Cotyledon Width Research Articles

Efektivitas Bahan Penyiraman dan Macam Media Tanam terhadap Pertumbuhan Microgreens Tanaman Bunga Matahari (Helianthus annuus L.)

Microgreens are mini vegetable plants with high nutrition that are managed in a controlled growing environment. Management of microgreens requires sufficient water, nutrients, sunlight, planting media and air. The research aims to obtain the nutrient watering materials and media types for sunflower microgreens' growth. This research was carried out in Sumbang Bojonegoro village in October-December 2021. This research was prepared in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors, namely 2 levels of nutrient watering material, water (P1) and rice-washing water (P2), while 3 levels of planting media: husk charcoal (M1), sand (M2) and cocopeat (M3). The parameters observed were the percentage of germination, germination rate, number of normal and abnormal sprouts, sprout length, cotyledon width, sprout moisture content, sprout wet weight, and sprout dry weight. The observation data was analyzed used analysis of variance (ANOVA), with a further Least Significant Difference (LSD) test is carried out at a test level of 5%. Phytochemical tests for microgreens include chlorophyll, vitamin C and protein levels. The results showed that applying water and rice-washing water were not significantly different in terms of % germination and germination rate, while cocopeat media was more effective in terms of % germination, number of normal sprouts, % water content, wet weight of microgreens, length of sprouts and width of cotyledons. Highest phytochemical content % chlorophyll 23.60 mg/L (water+sand media); % Vitamin C content 59.40 mg/100g (water + husk charcoal media) and % protein content 3.47% (rice-washing water + sand media). Keywords: Planting media, rice-washing water, microgreens, phytochemical, watering

Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Ash Gourd (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) Genotypes

The present investigation was carried out during kharif season, 2018-2019 on 37 genotypes of ash gourd in Randomized Block Design to study the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advances, correlation and path coefficient. Results revealed high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for seediness (44.197 and 44.09), fruit diameter (36.41 and 36.26), average fruits weight (32.308 and 32.27), number of lobes (21.73 and 21.63), peduncle length (25.72 and 25.651), petiole length (22.25 and 22.02), fruit length (25.82 and 25.68), seed width (24.84 and 24.62), number of fruit per plant (21.93 and 21.81), nodes at which first female flower appears (28.54 and 28.48), yield per plant (25.35 and 25.11) and yield per hectare (25.35 and 25.11), respectively. Whereas, high heritability (h2) coupled with genetic advance over mean (GAM) was registered highest in seediness (99.52% and 90.61%) followed by fruit diameter (99.23% and 74.41%), fruit length (98.87% and 52.60%), respectively. Fruit yield per plant showed highly significant positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients with avg fruit weight (0.708 and 0.709), vine length (0.359 and 0.368), fruit diameter (0.304 and 0.307), seed width (0.337 and 0.342), crop duration (0.370 and 0.356) and cotyledon length (0.295 and 0.305), respectively. The highest positive direct effects on fruit yield was exerted by average fruit weight (1.034) followed by number of fruit/plant (0.738) and vine length (0.062) whereas number of lobes (-0.087) shown highest negative direct effect followed by ovary length (-0.062) and cotyledon width (-0.059).

Impact of high-fat diet consumption during prolonged period of pregnancy on placenta structures and umbilical vascular growth in goats

This study aimed to verify the impact of high-fat diet consumption for a prolonged period on oxidative stress, fetal growth, umbilical vascular system, and placental structures in pregnant goats. Twenty-two pregnant goats were grouped into the control diet (n= 11) and fat diet (n = 11). Flaxseed meal was added to the fat diet, replacing the corn grain of concentrate, from gestational day 100 to delivery date. Diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic, differing in fat content (2.8% vs. 6.3% dry matter). The fat group showed higher feed intake and total plasma lipid levels than the control group (P < 0.001). No difference was found in placentome, and umbilical vascular development. Fat diet-fed goats exhibited a lower systolic peak in the umbilical artery. At delivery, placental traits were similar with the exception of the cotyledon width (P = 0.0075), which was smaller in the fat group and cotyledon surface (P = 0.0047) for multiple pregnancy of fat diet. Cotyledonary epithelium showed more intense staining of lipid droplets and a greater area for lipofuscin staining in the fat group compared to control group (P < 0.001). The mean live weight of the kids was lower in the fat group in the first week after delivery than in control group. Thus, in goats, the continuous administration of a high-fat diet during pregnancy does not appear to modify the fetal-maternal vascular structures but has an impact on a part of the placental structure; therefore, its use must be carefully evaluated.

