Cottonseed Products Research Articles

Study the Input Use Pattern and Cost and Returns of Hybrid Cotton Seed Production in Karnataka, India

The cotton industry is a cornerstone of the global agricultural sector, contributing significantly to economies, employment, and trade. The improved situation regarding hybrid seeds made this investigation to undertake the present study on “Input use pattern and cost and return of hybrid cotton seed production”, with major objectives as to study the cost and returns in hybrid cotton seed production and to study the labour use pattern in hybrid cotton seed production in the study area and to suggest appropriate remedial measures. For this study multistage sampling method as well as snow ball technique was adopted to select districts based on highest area and 60 hybrid cotton seed growers. The per acre total labour utilised for the production of hybrid cotton seed was 2075.73 labour days. The per acre total cost incurred for hybrid cotton seed (cost C) stood at ₹ 1,78,204. Cost of production per quintal over the total cost (cost C) was ₹ 20,965 per quintal. Returns per rupee of expenditure results revealed that HCSG obtained ₹ 1.77 returns per rupee of expenditure. Overall, these findings underscore the potential benefits of hybrid seed production in terms of both net returns, overall type of costs and rate of return per rupee of expenditure, despite the higher initial cost.

Analysis of Fiber Quality Using Modern Technology in Cotton Seed Production

The quality of the fiber samples prepared for analysis in the laboratories of the elite seed production of cotton until recently using the LPS-4 equipment, which was put into production in the early 60s of the last century, about 300 test samples picked from the seed nursery in the second year, is three, that is, breaking strength g/force, metric number , relative breaking length, g/force/tex, and determination of fiber length, which is one of the main indicators of fiber quality, has long been carried out in laboratory conditions using methods that require a lot of manual labor (velvet board, special comb and rulers). In the course of the research, samples of the elite seed farm “S-8290” cotton variety, picked from the families of the second year seed nursery, were selected by analyzing the yarn spinning coefficient using the innovative technology of Uster HVI Spectrum. Our proposed method is effective not only in increasing work efficiency but also in ensuring genetic purity of cotton varieties. A 15-20% higher yield is possible in the production of genetically pure cotton plants. According to the results of the variational statistical analysis, the modal value of the yarn spinning coefficient of the family samples collected from the second year 2018 seed nurseries of the cotton variety “S-8290” was in the range of 153-155, while it was equal to 156-158 in the family collection samples collected in 2019. In this case, individual selection seeds from families selected for yield coefficient in the first year were planted for next year’s crop without any laboratory analysis. As it can be seen from the results of the analysis of the second year, the results of the selection work on the recommended yarn spin coefficient were confirmed by the preservation of the morphoeconomic characteristics of this variety.

Spatial Layout of Cotton Seed Production Based on Hierarchical Classification: A Case Study in Xinjiang, China

Cotton seed production is the main form of agriculture in Xinjiang, China. Unreasonable distribution of cotton seed production results in a waste of water, land, and human resources. In this study, we established a hierarchical classification integrating method; investigated the spatial suitability of climate, land and water resources, and infrastructure; examined the production risk and planting history; and integrated spatial suitability and production risk and history to produce the spatial layout of seed production for early-maturing cotton (EMC), early–medium-maturing cotton (EMMC), and long staple cotton (LSC) in Xinjiang. The results indicated that the appropriate areas for EMC, EMMC, and LSC seed production are 6.4 × 105, 5.5 × 105, and 3.6 × 105 ha, respectively. By combining the suitable areas of seed production for the three cotton species, we concluded that the superior and most suitable area for producing cotton seed of EMC, EMMC, or LSC is located in the western Tarim Basin. The sub-suitable area for cotton seed production of EMC, EMMC, or LSC is mostly distributed in the western and northern Tarim Basin. This research provides a good solution to the selection of cotton seed production base; however, adoption will depend on the actual preference and market factors.

