Counter Machines Research Articles

On undecidability of unary non-nested PFP-operators for one successor function theory

We investigate the decidability of first-order logic extensions. For example, it is established in A. S. Zolotov’s works that a logic with a unary transitive closure operator for the one successor theory is decidable. We show that in a similar case, a logic with a unary partial fixed point operator is undecidable. For this purpose, we reduce the halting problem for the counter machine to the problem of truth of the underlying formula. This reduction uses only one unary non-nested partial fixed operator that is applied to a universal or existential formula.

Smart Currency Counter Machine

This project presents the development of a cost-effective and efficient Smart Currency Counter Machine utilizing the Arduino Uno microcontroller for the specific purpose of accurately counting 50- and 20-Rupees notes. In an era where currency counting accuracy is of paramount importance, this system offers a reliable solution for businesses and individuals.[1] The machine employs a combination of image processing techniques and sophisticated sensors to distinguish between various currency denominations, specifically the 50- and 20-Rupees notes.[3] The Arduino Uno's computational capabilities and versatility make it an ideal choice for controlling the system, while the use of open-source libraries and affordable components ensures accessibility to a wider range of users. Preliminary testing demonstrates that the Smart Currency Counter Machine provides fast, accurate, and user-friendly currency counting, contributing to improved financial record-keeping and efficiency in cash handling operations.[4]

PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN PUPUK KOMPOS BERBAHAN ECENG GONDOK DI DESA KUALA BA’U KECAMATAN KLUET UTARA

ABSTRACT The enclosure of the Krueng Matee waters by vegetation can threaten the preservation of underwater biota, such as fish and shrimp due to lack of oxygen and sunlight, thus the water hyacinth plants reproduce as weeds in the waters of the Krueng Matee river, Kuala Ba'U Village and affect the livelihoods of Kuala Ba'U fishermen. One of the efforts that can be made to overcome water hyacinth weeds is to utilize water hyacinth plants for compost. This community service activity aimed to provide skills in processing water hyacinth into compost for the people of Kuala Ba'U Village. The stages in implementing this activity consisted of field observations, carrying out village administration, the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method, preparation of materials and a multipurpose counter machine. The result of this community service was the availability of compost from water hyacinth as well as a good response and welcome from the community and community leaders of Kuala Ba'U Village because the community gained knowledge and skills in processing water hyacinth into compost, thereby reducing water pollution and improving the community's economy, especially for farmers. In addition, this activity can also normalize the estuary of the Krueng Matee river from water hyacinth weeds, so fishermen can return to fishing and catching fish.

Optimizing Instant Herbal Drink Production with IoT-Based Sachet Forming Machines to Increase Productivity and Quality

MSMEs Syarimpon and Melos (Melati Losari) are Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises that focus on the production of herbal drinks in Malang Regency. However, during its development, these MSME players experienced several problems, one of which was the packaging process which was carried out manually. This makes the production process take longer and reduces work efficiency. Apart from that, the process of cutting packaging manually also causes a decrease in the quality of the packaging and its contents. To overcome this problem, one solution is to use a counter machine with an automatic counter. By using this machine, MSMEs can speed up the packaging process, produce precise and neat packaging, and provide the freedom to innovate in determining the size of the packaging to be produced. In the process of using this IoT-based Sachet Forming Machine, it has succeeded in increasing the productivity and quality of the packaging process by taking 3 -5 seconds for one herbal drink sachet so that each day it can increase production to 900 sachets per day. Where the packaging process is still done manually so it takes 4-5 minutes so the packaging process per day is only 50 to 100 PCS of herbal drinks.
 Keywords: Sachet Forming Machine, IoT, MSMEs Syarimpon and Melos

Air‐cored axial flux permanent magnet generator for direct driven micro wind turbines