PENGARUH LAMA PENYINARAN LAMPU LED (Light Emitting Diode) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN MICROGREENS BUNGA MATAHARI (Helianthus annuus L.) PADA BERBAGAI MEDIA TANAM

[THE EFFECT OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) IRRADIATION DURATION ON THE GROWTH OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) MICROGREENS PLANT ON VARIOUS PLANTING MEDIA]. The conversion of agricultural land into residential and office buildings causes a decrease in agricultural land every year so the development of indoor plant cultivation with the concept of urban farming, such as microgreens. Microgreens are plants in the period after germination, usually between 7-14 days. Microgreens have a nutrient content of at least 40 times higher than when they are fully grown. Sunflower plants are one of the plants that have been developed as microgreens. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an introduced plant from America. This flower is bright yellow with a large flower head with a diameter of up to 30 cm. LED light is used to help the plant growth process that is carried out indoors. This research was conducted indoors is located in Bratang Wetan 1 No. 19c, Wonokromo, Surabaya from March 2021 to May 2021. The method used in this research is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) system consisting of 2 factors with 3 replications. The first factor is the length of irradiation which consists of 4 levels of treatment and the second factor is the type of planting media which consists of 3 levels of treatment. The results showed that the combination of 16 hours irradiation time with soil planting medium was able to increase the growth of Sunflower microgreens plants on the variables of cotyledon width, wet weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll test.

Investigation of relationships between placental characteristics and kid birth weight in goats

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships among the kid birth weight, the placental, and cotyledon traits in Saanen goats. The effect of parity, birth type, and birth weight (BIRWT), on placental and cotyledon characteristics, were analyzed by the general linear model. Significant differences for birth type occurred on cotyledon length (CL) and cotyledon depth (CDEP). The means for cotyledon width (CWID) and cotyledon depth (CDEP) were 21.52 and 0.361 mm, respectively. The general means of total cotyledon surface area (TCSA), cotyledon number (CN), and cotyledon weight (CWE) were 67.27 cm$^{2}$, 66.76 unit, and 153.51 g, respectively. There was negative correlation among placental weight (PW) and each of the cotyledon density (CD) (r = -0.321, p < 0.01), placental activity (PA), and cotyledon activity (CA) (r = -0.630, p < 0.01). The relationship among total cotyledon number (TCN), cotyledon weight (CWE), and total cotyledon surface area (TCSA) were significantly and negatively correlated (p < 0.01). It has been found that there was a significant and negative relationship between cotyledon density (CD) and cotyledon width (CWID). There was a positive relationship between cotyledon length (CL) and cotyledon width (CWID) (p < 0.01). Finally, it may enhance to conduct of further nutrition studies examining the relationship between gestation and total cotyledon surface area (TCSA).

Seed Characterization and Relationships between Seed and Cotyledon Properties in Lagenaria spp. Accessions

Bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] is widely produced in some Asian and African countries as a fresh vegetable as well as for seed consumption. A major use of bottle gourd is for rootstocks in grafted watermelon production. There are several centers where bottle gourd genetic resources are maintained, with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) germplasm collection being one of the most important. There is little published information on the relationship between seed morphology and the early establishment of seedlings in bottle gourd. The objective of this study was to determine seed characterization, morphology, and cotyledon shape in 163 Lagenaria spp. accessions and measure any relationship between seed and cotyledon characteristics. In USDA Lagenaria germplasm, it has been determined that the common character in seeds was medium in terms of seed size (53% of accessions), intermediate in seed surface lustre (39% of accessions), brown in seedcoat color (89% of accessions), thin and uniform in seed margin (35% of accessions), and tan in seed margin color (64% of accessions). According to the research results, seed weight ranged from 0.11 g (PI 500820) to 0.36 g (PI 675112), seed length from 13.17 mm (PI 500820) to 23.68 mm (PI 675112), and seed width from 5.86 (PI 500808) to 11.21 mm (PI 491274). Cotyledon length ranged from 5.46 cm (PI 368640) to 2.47 cm (PI 381850). The widest cotyledon was 3.00 cm (PI 534552), and the narrowest was 1.50 cm (PI 381831). Interesting correlations were observed for seed weight with seed length (R2 = 0.259), and cotyledon length with cotyledon width (R2 = 0.547).

Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Cucurbita moschata Based on Genome-Wide High-Quality SNPs.

Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata) are one of the most important economic crops in genus Cucurbita worldwide. They are a popular food resource and an important rootstock resource for various Cucurbitaceae. Especially, C. moschata is widely used as a rootstock for the commercial production of bloomless cucumbers in East Asia. Since the genetic diversity of the commercial rootstock varieties is narrow, there has been an increasing demand for the trait development of abiotic and biotic stress tolerance breeding. In this study, 2071 high-quality SNPs that were distributed evenly across 20 chromosomes of pumpkins were discovered through the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis of 610 accessions of C. moschata germplasm with a global origin. Using these SNPs, various analyses of the genetic diversity and the population structure were performed. Three subgroups were clustered from the germplasm collection, which included East Asia, Africa, and America, and these areas were included the most in each subgroup. Among those groups, accessions from Africa and South Asia showed the highest genetic diversity, which was followed by the Mexico accessions. This result reflected that large gene pools that consist of various native landraces have been conserved in those of countries. Based on the genetic diversity, we finally constructed the C. moschata core collection, which included 67 representative accessions from the 610 germplasms. Five morphological traits that are important in commercial grafting and rootstock seed production, which include the cotyledon length, the cotyledon width, the hypocotyl length, the internode length, and the number of female flowers, were investigated for three years and used to confirm the validity of the core collection selection. The results are expected to provide valuable information about the genetic structure of the worldwide C. moschata germplasm and help to create new gene pools to develop genetically diverse rootstock breeding materials.

Estimating of Birth Weight Using Placental Characteristics in The Presence of Multicollinearity

In this study, it was aimed to compare the performance of proposed estimators in the presence of multicollinearity that will be used in regression analysis as an alternative to Least Squares. Birth weight was estimated by using placental features such as sex, placental efficiency, total cotyledon numbers, large cotyledon weight, medium cotyledon weight, small cotyledon weight, large cotyledon number, medium cotyledon number, small cotyledon number, large cotyledon width, medium cotyledon width, small cotyledon width, large cotyledon length, medium cotyledon length, small cotyledon length, large cotyledon depth, medium cotyledon depth, small cotyledon depth for Bafra sheep breed. In the presence of multicollinearity, more reliable models can be obtained by using some estimator. The performances of the Ridge and Liu estimators, which are suggested methods for this situation, were compared. MSE, RMSE, rRMSE, MAPE, R2, and AIC were used as model comparison criteria. As a result of, in the presence of multicollinearity; Liu estimator is recommended as an alternative method to Least Squares.

Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of melons from different botanical groups (Cucumis melo L.)