Modeling and Thermodynamic Analysis of the Water Sorption Isotherms of Cottonseed Products

Due to their hygroscopic characteristics, equilibrium moisture contents of agricultural products and byproducts are important factors of their quality. Defatted cottonseed meal (CSM), washed cottonseed meal (WCSM) and cottonseed protein isolate (CSPI) can be used as energy and protein sources of animal feedstuff or industrial raw materials. Information on their moisture adsorption behaviors is needed for their storage conditions and quality control. Thus, this work measured the equilibrium moisture sorption isotherms of CSM, WCSM and CSPI, at 15, 25, 35 and 45 °C. When the moisture contents of the samples were compared at a constant temperature, the general trend of decreasing moisture content was in the order of CSPI < WCSM < CSM for water activity <0.6, but the trend reversed to the order of CSM < WCSM < CSPI for water activity >0.6. Relevant sorption isotherm equations were tested for accurate fit to the moisture adsorption data. Modelling results indicated that the G.A.B. (Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer) model was a consistently good fit for the data among all sample types and all temperatures. This work provides some insight on designing or selecting appropriate procedures for the handling, aeration, storage and processing of these cottonseed meal products. In particular, it suggests that moisture content should be kept at around 8% for safe storage of these products at room temperature (around 25 °C) but below 5% when they are exposed to higher temperature conditions (e.g., >45 °C).

A Survey of the Insects of the Southern High Plains (Llano Estacado) of Texas, with Particular Reference to Pollinators and Other Anthophiles

The economic value of insect pollination to the world economy is tremendous, and pollination service is critical for our food supply and persistence of native plants. Little data are currently available on pollinator occurrence in the Southern High Plains (SHP) of Texas. Past studies on hybrid cottonseed production in the region documented high abundance of six species of Agapostemon and lower abundance of Diadasia spp., Melissodes spp., and Perdita spp. Historical records indicated the presence of Bombus fraternus and B. pensylvanicus which now have Endangered and Vulnerable IUCN status respectively. In 2013 and 2014, we used blue vane traps and targeted netting to collect insect pollinators and anthophiles on the three dominant land uses in the region; cropland, Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), and native grasslands. With capture methods combined, we collected 74,215 insect specimens; 63% of the specimens were Hymenoptera (289 taxa), 28.61% were Coleoptera (150 taxa), 4.48% were Diptera (115 taxa), 2.34% were Lepidoptera (60 taxa), and 1.61% were of other orders (15 taxa). Our capture included all previously documented bee genera, but we did not detect B. fraternus. Studies support that blue vane traps are an effective method of trapping bees and our results demonstrated that they are also effective in attracting some families of anthophilous Coleoptera and Diptera. However, we captured several species of Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera with aerial nets that we did not capture in blue vane traps. This study documents pollinator and anthophile species present in a highly altered landscape and is the most comprehensive list of pollinators and anthophiles in this region to date.

Sustainable Human Development: Corporate Challenges and Potentials the Case of Bayer CropScience's Cotton Seed Production in Rural Karnataka (India)

This paper aims to explore concepts, methods and empirical results of potential impacts of Transnational Corporations (TNC) on Sustainable Human Development (SHD) in emerging market countries. In doing so, a further major goal is to explain, illustrate and discuss how the theoretical CA framework used in the GeNECA project2 can be applied to corporate SHD impacts. Our findings are based on the case of Bayer CropScience’s Model Village Project in rural Karnataka, India. To achieve our goals, we first establish a theoretical framework for assessing corporate impacts on SHD to capture SHD effects. Thereafter, we introduce the case of Bayer CropScience’s seed production in rural India, for which a “Model Village Project (MVP)” has been established to explore ways, potentials and challenges of promoting SHD of the villagers and corporate goals in a win-win-strategy. Afterwards, we explain methodological requirements, our representative database for the quantitative analyses, and the qualitative methods that we use for project evaluation. Based on findings of the authors’ external evaluation of the MVP, we discuss the baseline situation in the model villages with respect to corporate potentials, challenges and limitations to foster SHD impacts. Methodologically, we find the combination of quantitative representative methods and qualitative assessments to be most effective to capture corporate potentials and risks. Furthermore it turns out to be promising to extend the analyses beyond standardized benchmarks like the MDGs. We show that major determinants of SHD established in the paper result in a portfolio of corporate opportunities and risks. For instance, the reality of underemployment in the model villages provides specific corporate opportunities like an abundant pool of labor supply. However, it also produces corporate risks, e.g. lack of capital available for necessary investment by suppliers who frequently suffer from poverty, risk of over-indebtedness and a resulting inability to accumulate enough capital and to raise productivity. In the comprehensive opportunity and riskportfolio of this Bayer CropScience case, we find abundant potential business cases which we discuss further in the text. We conclude that corporate potentials as well as risks of corporate neglect and violations of people-centered SHD also depend on how much the villagers are enabled and empowered to make most of their agency as individuals and as groups. Furthermore, it depends on trust building as a prerequisite of awareness raising of the villagers themselves, so that they are willing and able to participate successfully in the undertaken procedures.