AbstractThis paper presents the development of an Air‐Cored Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator (ACAF PMG) integrated for direct battery charging scheme for urban and rural micro‐wind turbine applications rated at 1 kW. The proposed generator has a Single Stator Double Rotor configuration with a relatively short axial length. In this paper, the analytical model for generator sizing is presented and the main parameters are defined. Novel analytical model is presented to determine the required number of turns for each phase in order to produce a balanced voltage in the three phases. The generator is electromagnetically analyzed using Finite Element model and simulated using Matlab/Simulink to predict its performance under several operating conditions. The effect of retainment ring type on the generator performance is also demonstrated. The machine is harnessed to a battery bank via a three‐phase fully controlled converter using six bridge thyristors to regulate the output voltage delivered from the generator to the battery. Generator model and simulation results are validated via experimental tests. The preliminary experimental results showed a good match with the simulation results. Moreover, the proposed machine is compared favourably with other counter machines of similar configuration and power ratings in terms of machine size, power‐to‐weight ratio, and voltage regulation. This paper therefore demonstrates the concrete benefits of utilizing the axial flux PMG in scavenging energy to generate electrical power from micro wind turbines.

SWOT Analysis of Organic Waste Crushing Mechines Using Grounded Theory

Garbage is the residue of human daily activities and/or natural processes in solid form. Waste can come from various activities such as household waste, agricultural waste, building waste, trade and office waste, and industrial waste. The amount of waste stockpiles in Payakumbuh City until June 2023 is 100,386 tons per day. With details (1) Waste transported to the Final Processing Site (TPA) every day is 83,862 tons without segregation, (2) Waste processed at TPS3R is 0.252 tons with 6 units of equipmen, (3) Management at the unit waste bank 0.041 tons, (4) management at the main waste bank 7 tons, (5) Informal sector/ lapak as much as 7.4 tons, (6) Magot as much as 0.31 tons, (7) A total of 1.52 tons of waste has not been managed properly. Of the total amount of waste disposed of at the Temporary Final Processing Site (TPAS), 60 percent is organic waste. This study uses a qualitative technique with a grounded theory approach. The author conducted direct interviews with internal parties (Bappeda Payakumbuh City) and external parties (Tool Manufacturers, Equipment Users and the Environment Agency) to determine the impact of using a mobile organic waste counter machine in reducing the amount of organic waste in Payakumbuh City. Based on the research results, it was found that the coding scheme consisted of 41 codes that formed 9 categories and gave rise to 4 themes with a total score of 41. The highest score in coding was 23 on the theme of technology use. So it can be concluded that the use of technology greatly affects the reduction of organic waste in Payakumbuh City.

Antifungal effects of eugenol on Candida albicans adherence to denture polymers.

The study's objective is to assess the adherence of C. albicans in different types of denture polymers and the effectiveness of eugenol and commercialized denture cleansers in the removal of C. albicans. Three types of denture base polymers (Lucitone® 199 (High-Impact PMMA), Impact® (conventional PMMA) and Eclipse® (UDMA)) and two hard denture reline materials (Kooliner® and Tokuyama® Rebase II Fast) were used in this study. Three hundred samples were prepared (6 × 2 mm disc shape) and divided into five groups of denture polymers (n=60) and further subjected into five treatment groups (Polident®, Steradent, distilled water, eugenol 5-minutes, and eugenol 10-min). Three samples were extracted from each treatment group for baseline data (n=12). Baseline data were used to calculate the initial number of C. albicans adherence. A 0.5 ml immersion solution from each specimen was cultured on YPD agar and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. Visible colonies were counted using a colony counter machine (ROCKER Galaxy 230). The result showed that the denture base polymer significantly affected the initial adherence (p=0.007). The removal of C. albicans was also considerably affected by the denture base polymers and denture cleansers (p<0.05). Lucitone®, Tokuyama®, and Kooliner® denture base polymers immersed for 3 min in eugenol showed the best results of removal. This study's overall results showed that all denture polymers used as denture bases had an effect on C. albicans initial adherence and removal from the denture base, and eugenol is comparable to commercialised denture cleansers in reducing the number of attached C. albicans on denture base polymers.