Genetic variability, broad sense heritability and genetic advance was determined in 41 melons accessions of different botanical groups including one wild relative anguria. The analysis of variance was done for 19 quantitative traits such as cotyledon length, cotyledon width, days to 1st pistillate flowering, ovary length, ovary width, days to first fruit harvest, fruit length, average fruit weight, flesh thickness, seed cavity, fruit diameter, blossom end scar, seed length, seed width, total soluble solids (TSS), pH and titratable acidity. All the traits showed highly significant difference at 5% level of significance. The phenotypic and genotypic co-efficient of variation were high for the quantitative traits such as cotyledon length, cotyledon width, ovary length, ovary width, number of fruits per vine, fruit length, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, flesh thickness, seed cavity, fruit diameter, blossom end scar, seed length, seed width, TSS and titratable acidity. Moderate GCV and PCV were observed for traits such as days to first female flowering, days to first fruit maturity and pH. The high broad sense heritability was coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean for cotyledon length, cotyledon width, days to first female flowering, ovary length, ovary width, number of fruits per vine,days to first fruit maturity, fruit length, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, flesh thickness, seed cavity, fruit diameter, blossom end scar, seed length, seed width, TSS, pH and titratable acidity.

Determination of relationships between placental characteristics and birth weight in Morkaraman sheep

The aim at this study was to determine the relationships among the lamb birth weight, the average cotyledon surface area (ACSA) and cotyledon size. Data were collected from 101 ewes. The general linear model and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for statistical comparison and determination of relationships between variables. Average birth weight (BW), placental weight (PW), cotyledon number (CN), placental efficiency (PE), cotyledon density (CD), cotyledon efficiency (CE) and ACSA were , , , , , and cm, respectively. There was no difference between BW and PE for parity; however, PW, CN, CD, CE and ACSA were affected () by parity. ACSA was found to be the lowest () with a parity of 2 and the highest () with a parity of 4. Birth type affected significantly BW, CN, CD (), PW () and ACSA (). As the parity progressed, cotyledon depth (CDe) () and cotyledon width (CWi) () increased. ACSA, which is a new parameter for uterine capacity, had positive correlations with BW (0.498; ), PW (0.415; ), large cotyledon number (CNl) (0.685; ), cotyledon length (CL) (0.932; ), CWi (0.920; ) and cotyledon depth (0.388; ). The most important finding of this study was the positive correlation between the birth weight and the average cotyledon surface area. This study indicates that average cotyledon surface area and cotyledon size traits (CL and CWi) may be more effective parameters to produce heavier lambs. In conclusion, it is thought that lamb deaths will decrease as a result of triggering placental development with proper feeding during pregnancy. For this purpose, it is recommended to conduct new studies examining the relationship between pregnancy feeding and ACSA. Highlights. Cotyledon number and cotyledon density decrease with parity, while CE increases.The birth type has a significant effect on BW, PW, CN and CD.There are positive correlations between the placental weight and large cotyledon number, cotyledon length and cotyledon width.ACSA can be used as an important parameter to increase the weight of lambs.Especially in multiple birthing, ACSA has been found to be a more determinant index to express uterine capacity instead of PE or CE.

Martin's peripheral embryo – unique but not a phylogenetic ‘orphan’ at the base of his family tree: a tribute to the insight of a pioneer seed biologist

AbstractAs a tribute to A.C. Martin's classic work on embryos in seeds, we have attempted to gain a better understanding of the peripheral embryo, which puzzled Martin. The peripheral embryo is strongly curved and in contact with the inner surface of the seed coat, and Martin placed it at the base of his family tree of seed phylogeny and called it a ‘phylogenetic orphan’. We evaluated ovule/seed development, kind of embryo and occurrence of perisperm in families with and without a peripheral embryo. All families with a peripheral embryo occur in the Caryophyllales. Seeds with a peripheral embryo have a low cotyledon width:radicle width ratio that coincides with Martin's (full-sized) linear embryo. The peripheral embryo develops in campylotropous and/or amphitropous ovules and is pushed to the side of the seed as the perisperm develops. Linear-full embryos and perisperm are widely distributed across extant angiosperms but are rarely found together, except in core Caryophyllales. The non-core Caryophyllales with endosperm and various kinds of embryos, including the linear-full, diverged before the core Caryophyllales. Thus, the ancestral linear-full embryo appears to have been retained when the core lineage developed campylotropous and/or amphitropous ovules and perisperm. Seeds with a peripheral embryo merit a position on Martin's family tree; however, the position should be a side branch (‘orphan’) slightly above (more advanced than) his linear embryo and not at the base. We conclude that Martin had great insight into the relationships between the kinds of embryos and rightly questioned the position of the peripheral embryo.