Nitrogen Fertility and Irrigation Effects on Cottonseed Composition

Cottonseed products are a valuable secondary revenue source for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producers, but how production practices impact cottonseed composition is unclear. This research evaluated the effect on cottonseed composition by varying irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization regimes. Four cotton cultivars were grown from 2010 through 2012 under irrigated or dryland conditions and given a fertilizer application of 0 kg N ha-1, 56 kg N ha-1, or 112 kg N ha-1. Ginned seed from the plots were dehulled, and the kernels were analyzed for protein, crude oil, gossypol, soluble carbohydrates, and the oil’s fatty acid distribution. Few cultivar interactions with either irrigation or fertilization were detected. Irrigation increased kernel gossypol (18%) and oil (8%) levels but decreased kernel protein levels (13%). In contrast, the highest rate of N fertilization increased kernel protein concentration (18%) but decreased gossypol (14%), oil (9%), and soluble carbohydrate (3%) levels compared to seed kernels grown without fertilizer. In addition, N fertilization shifted the distribution of the oil’s unsaturated fatty acids toward more oleic acid and less linoleic acid. Practices growers implement to optimize lint production alter some desirable and some less desirable seed compositional traits.

RhoA/ROCK/PTEN signaling is involved in AT-101-mediated apoptosis in human leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo

R-(−)-gossypol acetic acid (AT-101) is a natural cottonseed product that exhibits anticancer activity. However, the molecular mechanism behind the antileukemic activity of AT-101 has not been well characterized. In this study, we investigated how AT-101 induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Exposure to AT-101 significantly increased apoptosis in both human leukemia cell lines and primary human leukemia cells. This increase was accompanied by the activation of caspases, cytochrome c release, Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) translocation, myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) downregulation, Bcl-2-associated death promoter (Bad) dephosphorylation, Akt inactivation, and RhoA/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1/phosphatase and tensin homolog (RhoA/ROCK1/PTEN) activation. RhoA, rather than caspase-3 cleavage, mediated the cleavage/activation of ROCK1 that AT-101 induced. Inhibiting RhoA and ROCK1 activation by C3 exoenzyme (C3) and Y27632, respectively, attenuated the ROCK1 cleavage/activation, PTEN activity, Akt inactivation, Mcl-1 downregulation, Bad dephosphorylation, and apoptosis mediated by AT-101. Knocking down ROCK1 expression using a ROCK1-specific siRNA also significantly abrogated AT-101-mediated apoptosis. Constitutively active Akt prevented the AT-101-induced Mcl-1 downregulation, Bad dephosphorylation, and apoptosis. Conversely, AT-101 lethality was potentiated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. In vivo, the tumor growth inhibition caused by AT-101 was also associated with RhoA/ROCK1/PTEN activation and Akt inactivation in a mouse leukemia xenograft model. Collectively, these findings suggest that AT-101 may preferentially induce apoptosis in leukemia cells by interrupting the RhoA/ROCK1/PTEN pathway, leading to Akt inactivation, Mcl-1 downregulation, Bad dephosphorylation, and Bax translocation, which culminate in mitochondrial injury and apoptosis.

Rapeseed market, worldwide and in Europe

Global rapeseed production has undergone sustained growth over the past 20 years. Having surpassed cottonseed production in the early 2000’s, it is now the second most produced oilseed behind soybeans. The major producers are China, India, Canada and European Union (27). During this same period, rapeseed crushing has risen strongly, Europe being the major player in this expansion (development of biodiesel) followed to a lesser extent by Canada and China. World exports of rapeseeds are dominated by Canada, by far the largest exporter. Japan is a traditional importer, while China and the EU (27) are less regular buyers. Although less spectacular than palm oil growth, rapeseed oil growth is also remarkable. Its consumption occurs mainly in the crushing countries, the EU being the principal consumer. Rapeseed meal is the second major oilseed meal produced worldwide (after soybean meal). It has been following broadly the same trends as seeds and oils, this evolution was marked a short period of stagnation in the early 2000’s. Consumption of rapeseed meal has grown strongly in the EU (which is deficient in protein feed), in China (due to its extraordinary economic development), and in the USA (due to milk producers’ demand for feed). The main exporters of rapeseed meals are Canada and India. Oilseed prices spiked in 2008 and since 2010 are remaining at historically high levels: whilst prices fell sharply following the 2013 harvest, they remain well above the lows of 2009. Rape seed meal, however, will remain a secondary meal with known drawbacks; there is little prospect of its price going higher than 65–70% of that of soybean meal.

