related to esophageal cancer frequently exhibit moderate informational quality, and popularity metrics do not reflect content reliability. Source credibility plays a critical role in determining video quality, underscoring the need for greater involvement of healthcare professionals and public institutions in digital health content production.

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of alpacas in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria (German-speaking regions, GSR), and to compare with that of the country of origin of the species (Peru). 179 animals from GSR and 151 from Peru were genotyped with a species-specific 76k SNP array. The observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.305 and 0.311 for GSR, and 0.310 and 0.312 for Peru. The mean FROH values were 0.029 for GSR and 0.023 for Peru. In general, results show that breeders in both analyzed regions efficiently maintain genetic diversity. Principal component analysis identified the GSR and Peru populations as separate from each other, but the relative proximity of both clusters indicates the shared genetic heritage. FST and XPEHH methods identified genomic regions under selection for traits such as coat color and adaptation. Genome-wide association studies comparing black and brown with white or grey alpacas identified associated genome regions containing the ASIP and KIT genes, respectively. The association of a recently identified keratin locus on chromosome 16 with differences in fleece type in alpacas was confirmed, while the putative causality of a TRPV3 variant was rejected.

ABSTRACT The rise of AI technologies has transformed news consumption, yet little is known about the mechanism of how human-AI interactions influence audiences’ emotional reactions and civic behaviors. This study employed a 2 (China vs. U.S. AI chatbot) × 2 (cognitive vs. emotional language style) × 2 (political vs. nonpolitical news) factorial experimental design to address these questions. The results indicate that interacting with AI chatbots can mitigate discrete negative emotions related to the issues and enhance civic actions. AI was particularly effective in reducing anger, specifically in political news, and fear, specifically in nonpolitical news. Cognitive language style elicited higher trust than emotional language style, while country of origin had no significant effect.

Despite increased awareness of diversity and inclusion in neurointerventional surgery, the representation of women in neurointerventional academic publishing has not been systematically quantified. We aimed to evaluate global and temporal gender trends among authors publishing in leading neurointerventional journals using natural language processing (NLP) tools. We used the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez and Medline APIs (application programming interfaces) to extract metadata from all articles published between 2014 and 2024 in the Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery and Interventional Neuroradiology, the only two journals dedicated exclusively to the field of neurointerventional surgery. For each publication, we identified the first and last authors, as well as their institutional affiliations. We applied the OpenAI GPT-4 API to infer the country of origin based on last author affiliations and to predict gender using first and last names. Across 4875 articles published between 2014 and 2024 in two leading neurointerventional surgery journals, female authorship increased modestly over time. In 2014, 10.2% of first authors and 6.1% of last authors were women, compared with 14.2% and 7.6%, respectively, in 2024. A significant upward trend in female first authorship was observed over time using the Cochran-Armitage test for trend (P=0.0002), with the strongest increases in the Americas and Asia. In contrast, no overall increase was seen in female last authorship (P=0.14), with a modest but significant trend observed only in Asia. Geographic disparities were also evident: Austria and Norway had the highest female last authorship rates (62.5% and 40.0%, respectively), whereas the US, despite contributing the most publications, had only 13.8%. The Gender Parity Index (GPI) further highlighted under-representation, with most countries falling well below parity, especially for last authorship. Analysis using artificial intelligence driven NLP methods suggests persistent gender inequalities in neurointerventional surgery authorship with variation across countries. Although female representation has improved over the past decade, progress is uneven. These findings underscore the need for targeted efforts to promote equity in academic vascular neurosurgery globally.

How disgust, anticipated product quality, and political ideology affect consumer judgments of food produced in the U.S. with undocumented immigrant labor.

Dietary habits and barriers to healthier eating in Asian American adults, considering ethnic subgroups and immigrant generations.