Prototype of the chopping machine for the fronds and leaves of oil palms

Oil palm waste is the residue from the main product of the oil palm tree that is not utilized. Oil palm can produce solid waste in the form of stems, empty fruit bunches, shells, fiber (coir), and fronds. One oil palm tree can produce 40 to 50 fronds within one year. Oil palm fronds are obtained from the rest of the crop and when caring for the tree. This research aims to make and test a prototype chopper machine to utilize and reduce the waste of palm fronds and leaves. The driving motor on this prototype uses a 2 hp electric motor with 1450 rpm rotation, pulley 1, which is on a 4-inch electric motor, and pulley 2, which is on a 6-inch blade shaft, so there are 2 v-belts used with a size B-55. Calculations made during the design process of the prototype counter machine for palm fronds and leaves are Circumferential Speed of Pully, Circumferential Force of Pully, Belt Tension, Maximum Belt Tension, Number of Belt Rotations, Number of Belts, Belt Age and calculation of speed and torque on the blade shaft. The chopped ingredients are fresh or wet palm fronds and leaves. The count produced by the prototype is 206 kg/hour with an average of 5 repetitions. For prototype yield, the average yield produced from 5 replications was 94.41%, and the resulting chopped results were 20-40 mm long.

Agastache rugosa Extract Combined With Voluntary Wheel Exercise Affects the Improvement of Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis in Aged C57BL/6J Mice

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of Agastache rugosa (AR) combined with wheel running exercise on maintaining muscle homeostasis in aged skeletal muscle.MethodsMale 38-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into five groups (n = 8/group): control (CON), Low-dose AR-treated (ARL, 100 mg/kg/day), High-dose AR-treated (ARH, 200 mg/kg/day), exercise (EXC), and EXC + ARH (EXH) group. After 2 weeks of acclimation period, AR-treated groups were fed AR extract by oral administration for 4 weeks. The daily voluntary wheel running (VWR) distance was recorded using a counter machine. In the gastrocnemius (GAS) muscle sample, muscle homeostasis-related genes and protein were analyzed by qPCR and western blotting, respectively.ResultsThe weight of GAS in ARH and EXH increased significantly, compared to CON (p < 0.05). qPCR analysis showed that AR and exercise affected both oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers. mRNA levels of Myh7 and Myh1 in EXH were remarkably higher than in CON (p < 0.05). Skeletal muscle atrophy (Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1) and hypertrophy (myogenin) related genes were up-regulated in EXC compared to CON (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, EXH dramatically down-regulated Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 and up-regulated <> (p < 0.05). Western blotting analysis indicated that the hypertrophy-related protein p70S6 showed high levels in both exercise groups, but there was no statistically significant difference. In contrast, atrophy-related protein FOXO3a and MuRF-1 levels were remarkably lower in the EXC and EXH (p < 0.05).ConclusionsTaken together, this study demonstrated that AR with VWR exercise enhanced muscle homeostasis via regulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation markers in aged hind-limb muscles. In conclusion, AR could be a promising candidate for maintaining muscle homeostasis and further alleviating sarcopenia.Funding SourcesThis work was supported by the BK21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE, Korea) and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), and the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science & ICT (2012M3A9C4048761).

First liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method for the determination of cocaine on banknote dust.

Prevalence measures of sociological interest concerning cocaine presence on banknotes are fraught with (i) the extreme variability of its concentration (seven orders of magnitude); (ii) the high number of banknotes needed for the statistical significance. Banknote dust from counting machines from a large and representative number of banknotes in circulation in a specific area represents the most eligible sample to ascertain cocaine circulation. No chromatographic method is available in this respect. This study aims at developing the first analytical methodology for the determination of cocaine in banknote dust samples. This novel and straightforward approach consists of a simple methanol extraction followed by analytical determinations via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Satisfactory analytical performance was obtained with a coefficient of determination of 0.996; maximum within-run and between-run precisions were, respectively, 1.85% and 5.20%. Limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 3 and 9ng/mL with an overall process efficiency of 93.2%. The method developed was successfully applied to 9 banknote dust samples from local banknote counter machines. The found concentrations ranged from 2.18E + 02 to 2.31E + 03μg of cocaine per gram of banknote dust and varied only one order of magnitude, much less than cocaine concentration on banknotes. To have an idea of cocaine circulation in a geographical area, the sampling of banknote dust, compared to banknotes, consists of tremendous advantages in terms of statistical significance, higher cocaine concentrations, and lower variability: this is crucial from the sociological point of view.