Pollen- and Seed-Mediated Transgene Flow in Commercial Cotton Seed Production Fields

BackgroundCharacterizing the spatial patterns of gene flow from transgenic crops is challenging, making it difficult to design containment strategies for markets that regulate the adventitious presence of transgenes. Insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton is planted on millions of hectares annually and is a potential source of transgene flow.Methodology/Principal FindingsHere we monitored 15 non-Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, L.) seed production fields (some transgenic for herbicide resistance, some not) for gene flow of the Bt cotton cry1Ac transgene. We investigated seed-mediated gene flow, which yields adventitious Bt cotton plants, and pollen-mediated gene flow, which generates outcrossed seeds. A spatially-explicit statistical analysis was used to quantify the effects of nearby Bt and non-Bt cotton fields at various spatial scales, along with the effects of pollinator abundance and adventitious Bt plants in fields, on pollen-mediated gene flow. Adventitious Bt cotton plants, resulting from seed bags and planting error, comprised over 15% of plants sampled from the edges of three seed production fields. In contrast, pollen-mediated gene flow affected less than 1% of the seed sampled from field edges. Variation in outcrossing was better explained by the area of Bt cotton fields within 750 m of the seed production fields than by the area of Bt cotton within larger or smaller spatial scales. Variation in outcrossing was also positively associated with the abundance of honey bees.Conclusions/SignificanceA comparison of statistical methods showed that our spatially-explicit analysis was more powerful for understanding the effects of surrounding fields than customary models based on distance. Given the low rates of pollen-mediated gene flow observed in this study, we conclude that careful planting and screening of seeds could be more important than field spacing for limiting gene flow.

Effects of a molasses-coated cottonseed product on diet digestibility, performance, and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cattle

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a molasses-coated cottonseed product on nutrient digestibility and milk fatty acid (FA) composition of lactating dairy cattle. The effect of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) product was also examined. Twelve Holstein cows (693±85kg of body weight, 127±39 d in milk, 2.08±0.29 lactations; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to sequence in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design balanced for carryover effects. Cows were fed 1 of 4 treatments during each of the four 14-d periods: a control diet including 11.4% (dry matter basis) reginned cottonseed (CON), a diet with 14.4% molasses-coated cottonseed to match the cottonseed inclusion rate of the control diet (TC), the control diet with the addition of a liquid form of the cotton coating used to produce molasses-coated cottonseed (LC), and the LC diet with the addition of a DFM (LC+DFM). Diets were formulated for equal concentrations of neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, ether extract, and macrominerals. Treatments had no effect on dry matter intake, apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility, or milk production. The molasses coat, in either form, tended to decrease concentrations of odd-chain FA (2.25 and 2.31 vs. 2.35 g/100g of FA for TC, LC, and CON, respectively) and unsaturated FA (31.4 and 31.1 vs. 32.1 g/100g of FA) in milk. This could be indicative of a mild shift in ruminal fermentation away from propionate-producing bacteria toward fiber-digesting bacteria responsible for biohydrogenation of FA. The form of the molasses coating had few effects, but LC significantly decreased concentrations of total trans-C18:1 (2.04 vs. 2.30±0.13 g/100g of FA) and polyunsaturated FA (4.81 vs. 5.01±0.17) compared with TC, implying that the liquid form slightly enhanced ruminal FA biohydrogenation. Furthermore, adding the DFM to the LC diet tended to increase the proportion of long-chain FA (FA >C16) and significantly increased the proportions of trans-C18:1 (2.22 vs. 2.04±0.13 g/100g of FA) and unsaturated FA (32.4 vs. 31.1±0.7 g/100g of FA), suggesting an inhibitory effect on ruminal biohydrogenation. Results suggest that coating cottonseed with a hardened molasses product does not significantly depress nutrient digestibility and may provide a convenient method of incorporating these ingredients into dairy rations.