ABSTRACT Why did some survivors reject their homelands after liberation from the concentration camps, even when return was possible? This article examines the cases of Viennese survivor Elisa Springer and Polish survivor Dora Klein, both of whom settled permanently in Italy after the war. Drawing on their memoirs and oral testimonies, it argues that pre-Holocaust experiences of belonging and exclusion profoundly shaped their postwar conceptions of home, revealed through the presence – or absence – of nostalgia in their testimonies. Building on the work of Svetlana Boym and Sara Horowitz, this paper reconceptualizes nostalgia not as attachment to territory but as longing for community – the social world that renders a place meaningful. Springer, who recalled an integrated and secure childhood in Vienna, initially returned there after liberation, driven in part by nostalgia, only to discover that the community she mourned had been irretrievably destroyed. Klein, by contrast, experienced sustained antisemitic exclusion in interwar Poland and alienation from her family’s Yiddish-speaking milieu, developing little attachment to her homeland and exhibiting no discernible nostalgia for it once she left. She therefore returned directly to Italy after her time in the Lager. Despite Italy’s complicity in Fascist racial persecution, both women ultimately located belonging there, reinforcing and complicating the Italian brava gente (‘good people’) narrative. By tracing their divergent trajectories, this study demonstrates how nostalgia – understood as attachment to community rather than place – illuminates survivors’ postwar migrations and redefinitions of home.

ObjectivesTo conduct a scoping review identifying the common forms of physical activity among African-born people in the United States (US) and the reported associations of such activities with cardiovascular risk in this population.DesignScoping review of published literature, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines.Data sourcesA systematic literature search was conducted using Medline (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), CINAHL Plus (Ebsco) and PsycInfo (Ebsco) of articles published between 1990 and 2024.Eligibility criteriaPublished peer-reviewed articles were included if they focused on African-born people within the US context, included measures of physical activity via self-report or device-based measures, and mentioned cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related outcomes. Articles with no examination of physical activity, cardiovascular risk, or that were conducted outside of the US were excluded.Data extraction and synthesisA total of 258 articles were identified via databases and registers. However, 125 were excluded following de-duplication. The remaining 133 article abstracts were screened, and 17 articles were read for full-text review.ResultsWhile the percentage of African-born adults meeting the physical activity guidelines varied widely, a general pattern of inactivity was observed. Qualitative findings revealed that among African-born people who were physically active, the most salient forms of physical activities were walking, cultural or traditional dancing, and sports, particularly soccer. Of three studies examining cardiovascular risk factors, two reported significant associations between physical activity and CVD risk.ConclusionsAfrican-born individuals often engaged in activities that were culturally familiar to them, such as dance and soccer. While there was variation in physical activity engagement across countries of origin, empirical work among African-born populations in the US is sparse, heterogeneous and methodologically limited. Therefore, more studies are needed examining specific forms of physical activity and cardiovascular risk reduction among African-born people.

This study compares the performance of several supervised learning methods in determining import lane status at KPPBC TMP B Teluk Bayur using variables such as CIF value, country of origin, importer status information, and HS Code. The evaluated methods include Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes, and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), with SMOTE applied to address imbalanced data. The results show that all models are capable of classifying import documents into green lane and red lane categories. Among the models, XGBoost achieved the best overall performance with an accuracy of 96.3% and a balanced precision and recall value. Logistic Regression and SVM showed high recall values of 88.9%, indicating strong capability in detecting red lane cases, while Naive Bayes demonstrated lower overall performance. SHAP analysis revealed that CIF value, country of origin, importer status information, and HS Code were the most influential variables in determining import lane status. Overall, XGBoost can be considered the best model, although model selection should still depend on operational priorities between efficiency and risk detection capability. Keywords: supervised learning, import lane classification, XGBoost, SHAP, customs risk management, SMOTE

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the concept of third-country liminality to capture the intensifying layers of uncertainty experienced by mothers from El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala sent to Mexico during their U.S. asylum process. Unlike migrants in other precarious legal situations, these women face multiple possible outcomes: deportation from the U.S., deportation from Mexico, release into the U.S., or asylum in Mexico. Drawing on 125 interviews, I examine how mothers seeking asylum navigate life amid restrictive U.S. immigration laws and border policies involving a third country. I demonstrate that mothers experience this context as multiple forms of liminality. Rather than occurring in distinct or sequential stages, these sociolegal, temporal, and spatial liminalities are deeply entangled, compounding a sense of precarity, ambiguity, and tenuousness. Third-country liminality becomes evident as mothers seeking asylum navigate cycles of detention in the U.S., forced relocation to Mexico, court appearances in the U.S., and subsequent returns to Mexico, all while continuing to care for their children whom they brought with them and those in their country of origin.