Combined seed enhancement technique involving seed priming and coating for improvised anatomical potential and vigour of okra seeds (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

The study was conducted to standardize the methodology of humid priming for improving the seed germination and vigour of okra seeds and to compare the efficacy of different enhancement techniques such as hydro priming, spin priming, seed coating and the combination of ‘humid priming + seed coating’ in improving the seed vigour characteristics of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). In order to standardize the humid priming technique, okra seeds were subjected to humid priming for four different duration’s viz., 2, 4, 6 and 8 h, shade dried to original moisture content and subjected to evaluation of seed germination under shade net conditions in raised beds. The results revealed that 4 h of humid priming was statistically significant to the rest of the durations, with respect seed germination and seedling growth. With respect to anatomical potential, the radicle length (3.39mm), cotyledon length (6.69mm) and cotyledon width (6.30mm), recorded by humid priming (4 h) was 62.2 %, 6.4 % and 2.6 % higher than control seeds. The second experiment conducted to compare the efficacy of hydro priming, spin priming, polymer coating and combination of humid priming + seed coating. The study revealed that seeds subjected to combination of humid priming (4 h) + seed coating (3g kg-1) recorded highest physiological potential in terms of germination percentage (87 %), seedling length (20.2 cm), dry matter production (421.3 mg), vigour index (1765), root volume (3.5 cm3) and root sheath (2.560 g) while the control recorded only 70 %, 15.1 cm, 328.7 mg, 1055, 2.0 cm3 and 1.532 g, respectively.

Rasgos morfológicos de frutos, semillas y embriones de Cinchona officinalis L. (RUBIACEAE) en el sur del Ecuador

&#x0D; El estudio de rasgos morfológicos funcionales es importante para comprender el rol de las especies en las comunidades vegetales. El objetivo del trabajo fue generar información de rasgos morfológicos cuantitativos y cualitativos de frutos, semillas y embriones de Cinchona officinalis, L. que nos permita mejorar el conocimiento, manejo, germinación y conservación ex situ de la especie. Colectamos 200 frutos maduros de cinco individuos presentes en un remanente de bosque montano en la provincia de Loja– Ecuador. Se seleccionaron 50 cápsulas y evaluamos 13 rasgos morfológicos. Los resultados mostraron que la especie posee cápsulas polispérmicas de 29 mm de largo x 9.5 mm de ancho con alta variación en el número de semillas por fruto, pericarpio de consistencia leñoso con superficie fisurada. Las semillas de C. officinalis están entre las más pequeñas del género Cinchona en Ecuador, son aladas de superficie membranosa que terminan en pequeñas y finas puntas microscópicas semejantes a tricomas simples de color café amarillento, miden un promedio de 5.1 mm de largo x 2.47 mm de ancho con un peso promedio de 3.30e-04 gramos por semilla. Embriones diminutos de color crema, foliados y espatulados con cotiledones redondeados rodeados de endospermo. El largo del embrión mostró asociación significativa con el ancho de las semillas y de los cotiledones

Pewarisan Sifat Karakter Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif pada Hipokotil dan Kotiledon Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.)

Characters on hypocotyl dan cotyledon are very potential used for effective and efficient morphology marker for some crop plants. However, the information about the inheritance of qualitative and quantitative characters on hypocotyl and cotyledon of chili pepper was not available. The aim of this research was to determine the inheritance of qualitative and quantitative characters on hypocotyl and cotyledon of chili pepper. This research used purple chili pepper (P1 (IPB C20)), green chili pepper (P2 (IPB C2)), F1, F1R, BCP1, BCP2, and F2 populations. Analysis for qualitative characters used mendelian genetics analysis, whereas model genetic prediction for quantitative characters used join scaling test analysis. The result showed that hypocotyl and cotyledon color of chili pepper controlled by single gene. The gene controlling purple color was dominant than the gene controlling green color on hypocotyl, whereas the gene controlling green color was dominant than the gene controlling purple color on cotyledon. The additive-dominant genetic model with influence of additive-additive and additive-dominant interaction was suitable for hypocotyl length. The additive-dominant genetic model with influence of additive-dominant and dominant-dominant interaction was suitable for hypocotyls diameter. The additive-dominant genetic model with influence of additive-additive and dominant-dominant interaction was suitable for cotyledon width and cotyledon length. Keywords: genetic model, morfology marker, natural cross-pollination