Why Are Men Doing Floral Sex Work? Gender, Cultural Reproduction, and the Feminization of Agriculture

Abstract Hybrid cottonseed production is a major site for the feminization of agriculture in India. A central argument of this article is that the feminization of agriculture is an index of the changing relationship between labor and capital. By gendering agricultural work and analyzing the feminization of the conditions of this work, I widen the framework for theorizing feminization. Based on ethnographic research, I demonstrate how feminization is related to reconfigurations of global and Indian capital in the cottonseed industry. I argue that the relationship between capital and labor is, but is not only, a skewed economic relationship; it is simultaneously a series of culturally meaningful interactions that suture labor and smallholder household strategies of survival to the social reproduction of capitalism in contemporary agriculture. The essay makes four contributions: it differentiates biological reproduction from the social reproduction of labor and of capital; it recognizes cultural production a...

Engineering cottonseed for use in human nutrition by tissue-specific reduction of toxic gossypol.

Global cottonseed production can potentially provide the protein requirements for half a billion people per year; however, it is woefully underutilized because of the presence of toxic gossypol within seed glands. Therefore, elimination of gossypol from cottonseed has been a long-standing goal of geneticists. Attempts were made to meet this objective by developing so-called "glandless cotton" in the 1950s by conventional breeding techniques; however, the glandless varieties were commercially unviable because of the increased susceptibility of the plant to insect pests due to the systemic absence of glands that contain gossypol and other protective terpenoids. Thus, the promise of cottonseed in contributing to the food requirements of the burgeoning world population remained unfulfilled. We have successfully used RNAi to disrupt gossypol biosynthesis in cottonseed tissue by interfering with the expression of the delta-cadinene synthase gene during seed development. We demonstrate that it is possible to significantly reduce cottonseed-gossypol levels in a stable and heritable manner. Results from enzyme activity and molecular analyses on developing transgenic embryos were consistent with the observed phenotype in the mature seeds. Most relevant, the levels of gossypol and related terpenoids in the foliage and floral parts were not diminished, and thus their potential function in plant defense against insects and diseases remained untouched. These results illustrate that a targeted genetic modification, applied to an underutilized agricultural byproduct, provides a mechanism to open up a new source of nutrition for hundreds of millions of people.

Child labor. A matter of health and human rights.

Despite the existence of laws in India that prohibit the labor of children under age 14, 70 to 115 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 are estimated to be part of India's labor force. Child labor in the agriculture sector accounts for 80% of child laborers in India and 70% of working children globally. From May 2001 to July 2001, Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) investigated the health experiences of 100 children in hybrid cottonseed production in rural Andhra Pradesh. Eighty-eight percent of the survey participants were girls, ages 7 to 14. PHR found that children worked on average 12 hours a day, were frequently exposed to pesticides, and were not provided with safety equipment, not even shoes or water to wash their hands and clothes. Children reported having frequent headaches and dizziness and skin and eye irritations after pesticide spraying. All 100 children reported that they were unable to go to school during the hybrid cottonseed season due to work demands. Ninety-four children reported to PHR that they would rather be in school. In addition, a majority of child workers interviewed by PHR reported physical and/or verbal abuse by their employers. Moreover, PHR interviews with representatives of multinational and national companies revealed knowledge of child labor practices for up to 10 years. Child labor is a significant health and human rights problem for children in India. The progressive elimination of child labor practices will require the support of a wide cross-section of civil society.

The effect of gossypol on rumen fungal attachment to and degradation of cellulose in culture

Whole cottonseed and other cotton products contain gossypol {2,2’bi (formyl-1,6,7 trihydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methyl napthalene)},a polyphenolic compound that is toxic to prefunctional ruminants and monogastric animals. Gossypol in excessive quantities may escape detoxification by the animal and produce toxicosis in functional ruminants. Recent reports have documented that gossypol inhibits rumen microbial growth and the degradation of grass hay by rumen microbes (Ismartoyo et al, 1993), growth and total protein content of animal cells (Ismartoyo et al, 1994a) and fermentation by rumen protozoa in culture (Ismartoyo et al, 1994b). The present study reported herein was designed to investigate the effect of gosssypol on the degradation of cellulose by pure cultures of the rumen fungus Neocalimastix frontalis strain REl.