Monadicity of Non-deterministic Logical Matrices is Undecidable

The notion of non-deterministic logical matrix (where connectives are interpreted as multi-functions) preserves many good properties of traditional semantics based on logical matrices (where connectives are interpreted as functions) whilst finitely characterizing a much wider class of logics, and has proven to be decisive in a myriad of recent compositional results in logic. Crucially, when a finite non-deterministic matrix satisfies monadicity (distinct truth-values can be separated by unary formulas) one can automatically produce an axiomatization of the induced logic. Furthermore, the resulting calculi are analytical and enable algorithmic proof-search and symbolic counter-model generation. For finite (deterministic) matrices it is well known that checking monadicity is decidable. We show that, in the presence of non-determinism, the property becomes undecidable. As a consequence, we conclude that there is no algorithm for computing the set of all multi-functions expressible in a given finite Nmatrix. The undecidability result is obtained by reduction from the halting problem for deterministic counter machines.

Design of Chopping Machine Tools with Two Types of Knife Blade using a Gasoline Motor Drive

The aim of the research is to produce a chopper that has two types of blades with a gasoline motor drive to chop animal feed or raw materials for making compost. This study used an experimental method by making and testing a chopper with two blades. The materials used in testing the tool were water spinach, water hyacinth, elephant grass, and banana stems. The calculations performed were a comparison of the pulley rotation speed, v-belt speed, and the effective capacity of the tool, while the test was carried out on 4 types of materials, each of which was repeated 3 times. The results showed that the counter machine with a gasoline motor drive had specifications: overall height 155 cm, front width 44 cm, width right 60 cm width left 60 cm, width of the side inlet funnel 15 cm, width of the upper intake funnel 38 cm, width of the front of the engine mount 34 cm wide side and 60 cm engine holder. The chopper's blade consists of 2 cutting blades and 16 crushing blades which can chop ingredients maximally. The distance between the blades ranges from 5-4 cm where the crushing blades are arranged alternately so that all the crushing blades can all work. The length of the cutting blade is 25 cm while the length of the crushing knife is 22 cm which is driven by a driving machine through a shaft connected by a pulley and a v-belt. The pulley rotation speed is 900 rpm, the V-belt speed is 14.5 m/s. The effective capacity of the tool for counting water spinach (109.8 kg/hour), water hyacinth (123.6 kg/hour), elephant grass (97.8 kg/hour), banana stem (171.6 kg/hour).

On pure space vs catalytic space

This paper explores the power of catalytic computation when the catalytic space (c(n), the full memory whose content needs to be restored to the original by the end of computation) is much more than exponential in the pure space (s(n), the empty memory which does not have any access/restoration constraints). We study the following three regimes of the relation between s(n) and c(n) and explore the class CSPACE(s(n),c(n)) in each of them.•High-end regime -s(n)=O(c(n)ϵ): We show an implementation of incremental dynamic program using catalytic machines, thus showing that Knapsack problem (with n items, sum of their costs as C and the capacity of the bag as K) can be solved in O(nlog⁡nlog⁡C+log⁡(nKC)) pure space and O(n2KC3log2⁡Klog⁡n) catalytic space. Hence, catalytic algorithms can lead to a non-trivial saving in the pure space required for computation when K is Ω(n2).•Low-end regime -s(n)=O(1): We define the classes CR and CNR (nondeterministic variant of CR) where s(n)=O(1) and c(n)=poly(n). Exploring the connection between computational power of one counter machines (OC) and constant pure space catalytic Turing machines, we observe that OC⊆CR and show that CR⊆OC⇒CR≠CNR. We prove that L⊈CSPACE(O(1),o(n)). We also study the effect of adding additional read-only tapes to the model and show that: For any k∈N, (k+1)-CSPACE(O(1),O(nc))⊆CSPACE(klog⁡n,nc)⊆(4k+1)-CSPACE(O(1),O(nc)).•Low-end non-constant regime -s(n)=o(log⁡log⁡n): Let M be an oblivious catalytic Turing machine using s(n) pure space and c(n) catalytic space such that s(n)+log⁡c(n)=o(log⁡log⁡n) then L(M) is regular. This strengthens the classical theorem on s(n)=o(log⁡log⁡n) to the case of catalytic Turing machines. Our techniques include interesting generalizations of crossing sequence arguments and implementations of incremental dynamic programs using catalytic algorithms. These may be of independent interest.