The Effects of Light Color on Seed Germination of Markhamia stipulata (Wall.) Seem

&lt;p class="Els-body-text"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Markhamia stipulata &lt;/em&gt;(Wall.) Seem. (Bignoniaceae) is one of collections in Bogor Botanical Garden that potential as a medicine. Information about germination of these species were not known yet. This research was aimed to examine the effect of light color on germination process of &lt;em&gt;Markhamia stipulata&lt;/em&gt; (Wall.) Seem. The research method used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) that consist of three treatments (red light, far red light, dark) and one control (open air) with four replications for each group. Each group consist of 10 seeds. Precentage of seed germination; seedling height; cotyledon width; length, width and number of leaves were measured. The result showed that seed germination start at third day after sowing. Germination rate and germination rate coefficcient showed there is no significant difference between all treatments even though far red light showed highest number (100 %; 0.755). However, light color influence on seedling growth. Far red light showed affect on internodes distance. Dark light showed affect on leaves and cotyledon size. Red light and control showed similarity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="Els-keywords"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&lt;/strong&gt; dark; far red light&lt;em&gt;, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Markhamia stipulata&lt;/em&gt; (Wall.) Seem; red light; seed germination&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Study on influence factors of seed germination and seeding growth of Lonicera macranthoides

In order to improve reproductive efficiency and quality standard, the influence factors of seed germination and seeding growth of Lonicera macranthoides werew studied. The fruit and seed morphological characteristics of L. macranthoides were observed, the seed water absorbing capacity was determined, and different wet sand stratification time, temperature and germination bed treatment were set up. The effects of the parameters on seed germination and seedling growth were analysed. There was no obstacles of water absorption on L. macranthoides seed, quantity for 22 h water absorption was close to saturation. In the first 80 d, with the increase of the stratification time, seed initial germination time was shortened, germination rate and germination potential was improved. Stratification for 100 d, germination rate decreased. At 15 ℃, seed germination and seedling growth indicators were the best. The seedling cotyledon width in light was significantly higher than that in dark. Seeds on the top of paper and top of sand germination rate, germination potential, and germination index was significantly higher than that of other germination bed and mildew rate is low. The optimal conditions of seeds germination test was stratified in 4 ℃ wet sand for 80 d, 15 ℃ illuminate culture on the top of paper or top of sand. The first seeding counting time was the 4th day after beginning the test, the final time was the 23th day. The germination potential statistical time was the 13th day after beginning the test.

QTL mapping of seedling traits in cucumber using recombinant inbred lines

AbstractSeedling traits are important for development, flower bud differentiation, fruit production and fruit quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In this study, 160 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from crossing wild cucumber inbred line PI 183967 (C. sativus var. hardwickii) with ‘931’ northern China cultivated cucumber inbred line 931, were employed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of cotyledon length (Cl), cotyledon width (Cw), hypocotyl length (Hl), first true leaf length (Fll), first true leaf width (Flw), aboveground fresh biomass (Afb) and aboveground dry biomass (Adb) at seedling stage. A genetic map including 307 SSR markers was developed which spanned 993.3 cM, with an average genetic distance of 3.23 cM between adjacent markers. 36 QTLs associated with the seven traits were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 in four environments (spring and autumn of 2012 and 2013), explaining 6.1 to 23.6% of the observed phenotypic variations. Among the 36 QTLs, 21 were responsible for more than 10% of observed phenotypic variations. We obtained 2, 2, 1 and 3 QTL loci for the traits of Fll, Flw, Afw and Adw, respectively. In addition, genes in the genetic region spanned by SSR15321‐SSR07711 on chr. 5 may contribute to Flw, Afw and Adw.