Determination of total gossypol at parts‐per‐million levels

AbstractThe official AOCS method Ba 8‐78 for total gossypol has been modified by introduction of two clean‐up steps. These steps reduce sample blanks and also substantially increase the concentration of dianilinogossypol available for spectrophotometric measurement. An improved method of correcting sample absorptions for blanks, which reduces the possibility of over or under compensation, and criteria for judging the quality of the results have been added. With these modifications, the method is more than adequate for grading glandless cottonseed under Rule 112 of the National Cottonseed Products Association. As little as 1 ppm can easily be measured in sound cottonseed samples. The method is not universally applicable to mixtures that may contain TG, but the criteria of quality should permit identification of samples to which it is not applicable and, hence, prevent reporting of inaccurate TG concentrations. Additional modifications for use with foods and other complex mixtures are suggested.

Viewpoint

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' SocietyVolume 63, Issue 5 p. 622-624 News Viewpoint World competition in oilseeds Kenneth O. Lewis, Kenneth O. LewisSearch for more papers by this author Kenneth O. Lewis, Kenneth O. LewisSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1986 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02638221 The following comments were presented by Kenneth Lewis, executive vice-president of the National Cottonseed Products Association, on March 3, 1986 as the keynote address for the 35th Oilseed Processing Clinic in New Orleans, Louisiana. The clinic is sponsored annually by the Mississippi Valley Oilseed Products Association and the USDA Southern Regional Research Center. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume63, Issue5May 1986Pages 622-624 RelatedInformation

Honey Bees as Pollinators for Hybrid Cotton Seed Production on the Texas High Plains1

AbstractThe production of hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed on a large scale requires the use of an economical and reliable agent for pollen transfer. In 1980, five commercial fields of cytoplasmicgenetic male‐sterile (A‐line) and male‐fertile maintainer (B‐line) cotton were grown on a thermic Torrertic Paleustolls soil on the Texas High Plains. To test the ability of the honey bee [Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)] for pollinating A‐line cotton, colonies were placed along the sides of three fields. In the two fields (14 ha; 15.5 colonies/ha, and 24 ha; 13.2 colonies/ha) where honey bee colonies were distributed along at least three sides of a field, the seed cotton yield of the A‐line was not significantly different from that of the B‐line, so that, when grown under a similar environment and with adequate pollen transfer, the A‐ and B‐lines produced equal yields of seed cotton. In the 24‐ha field, uniform pollination was achieved. In a third field (15.2 ha; 7.5 colonies/ha) where hives were located along only one edge, however, the A‐line seed cotton yield was 30% less than that of the B‐line and pollination was not uniform. In two other fields (4.0 and 1.4 ha, respectively) where no honey bees were provided, the A‐line yielded 79% less seed cotton than the B‐line in one case and 91% less in the other. Results demonstrated that pollen was transferred by honey bees, and the transfer efficiency depended upon the number and distribution of the colonies. On the other hand, pollination was highly variable and less than adequate when only native pollinators were present.

Effects of feeding glandless or glanded cottonseed products and gossypol to Tilapia aurea

Seven isocaloric and isonitrogenous practical diets in which either glanded or glandless cottonseed products were substituted for soybean and/or peanut meals, and three purified diets containing graded levels of gossypol were fed to fingerling Tilapia aurea for a period of 10 weeks. Growth, feed conversion and survival data indicated that glanded and glandless cottonseed products were not as high in nutritive value for tilapia as are soybean and peanut meals. The inferior performance of fish fed cottonseed protein did not appear to be related to dietary gossypol. Carcass fatty acids generally reflected dietary fatty acids. An increase in palmitic and linoleic fatty acids was observed in fish fed fullfat, glandless cottonseed flour.

Evaluation of Glanded and Glandless Cottonseed Products in Catfish Diets

Abstract Seven isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets in which either glanded or glandless cottonseed products were substituted for soybean and/or peanut meals, were fed to age-0 channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus for a period of 10 weeks. All diets were supplemented with lysine HCl. Based on growth, feed conversion and survival data defatted, glandless cottonseed flour supplemented with lysine appears to be an adequate protein for use in channel catfish diets. Growth of fish fed either glanded cottonseed meal or fullfat, glandless cottonseed flour was depressed when compared to fish fed defatted, glandless cottonseed flour as the sole plant protein source. Whole body fatty acid patterns reflected dietary fat composition.