Detection of Escherichia Coli Bacteria by Using Image Processing Techniques

Recently, image processing has proven itself as a fast and reliable technique in research in medicine and biology. Bacterial colony separation is an important and time-consuming process in studies in the field of microbiology. Bacteria counting is usually carried out by the naked eye or even by Coulter counter machines, which are based on the rather expensive electric field measurement method. In this study, image-based enumeration of Escherichia Coli over the colony morphology in the petri dish was investigated. In the experimental study, 4 different bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family were planted on petri dishes containing Eosin-methylene blue agar (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Escherichia Coli colony characteristics were determined by digitizing planted bacterial petri images. For the study, counting was done with the interface developed in MATLAB R2013a. After the classification criteria were determined, the method was tested on new petri dishes and successful results were obtained.

Commutative action logic

Abstract We prove undecidability and pinpoint the place in the arithmetical hierarchy for commutative action logic, i.e. the equational theory of commutative residuated Kleene lattices (action lattices), and infinitary commutative action logic, the equational theory of *-continuous commutative action lattices. Namely, we prove that the former is $\varSigma _1^0$-complete and the latter is $\varPi _1^0$-complete. Thus, the situation is the same as in the more well-studied non-commutative case. The methods used, however, are different: we encode infinite and circular computations of counter (Minsky) machines.

LTL-Specification of Bounded Counter Machines

The article revises the results of the work devoted to the problem of representing the behaviour of a program system as a set of formulas of the linear temporal logic LTL, followed by the use of this representation to verify the satisfiability of the program system properties through the procedure of proving the validity of logical inferences, expressed in terms of the LTL logic. The LTL logic is applied to bounded Minsky counter machines that are considered as program systems of which we need to get the specification of its behaviour. Earlier, when working with the temporal logic LTL as a program logic, a special pseudo-operator was actually introduced to refer to the previous values of variables involved in elementary propositions. Despite the fact that this pseudo-operator is easily implemented in the Cadence SMV verifier when proving the validity of logical LTL-inferences, the classical definition of the LTL logic does not imply its presence. In this article, only binary variables will be used to build an LTL-specification for the behaviour of a bounded counter machine, and tracking of previous values of these variables will be carried out exclusively within the LTL logic itself through the appropriate formulas.

On the Expressive Power of Non-deterministic and Unambiguous Petri Nets over Infinite Words

We prove that ω-languages of (non-deterministic) Petri nets and ω-languages of (nondeterministic) Turing machines have the same topological complexity: the Borel and Wadge hierarchies of the class of ω-languages of (non-deterministic) Petri nets are equal to the Borel and Wadge hierarchies of the class of ω-languages of (non-deterministic) Turing machines. We also show that it is highly undecidable to determine the topological complexity of a Petri net ω-language. Moreover, we infer from the proofs of the above results that the equivalence and the inclusion problems for ω-languages of Petri nets are ∏21-complete, hence also highly undecidable. Additionally, we show that the situation is quite the opposite when considering unambiguous Petri nets, which have the semantic property that at most one accepting run exists on every input. We provide a procedure of determinising them into deterministic Muller counter machines with counter copying. As a consequence, we entail that the ω-languages recognisable by unambiguous Petri nets are △30 sets.