Genetic and phenotypic variation of Turkish Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) accessions and their possible relationship with American, Indian and African germplasms

Okra is an important vegetable crop that provides a significant portion of vitamins and minerals for populations in several countries. Okra has been cultivated in Turkey for centuries, and was likely introduced by the Arabs from Africa in ancient times. In this study, we aimed to clarify the genetic variation within 35 Turkish okra germplasm, by comparing it against 25 different genotypes from India, Africa, and the United States, using 30 morphological characters and 19 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primer combinations. Fruit, leaf, and stem color were the primary characteristics to distinguish the okra accessions. Those features, among 30 individual phenotypic traits, explained 42 % of phenotypic variation in the first three axes of the principal component analysis (PCA) with leaf shape, flower size, cotyledon length, fruit-surface angularity, cotyledon width, and petal color. Phenotypic observation results showed that while 1051 Togo (10.76), Red Wonder (7.99), TR-05-1 (7.2), 1159 Togo (7.17), and Red Balady (7.15) were found to be more divergent accessions, Cajun Queen (5.06), Perkins Spineless (5.09), Jade (5.18), TR-01-1 (5.2), and DLGG (5.32) were the closest okra accessions. According to phenotypic data, Turkish okra accessions were located adjacent to the Indian, American, and African okra accessions in clusters three and four. However, marker data showed that African okra possessed a more distinct form compared to the other okra germplasms. Nineteen SRAP primer combinations produced 92 bands and 29 (31.5 %) of them were found to be polymorphic among okra accessions. 1051 Togo was found to be the most divergent accession in phenotypic observation.

Research on the Possibilities of Using Paper Mill Sewage Sludge as an Alternative Seedling Growth Media to Peat

This research was conducted in order for sewage sludge, which complies with the criteria stated in the last 2010 Sludge Regulation on Soil Pollution and its Control, to be used as a seedling growth media. In this research, peat and soil were used as controls, and peat + sewage sludge + perlite and soil + sewage sludge + perlite were mixed at different rates and 8 growing media were prepared for each. Some quality specifications of the tomato seedlings were investigated by determining their nutrient contents in the growth media. According to the research results, the media mixed with peat was found statistically different at the level of p<0.05 in the seedling quality characteristics except for the cotyledon width, and the media mixed with soil was found statistically different at the level of p<0.05 in all the determined seedling quality characteristics. The growth media prepared by mixing peat and sewage sludge proportionately had a positive effect on seedling formation. The O5 media, which contained 40% peat + 50% sewage sludge + 10% perlite, had the best values of seedling length, seedling root length, shoot fresh weight, and root fresh weight. In the soil-controlled media, the M5 media, which contained 40% soil + 50% sewage sludge + 10% perlite, had the best values of seedling root length and root fresh weight.

Morphological characterization of Korean and Turkish watermelon germplasm

A total of 67 watermelon accessions which include 37 accessions from Korean and 27 accessions from Turkish germplasm and 3 accessions of other related species from USA were investigated for morphological characteristics. The UPOV descriptor list for 56 characters (6 seedlings, 4 plants, 11 leaves, 5 flowers, 23 fruits and 7 seeds) was used in characterization. In addition, eight quantitative characters, hypocotyl length, cotyledon width, cotyledon length, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, thickness of outer layer of pericarp and soluble solid content were also measured. The 56 qualitatively scored characters were analyzed by principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) while the eight quantitative ones were subjected to principle component analysis (PCA). Morphological characterization result demonstrated that the accessions displayed high morphological diversity(how much percent?). A high level of phenotypic diversity was observed from the results of morphological characterization. However, plant growth habit and leaf blade flecking showed constant characters for all of the accessions. The Korean and Turkish watermelon genotypes are diverse groups and can be separated by both multivariate analysis of morphological characters although the grouping was more apparent in PCoS results.