Paediatric HIV: Correlation between Serum Zinc Levels and CD4 Percentage on Asymptomatic Nigerian Children Living with HIV.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between their serum zinc levels and the CD4% in a cohort children living with HIV. One hundred asymptomatic, anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) naïve children living with HIV (participants) aged 5-60 months who were enrolled into the Paediatric HIV clinic of The University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital were recruited in the study over a 10-month period. Blood samples were collected in the morning from non-fasting participants and serum zinc levels were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The CD4% was ascertained using the CD4% easy count kit on the Partec® Cyflow Counter machine. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 19. The median (IQR) serum zinc level for the participants was 55.5 µg/dl (49.75) while their median (IQR) CD4% was 27.79% (18.67). Males had a median (IQR) CD4% of 24.29% (19.10) which was significantly lower than those of females [32% (20.59) (p = 0.047)]. No significant relationship was found between CD4% and zinc levels among the subjects (r = -0.061, p = 0.557). Serum zinc levels of asymptomatic ART naïve children living with HIV have no relationship with their CD4%.

Comparative Clinicopathological Study on pH and Haemoglobin of Blood

Aim: Aim of this study to compare the pH and hemoglobin of blood on different genders and different age groups.&#x0D; Introduction: The full form of pH is the potential of hydrogen, pH is known as the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration. The pH of any components of body, including blood, is indicated on the pH scale. The value of pH ranges from 0 to 14. A pH value of 7.0 is considered as neutral. Blood is slightly basic; the normal pH level of blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Usually, the body maintains the pH of blood close to 7.40. Hemoglobin is a protein molecule that helps the RBC to transport oxygen. The term heme reforms to the iron-containing porphyrin. This iron-containing hemoglobin is responsible for the red color of the red blood cells.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: 15 blood samples were collected from the lab in Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. The low sample size is one of the limitations. The pH value is measured by using a multi reagent strip, hemoglobin level was measured by using an automated counter machine, and these values were plotted. The pH value was tabulated and the data were analyzed with SPSS version (23.0).&#x0D; Results: Mean hemoglobin value was observed different in different age group. In age groups of 21-30 years, the value was 12.95g/dl, in age groups 31-40 years the value was 12.08g/dl, in age groups of 41 to 50 years the value is 13.20g/dl and for age group more than 50 years the value is 14.05g/dl. Mean pH value on comparing with age, the value of pH was 7 for the age group of 21-30 years, 31-40 years was 7, 41 to 50 years was 7.04 and for more than 50 years was 7. Correlation analysis reveals no significant relationship between hemoglobin and pH with increasing age in both males and females. &#x0D; Conclusion: The value of hemoglobin is increased among different age groups and the pH level remains the same and on comparing with gender the hemoglobin level increases with age group and pH remains the same.

Affine Extensions of Integer Vector Addition Systems with States

We study the reachability problem for affine $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS, which are integer vector addition systems with states in which transitions perform affine transformations on the counters. This problem is easily seen to be undecidable in general, and we therefore restrict ourselves to affine $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS with the finite-monoid property (afmp-$\mathbb{Z}$-VASS). The latter have the property that the monoid generated by the matrices appearing in their affine transformations is finite. The class of afmp-$\mathbb{Z}$-VASS encompasses classical operations of counter machines such as resets, permutations, transfers and copies. We show that reachability in an afmp-$\mathbb{Z}$-VASS reduces to reachability in a $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS whose control-states grow linearly in the size of the matrix monoid. Our construction shows that reachability relations of afmp-$\mathbb{Z}$-VASS are semilinear, and in particular enables us to show that reachability in $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS with transfers and $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS with copies is PSPACE-complete. We then focus on the reachability problem for affine $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS with monogenic monoids: (possibly infinite) matrix monoids generated by a single matrix. We show that, in a particular case, the reachability problem is decidable for this class, disproving a conjecture about affine $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS with infinite matrix monoids we raised in a preliminary version of this paper. We complement this result by presenting an affine $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS with monogenic matrix monoid and undecidable reachability relation.